Union - uyu ... Lublin, Brest, Krevsk Union

Union - nharaunda iyi, pamwe, nenzanga rinoti, masangano ezvematongerwe enyika, zvechitendero masangano. Zvinowanzoshandiswa mupfungwa monarchical pamwe vemarudzi akawanda pasi mutongi imwe.

kupatsanura zvibvumirano

Real Union - Union, chine umambo, vachitsigira chete kuitira yokugara pachigaro choumambo. Mugari wenhaka yemberi mambo vose nhengo kunyika sungano. Mubatanidzwa wakadaro - rakasimba, yakavimbika - chinogona akadzima chete zvakaitika apo mumwe vechikamu anochinja chimiro hurumende iri Republican. Kukanzura umambo rimwe kana zvose nhengo inoti kunotoreva disintegration mubatanidzwa kana kuderera kwayo quantitative sezvamunoita.

mubatanidzwa Personal - chibvumirano kuti asingashumbi, kana mumwe munhu anova mambo akawanda munyika nemhaka mhuri ukama maviri kana matatu magavhuna, kana mune mhosva yokushayiwa. The pokuita nyika haachinji uye hapana vabatane muitiro yokugara. mubatanidzwa uyu chichatadza kuora. Nokufamba kwenguva mumwe kurwa nokuda choushe, ushe chete mamiriro, asi vamwe zvingava zvisingabviri nokuda yezvakaita mutemo.

Church Union - mhando chibvumirano akapedzisa pakati zvitendero. Zvinangwa uye zvikonzero pamwe anoenderana munhoroondo ezvinhu.

Mubatanidzwa uye mubatanidzwa: Chii chakasiyana?

Kazhinji chimiro ichi kushamwaridzana inofananidza kuna Confederation. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kuzivikanwa kwakadaro handizvo.

Chokutanga, mubatanidzwa unogona chete kuitika pamwe kutora chikamu monarchical inoti. Izvi yayo huru chinhu. Kana Confederation, ari pamwe akadaro anogona kuita uye Republican ehurumende idzodzo.

Kuvapo pamwe zvinoda pedyo enyika uye zvoupfumi pamwe. Kwete hazvo mumwe mubatanidzwa chibvumirano. Zvikasadaro, zvinhu pamwe Confederation. By kusaina chibvumirano, nhengo dzayo vane mumwe vamwe munataisireva. Union nhengo usaora kwavo uchangamire. Single mutongi woumambo anowedzera simba rayo. Mushure kusaina ari pamwe ndiye mutakuri wamambo kodzero nyika nomumwe mukati Union.

Chinokosha pamutemo chinhu nokusaina tsamba mubatanidzwa chibvumirano - kuvapo chibvumirano rakanyorwa yakawiriranwa mitoro. Izvi zvichaita nechokwadi kubatana enyika. A mubatanidzwa - iri munharaunda kuti inogona akagumisa pasina chibvumirano.

Chimwe chinhu chinokosha unoshandawo mufambiro ruvengo pakati mapato sungano. Nhengo inoti zviri pamwe haigoni kurwisa nemumwe, sezvo gavhuna - imwe, saka, vachizivisa hondo mukati Union, icho vanosungirwa kurwisa pachayo.

Political uye dynastic mubatanidzwa chibvumirano

History anoziva nyaya zhinji, kuguma kwakadaro kwakarambidzwa. Rimwe kare uye chinokosha - Krevo mubatanidzwa. Lithuania nePoland vaiva mapato kondirakiti. Kufanana nezvimwe mibatanidzwa, izvi chisimbiso nokuda dynastic muchato, izvo akapedzisa Polish Queen Jadwiga uye Omani Grand Duke Jagiello.

Union muna 1385, akasaina panhare Kreva, kuchinja kuti mudziyo zvose kubatanidzwa nyika.

Zvikonzero sungano - the kwakaderera zvose nyika uye kumanikidza kunoitwa pamusoro pavo kubva kunze: kubudikidza Teutonic Order, Muscovy, kuti Golden Horde. Krevsk Union Lithuania asati akasaina zvibvumirano wandei pamwe Moscow muchinda, uye Teutonic Knights, aiva chinokosha kwakabatsira mararamiro zviitiko, asi havana rakatangwa.

