Bosnian War: Zvinokonzera

makore 90 vava inotevera nguva ropa muBalkans. On matongo Yugoslavia dzakatanga hondo dzemadzinza akawanda. Mumwe wavo vakatendeuka Bosnia pakati vokuBosnia, vokuSerbia uye vokuCroatia. Tangled kunetsana kwakagadziriswa chete pashure pacho akapindira mune dzakawanda munharaunda, zvikurukuru United Nations uye NATO. Armed vachinetsana rava nomukurumbira wayo hondo mhosva dzakawanda.

prerequisites

Muna 1992, Hondo Bosnian akatanga. Zvino pamusoro colour pamusoro pokuwa Yugoslavia uye chakurirwa muna Old World. Chikuru rinopikisa kumativi simbi Bosniak vaMuslim (kana Bosniak), wokuSerbia vechokwadi uye Catholic Croat. The kunetsana rakanga chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda: enyika, kwemadzinza uye confessional.

Zvakatanga pakaparara Yugoslavia. Izvi yeUnited mugovanisi Hurumende akararama marudzi akasiyana chaizvo - .. vokuSerbia, vokuCroatia, Bosnia, vaMakedhoniya, vokuSlovenia, etc. Kana Wall Berlin akawira uye utongi akarasikirwa Hondo Yemashoko, National vashoma pakati Yugoslavia akatanga kuudza rusununguko. Zvakatanga kwakawanda pamusoro sovereignties , nokuda muenzaniso zvaiitika muSoviet Union.

Section One, Slovenia uye Croatia. In Yugoslavia, mukuwedzera kwavari, kwaiva Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Rakanga kupfuura ethnically variegated nharaunda kamwe nyika yakabatana. The nyika vanenge 45% Bosniak, wokuSerbia 30% uye 16% Croat. February 29, 1992 zviremera zvomunharaunda (iri guta guru Sarajevo) vakabata referendum pamusoro rusununguko. The Bosnian vokuSerbia vakaramba kubatanidzwa mairi. Kana kuSarajevo akataura rusununguko kubva Yugoslavia, kuti panova pave nokusawirirana.

mubvunzo Serbian

Actual guta guru muBosnia vokuSerbia vakatanga kuBanja Luka. The kunetsana yakanga kuwedzerwa ndechokuti marudzi maviri parutivi mupenyu kwemakore akawanda, uye nemhaka yeizvi, aivapo akawanda mhuri ethnically yakavhenganiswa mune dzimwe nzvimbo. Kazhinji, vokuSerbia vaigara refu kuchamhembe uye kumabvazuva kunyika. The hondo Bosnian yaiva nzira yokuti chikwata pamwe vomunyika muYugoslavia. Hondo Socialist Republic akasiya Bosnia muna May 1992. With kunyangarika rechitatu simba vaigona zvimwe chengetedza ukama pakati mhandu, akanyangarika chipingamupinyi okupedzisira mukuvhiringidza ropa.

Yugoslavia (paaigara vakawanda dzokuSerbia population) kubva pakutanga vakatsigira Bosnian vokuSerbia kusika yavo Republika Srpska. vakuru vakawanda aimbova mauto kwakabatana akatanga kutamira muchiuto pamusoro harimboonekwi wehurumende.

Vane divi Russia muna Bosnian hondo, zvakava pachena pakarepo pashure pakatanga kurwisana. Vatariri Russian Federation akaedza kuita somunhu anochengetedza runyararo simba. Saka akaita vamwe nemasimba nesimba munyika munharaunda. Enyika kutsvaka kunzwisisa, dzichikoka vavengi kutaurirana pamusoro kwazvakarerekera munharaunda. Zvisinei, kana tiri kutaura pamusoro voruzhinji Russia rechi90., Tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti tsitsi nevanhuwo vaiva kudivi vokuSerbia. Izvi hazvishamisi, nokuti vanhu vaviri kwakabatana uye kubatanidza nenzanga necheSalvic tsika, Orthodoxy uye zvichingodaro. D. Maererano nenyanzvi dzakawanda, muBosnia hondo yaiva musimboti kukwezvana nokuda 4 zviuru Vazvipiri kubva yaimbova USSR vaitsigira Republic of Srpska.