Musimboti chibvumirano muna Krevo

Maererano chibvumirano, Jagiello akava mambo Poland. It zvinoisa pake anoverengeka wazvipira:

• gavhuna mutsva vanosungirwa kutaura muchiLatin Lithuania.
• Jagiello aifanira kubhadhara Duke Austria Wilhelm muripo nokuvhunika muchato chibvumirano, maererano izvo zvapedzisira aifanira kutora mukadzi wake Jadwiga.
• In Lithuania, zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti kusuma yeRoma.
• Jagiello aifanira kudzokera kunyika yaimbova kwePoland uye Russia kuvaka umambo. Union of Lithuanian uye Polish aisungirwa kuti kuwedzera kuwanda vasungwa.

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, Jagiello akava mutongi yakabatana Lithuania uye Poland, asi akaramba kuparadzana mari maitiro uye pfuma, mitemo, tsika mitemo, paiva muganhu, paiva yoga hondo nerimwe Member State chibvumirano. Krevo mubatanidzwa akamutsa kushorwa kudivi nevaitonga Lithuania uye yaimbova Russia, asi aiva nechimwe nokuda Union of Lublin. The ndima Poland akawedzera.

Zvaiitika kuti Lublin Union

Makore akawanda pashure kusaina chesungano iri Krevo vaiva makakatanwa pakati Lithuanians uye vokuPoland vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata mutemo uye padanho simba munyika. Munguva kuwedzera munyika varidzi hwachinja uye ropafadzo kirasi mamiriro munyika mbiri idzi. For vaviri inoti, paiva-siyana feudal kirasi: vokuPoland vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata akanga homogeneous, nhengo dzayo dzose kunge rusununguko zvakaenzana kodzero, uye kusiyana zvose zvabviswa; Lithuanian magnates - polarize kirasi. Pasi "matanda" anoreva zviviri kwamachinda:

• Varidzi (NaAmai Pauline Kabanzi) Large, rine anenge risingaperi kodzero. Havana pasi omunzvimbo imomo - chete paruvazhe Grand Duke. Mukuwedzera, vaigona zvinzvimbo anokosha hurumende. Kunze hombe uwandu nyika simba ravo kuti kunokosha matura basa.
• Small uye svikiro varidzi. Havana kuva enyika uye zvoupfumi zvireruke, sezvo vari boka rokutanga (zvishoma nyika, basa mikana). Mukuwedzera, kazhinji vave vakaurayiwa makaro pakati tycoons hombe, sezvo vairarama pavo.

Pamusana kururamisira nyota (kana mukuru simba uye simba), vamiririri rechipiri boka akatsvaka kuenzana, izvo zvinofanira kunge pakati vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata.

Asi dambudziko haana chete mukurwisa tycoons - vamiririri muPoland uye Lithuania haana nguva dzose kubvumirana kwakapararira rutsigiro rwemauto, kuita zvose nyika vanoshupika. Polish vepamusoro aitya kurasikirwa nyika Lithuania, sezvo mutongo apo Sigismund Augustus aiva mumiriri wekupedzisira Jagiellonian - kuchinja mambo mhando aigona kuti kuparadzana vamwe ndima.

Sezvo akabvuma Lithuanians uye Poles?

The Union of Lublin - sungano yokutanga pakati Poland uye Lithuania, iyo yave rwakarongwa nemazvo somunhu yepamutemo chiito. Nepfungwa huru yaiva kukumbanidzwa pakati Lithuania kupinda Poland. Kwenguva refu vaiva Nhaurirano vaifanira kugadzirisa chero kusabvumirana.

Backplane mubatanidzwa muna 1569 aifanira kuva akasaina mumwaka wechando wePolish-Lithuanian Seimas. Nhaurirano dzakanga dzakaoma, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti vabatane. Chikonzero mhirizhonga kurutivi zvinodiwa Lithuanian: kuti kugadza waiva kuitika Vilnius, gavhuna aifanira kusarudza chete rwevanhu Sejm uye Lithuanian vakuru vakuru vehurumende vaifanira kuchengeta chete dzemo zvemo. Poland aigona kugamuchira zvirevo izvozvo. Uyezve, Lithuanians vasingafari zvichiitika, akasiya Sejm.

Asi vakanga nokukurumidza kudzokera uye kuramba Nhaurirano. Pane zvikonzero zvakawanda kuti akadzinga Lithuania kutsvaka kutsigirwa mukutarisana Poland:

• The nyika chakarasikirwa zvakawanda panguva wokuLivonia War.
• Ari mamiriro akanga achikura kusagutsikana pamwe Varidzi.
• Lithuania akanga hondo pamwe Muscovy, chaiva kurutivi akasimba.