Kwehondo

Chechitatu Bato kuti mukakavadzane, kuwedzera vokuSerbia uye Bosniaks, vokuCroatia akatanga. Ivo akasika Commonwealth reHerceg-Bosna, izvo panguva yehondo iripo sechinhu harimboonekwi mamiriro. Guta guru reRepublic yakava guta Mostar. MuEurope, tainzwa kusvika hondo uye vakaedza tichibatsirwa dzemarudzi zviridzwa kudzivirira ropa. Muna March 1992, chibvumirano yakanga yakasainwa pana Lisbon, maererano izvo simba munyika yaifanira kukamurwa pamwe dzemadzinza mitsetse. Mukuwedzera, mapato vakabvumirana kuti yeUnited centre vachabatsirana simba dzomuungano makanzuru. Gwaro wacho wakasainwa muBosnia Alija Izetbegovic, wekuBosnia Radovan Karadzic uye Croatian Mate Boban.

Zvisinei, mumwe musarudze akanga pfupi. Mazuva mashoma gare gare, Izetbegovic akati kuti revokes chibvumirano. Kutaura zvazviri, yakapa carte Blanche kusvikira pakutanga hondo. Chaidiwa rwaiva chete sechikonzero. Pashure pakatanga kudeurwa kweropa vavengi rinonzi Zvikamu siyana kuti sehofisi riwedzere wokutanga nokuuraya. Yakanga isiri pfungwa pfungwa.

Nokuti pfungwa hapana kudzoka vanhu vokuSerbia aiva kupfura ari Serbian muchato kuSarajevo. Nemhondi vaiva Bosniaks. Panguva iyoyowo, vaMuslim mhosva vokuSerbia muhondo swagger. Ivo raiti vokuBosnia wokutanga akafa akatora mugove nemuenzaniso mumugwagwa. In kupondwa vakafunga vachengetedzi Republika Srpska President Radovan Karadzic.

Kukombwa Sarajevo

Muna May 1992, muna yeAustria guta reGraz, purezidhendi Republika Srpska, Radovan Karadzic, uye mutungamiri Croatian Zimbabwe Herceg-Bosna Mate Boban akasaina bilateral chibvumirano, icho chainyanya kukosha gwaro rokutanga chokutambudzika kanga. Two necheSalvic harimboonekwi inoti vakabvumirana kurega kurwa uye kubatana kuitira kuti asimbise achitonetsekawo nendima vaMuslim.

Pashure Chiitiko ichi Bosnian War nzvimbo kuSarajevo. Guta guru rudzi yakabvamburwa munyika kukakavara, makanga makawanda vanhu vaMuslim. Zvisinei, muna namafuro uye yakapoteredza misha inogarwa dzokuSerbia ruzhinji. reshiyo Izvi zvakaita kuti kurwa. April 6, 1992 vakatanga kukomba muSarajevo. Uto Serbian vakakomba guta. Kukomba chakavapo rose hondo (anopfuura matatu) uye ikasimudzwa chete pashure kusaina pamusoro chokupedzisira Dayton Kunoenderana.

Munguva kukombwa Sarajevo, guta rakanga pasi zvikuru kutokonora. Fanera, zvakasara kubva anoshongwa, munguva yorugare vakazadzwa rinokosha musanganiswa Inogadzirwa nemasiridzi anobuda mumiti, mapurasitiki uye tsvuku neingi. Izvi "zvezvinangwa" pachaunga makadanirwa "Sarajevo roses". Nhasi vari mumwe yakakurumbira Zvivako iyoyo hondo inotyisa.

zvachose hondo

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti dzokuSerbia-Bosniak hondo akamhanya kufanana hondo kuCroatia, apo kurwisana zvomoto pakati omunzvimbo Croat uye wokuSerbia. Hazvina dzinovhiringidza uye kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu. In Bosnia akatendeuka akabuda hondo, ndiko hondo yose kuzorwa zvose. Zvikurukuru pamakakatanwa aiva nzvimbo vomunharaunda vokuCroatia. Vamwe vavo vakatsigira vokuBosnia, chimwe chikamu - vokuSerbia.

Muna June 1992, nyika ine UN anochengetedza runyararo simba. Pakutanga, zvakanga kusikirwa Croatian hondo, asi nguva pfupi pashure masimba ake okuita Bosnia. mauto aya vakazvigadzirira wadzikamisa Sarajevo Airport (isati akatora vokuSerbia, vaifanira kusiya chokufambisa ichi chinokosha nomusimboti). peacekeepers UN kurwira pano rubatsiro, izvo zvinofanira kuparadzirwa munyika, sezvo muna Bosnia, kwete chete nzvimbo dzisina kuwana ropa. Rehurumende vapoteri akadzivirira Red Cross basa, kunyange zvazvo kuedza contingent of sangano haana kukwana.

hondo mhosva

Utsinye uye zvoupenzi hondo hwava anozivikanwa munyika yose. Izvi akwanise kubudikidza kukura nhau, terevhizheni uye nedzimwe nzira kuparadzira mashoko. Zvakawanda nhau yaiva chiitiko kwakaitika May 1992. Muguta Tuzla kwemajoini Bosnian-Croat mauto akarwiswa bhurigedhi pakati dzokuYugoslavia People Uto, kudzokera kumusha kwavo nokuda pokuwa nyika. The Kurwisa akanga apinda nemasoja akavanda, akapfurwa muchina uye nokudaro avhara mugwagwa. Vavengi coolly akapedza kure vakakuvadzwa. Rakauraya masoja anopfuura 200 dzokuYugoslavia Army. Chiitiko ichi, pakati vamwe vakawanda vakaratidza mhirizhonga zvakajeka munguva Bosnian hondo.

Pakazosvika zhizha 1992 of Zimbabwe Srpska Army akakwanisa kumisa kutonga kumatunhu kumabvazuva munyika. Local vanhuwo zvavo Muslim vaidzvinyirirwa. Nokuti Bosniaks vakasikwa yevasungwa. Everyday zvakanga kushungurudzwa kwevakadzi. The utsinye mhirizhonga munguva Bosnian hondo haana simuka netsaona. MuBalkans vagara ane putika keg kweEurope. The omunharaunda yenyika inoti zvave pfupi. Nemakambani vagari kuedza kurarama mukati Empire, asi pfungwa iyi "muvakidzani akanaka" yakazopedzisira kuparadzwa pashure pokuwa communism. Mutual zvichemo zvichemo vakaponeswa kwemazana emakore.

manhenda ramangwana

Complete blockade muSarajevo vakauya muzhizha ra1993, apo uto Serbian vakakwanisa kupedza oparesheni "Lugavats 93". Yaiva akaronga kurwisa, iro rakarongwa Ratko Mladic (nhasi ndiyo yemarudzi dare vatongi). Munguva oparesheni, vokuSerbia yapamba sokuronga zvinokosha pemipata zvichiita kuSarajevo. Pedyo guru uye zvikuru munyika - ane matombo nomunzvimbo dzine makomo. In vakadaro pemipata uye mumipata kuva nzvimbo yairwirwa hondo.

Anokunda Trnovo, vokuSerbia vakakwanisa chokubatanidza Holdings zvavo munzvimbo mbiri - Herzegovina uye Podrinje. Mauto ipapo vakadzokera kumadokero. hondo Bosnian, muna pfupi, raiva anofambisa vakawanda duku anorwisana mapoka nezvombo. Muna July 1993, vokuSerbia vakakwanisa kumisa kudzora pemipata peGomo Igman. nhau iyi kwakavhundutsa dzakawanda. vamiriri Western akatanga vomanikidza utungamiriri Republic uye pachedu Radovan Karadzic. Panguva hurukuro kuGeneva, vokuSerbia akajekesa kuti kana kuramba ngavabude navo kufara kuti NATO airstrikes. Karadzic akapeta pasi kufurirwa kwakadaro. August 5, 1993 vokuSerbia akasiya Igman, ukuwo acquisitions akasara Bosnia vaiva shure kwavo. On the sokuronga rinokosha chikomo vakatsiviwa peacekeepers kubva kuFrance.

vokuBosnia rwakakamukana

Zvichakadaro, vari mumusasa maiva Bosniak zvemukati paradzanisa. Of vaMuslim nyasha kuramba unitary mamiriro. Mitemo Firet Abdic uye vateveri vake vakabata zvakasiyana pfungwa maonero. Vaida kuti yeUnited mamiriro, uye vakatenda kuti chete kuburikidza nekuyanana yakadaro ichagumisa muBosnia War (1992-1995). Muchidimbu, izvi zvakaita kuti chidzoke kwemapoka maviri vasingawirirani. Pakupedzisira, muna September 1993, Abdic muna Velika Kladusa akazivisa kusikwa Western Bosnia. Yaiva imwe harimboonekwi zvokuvhoterwa, vaishora Izetbegovic hurumende kuSarajevo. Abdic akava mutsigiri Republic of Srpska.

Western Bosnia - ndiwo muenzaniso wakanaka sei paiva zvose zvitsva pfupi-rokuti dzidzo enyika, izvo chamuita kuti Bosnian War (1992-1995). Zvikonzero medley ichi chaiva akawandisa dzinopesana zvido. Western Bosnia chakavapo kwemakore maviri. Ndima yayo aitoita panguva akavhiyiwa "Tiger 94" uye "The Tempest." Muchiitiko chokutanga pamusoro Abdic ari kwakaita vokuBosnia pachavo.

Muna August 1995, chokupedzisira pavaipfuura hondo, kana liquidated wokupedzisira separatist dzidzo, kuti mauto hurumende Izetbegovic vakabatanawo vokuCroatia uye zvishoma contingent pakati NATO. hondo Major kwakaitika Krajina mudunhu. Isina kunanga mugumisiro hwokushanda "Storm" akanga kutiza Croatian-Bosnian muganhu namagariro vanenge zviuru 250 vokuSerbia. Vanhu ava vakanga vakaberekerwa uye yakamutswa Krajina. Nepo hapana chaishamisa haana mubvakure dziriko. Vazhinji vachibva mudzimba dzavo Bosnian War. A nyore tsananguro aibuda chavagari riri sezvinotevera: kukonana yaisagona kupera pasina tsanangudzo dzinza uye zvechitendero miganhu zvakajeka, saka zvose vaduku Diaspora uye enclaves panguva yehondo vakaparadza zvakanyatsorongwa. Gurai nharaunda akabata vokuSerbia, Bosnia uye vokuCroatia.

Kuparadzwa kworudzi uye dare

War Mhosva vose vokuBosnia uye vokuSerbia pamwe vokuCroatia. Vose akatsanangura utsinye yavo kutsiva nokuda vomunyika yake. VokuBosnia kuti tambudza dzokuSerbia vanhuwo zvavo akasika mapoka "nevaya vanofungidzira." Ivo vakaperekedza vachirwisa pamusoro necheSalvic musha rugare.

Chakaipa kupfuura mhosva rava Serbian vauraye muSrebrenica. Maererano chisarudzo UN, muna 1993, guta rino uye dzakapoteredza yomunzvimbo akanzi yakachengeteka. Vapoteri Muslim dzakanga dzaputswa kubva zvose kumatunhu Bosnia. In July 1995 Srebrenica akakunda vokuSerbia. Ivo vakapata kuponda muguta, richiuraya maererano nokufungidzira siyana, vanenge 8000 zvavo vagari vaMuslim - vana, vakadzi uye vakwegura. Nhasi, munyika yose Bosnian War makore 92-95. zvikuru nomukurumbira uyu pechiitiko noutsinye.

Kuponda muSrebrenica ichiri kuitwa kuongororwa neInternational Criminal Tribunal nokuda yaimbova Yugoslavia. March 24, 2016, aimbova Mutungamiriri wenyika Republika Srpska, Radovan Karadzic, akatongerwa makore 40 ari mujeri. Iye ambopayona zvakawanda mhosva kuti anozivikanwa muBosnia War. Photo musungwa zvakare dzakapararira venhau nyika, sezvo vari yapfuura 90. Karadzic uye zvakare mhosva yezvakaitika muSrebrenica. Intelligence masangano akamubata pashure upenyu-gore gumi chinodyiwa pakavanda pasi zita kwenhema yokuBelgrade.

Military kupindira dzakawanda

Gore negore, muBosnia dzokuSerbia-Croat hondo pamwe kutora chikamu hwakawedzera runobva uye dzinovhiringidza. Zvakava pachena kuti hapana mapato kunetsana haazorambi zvinangwa zvavo kuburikidza ropa. Mune US, iri kuitika, zviremera zvakatanga Zvinoshingaira iri nhaurirano kwacho. Danho rokutanga kugadzirisa kusawirirana kwakanga chibvumirano yakaguma hondo vokuCroatia uye Bosnia. magwaro Relevant vakanga nemasaini March 1994 muVienna uye Washington. The Bosnian vokuSerbia vakakokwawo patafura tambokurukura, asi havana kutumira vamiriri vavo.

Bosnian War, pikicha kubva kuminda kuti uchagumburwa vatorwa venhau aigara kwakakatyamadza West, asi muBalkans zvakaonekwa sechinhu chenhando. In ezvinhu aya, kutanga mumaoko avo vakatora NATO. VokuAmerica uye dzavo nevatsigiri, achitsigirwa United Nations akatanga kugadzira chirongwa ndege kubhomba dzokuSerbia nzvimbo. The muchiuto mashandiro "kufunga nezvesimba" vakatanga musi August 30. Kubhomba yakabatsira vokuBosnia uye vokuCroatia yakadhindwa vokuSerbia ari sokuronga zvinokosha kumatunhu kwemupata Ozren uye muWestern Bosnia. The chikuru Pamusana NATO kupindira yaiva vaizoitwazve kukombwa Sarajevo, urwo rwakatora makore akawanda. Pashure paizvozvo, kuSerbia-Bosnian hondo pedyo kuguma. mapato ose kuti mukakavadzane kunge ropa chena. Rehurumende akasiya rose dzinogarwa, zvechiuto uye maindasitiri kwezvivako.

Dayton

Final kwakadzama pakati vavengi Akatanga kwazvakarerekera munharaunda. Remangwana vanorega-moto zvakabvumiranwa pamusangano US uto chawo muna Dayton. Wevakadzidza kusaina pamusoro kuchengetedzeka kwakaitika pakati Elysee Palace muParis December 14, 1995. The chikuru nezviito President wenyika Bosnia zviso mhemberero Alija Izetbegovic, President yeSerbia, Slobodan Milosevic uye Croatian President Franjo Tudjman. Rokutanga hurukuro yaiitwa pasi patronage of mucherechedzi nyika - the UK, Germany, Russia, USA uye France.

Maererano chibvumirano, ndinosika itsva Hurumende - Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina uye Republika Srpska. miganhu Internal rakaitwa saizvozvo kuti nyaya imwe neimwe vane chikamu zvakayenzana nyika. Uyezve, Bosnia akatanga NATO anochengetedza runyararo simba. Masimba aya ava rubatso pamusoro Kuchengetedzwa yorugare zvikurukuru nerongo kumatunhu.

Chisimba panguva yeHondo yeBosnia chakanga chichikakavadzana. Zvinyorwa zvehutori hwemhosva dzehondo zvakatamiswa kumatare emarudzi ose, achiri kushanda nhasi. Inotonga vatambi vese vese uye vatangi vatsva vehutsinye "kumusoro". Vanyori vezvematongerwo enyika uye veuto, avo vakaronga kuparadza rudzi rwevanhu, vakabviswa pamasimba.

Maererano nehurukuro yepamutemo, zvikonzero zvehondo yeBosnia yaiva kurwisana kwemadzinza muYugoslavia yakaparadzaniswa. Zvibvumirano zveStestton zvakashanda sechirevo chekupindirana kwevanhu vechipatara. Kunyange zvazvo Balkan ichiri chikonzero chekutambudza kweEurope yose, kuzarura chisimba pamusana wehondo yakazoguma. Icho chaiva kubudirira kwevematongerwo enyika kumarudzi ose (kunyange akabatwa). Hondo yeBosnia nemhirizhonga iyo yakakonzera yakasiya hurukuro huru pamagumo evanhu vemo. Nhasi, hapana Bosniac kana Serbian, uyo mhuri yake ingadai isina kubatwa nemhirizhonga yakaipisisa yemakumi maviri emakore akapfuura.