Kuti nokukurumidza "nyengetedza" ari Lithuanians, mambo Polish uye yakatora mashoko Volyn mudunhu podlaskie uye akatyisidzira kuti abvise neropafadzo kubva kutenda. All vakaungana kuPoland zvakare. The Lithuanian divi akapika mhiko kuna Sigismund Augustus. Zvakare akatanga kugadzirira kusaina yacho mubatanidzwa. Poland dzaitarisira kuti chibvumirano ichi.

nemasaini kuti chibvumirano

Diet akaita vakatangazve basa rayo muna June 1569 vakasuwa uye pazuva July rokutanga, vatori vechikamu sungano. Lublin Union vakazivisa paumbwe imwe kusaroora Rzeczpospolita. Mushure Lithuania uye Poland kwazvo dzakasaina chibvumirano. Pashure 3 Mazuva, chibvumirano zvatowedzera akasimbisa King.

Zvisinei, kuitwa Union haana zvinetso zvose, uye Diet mberi. Dzimwe nyaya dzakanga kugadziriswa mukati mwedzi pashure mukuru nemasaini uye ratification maitirwe ezvinhu. chinetso kuparadzirwa kwemasimba, wakateya Diet yave kugadziriswa, chine makamuri maviri. The Union wakatarwa chii chakatangwa Krevsk chibvumirano.

Pfungwa chikuru Union muna Lublin:

• Hurumende inofanira kuva mutongi chete - Mambo uyo anosarudza kudya.
• Mari hurongwa, dare uye Sejm zvavo wePolish uye Lithuanian nenharaunda.
• Equalized mune kodzero wePolish uye Lithuanian vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata.
• Lithuania akachengetedza vamwe zviratidzo statehood - anodhinda, maoko maoko, hondo uye kutarisira.

Kunobva Lublin chibvumirano

Lithuanians akakwanisa kuchengetedza mutauro wavo, zviri pamutemo hurongwa uye vanoverengeka zvinoitwa statehood. Poland kwasimbisa ikawanda kukura matambudziko nzvimbo. Rzeczpospolita emakore anoverengeka yave simba anokumhan'arira panyika mudariro. Uyezve, zvaibvira kuparadzira yeRoma uye wePolish pave vemunharaunda kwetsika.

Negative pfungwa dzaiva pakuwedzera bureaucratic midziyo uye kuwedzera uori. Nesananguro mambo nokuda kwounyanzvi chinoshingaira hondo mukati Sejm, izvo kwemazana emakore zvakakonzera akoromoke Rzeczpospolita.

Negative zvinoratidzwa zvizere mune zvechitendero. In iri vagari Lithuania haana kukwanisa kusarudza kutenda kwavo - yeRoma yakanga rinorambidzwa anenge nechisimba. ChiKristu zvairambidzwa. Vashori Catholic vaiva "kunze mutemo" - Ivo vakanga kunyimwa kodzero dzose, vaitambudzwa. On the Ukrainian ndima iri pasi nesimba Commonwealth, akatanga kubuda pamapatya chikoro.

Panguva iyoyowo, equalized mune kodzero kwamachinda, rwaiitwa kuchinja mune zvematongerwo, zvemitemo uye zvoupfumi mabhora. Saka kuti migumisiro Lublin Union hazvigoni kuongororwa zvisingarevi zvakawanda.

chechi chibvumirano

Nhoroondo chiKristu rakazara kuedza kudzorera kutendeka chitendero. Yeuka kuti somugumisiro vanorambana muna 1054 kuumbwa yeRoma uye Orthodoxy. Vakava vakaparadzana pamatavi chiKristu. Kusonganirana - anenge panguva yokutanga vakaedza mubatanidzwa.

ChiKaturike uye Orthodoxy vane tsika dzakasiyana uye zvinoitwa. Mvumo kugona kuzadzisa. Chikonzero chikuru - kukundikana kuita Orthodox Pope. Makatorike vaisagona kugamuchira zvinhu Arayirwa vavengi: Orthodox Pope akabvunza Kurambwa ushe ari muchechi vakuru.

Kwemakore, yeOrthodox simba uye dzaida kutsigirwa echiKaturike pakurwisa nokutyisidzirwa siyana. Muna 1274 wekuLyons akanga asaina chibvumirano kuti vanhuwo kurwisa pamusoro wechiTatar-eMongolia, uye muna 1439 - Union of Florence. Panguva ino, mubatanidzwa rukarwa vokuTurkey. zvibvumirano Ndivo pfupi-akararama, asi "kufamba kuti mubatanidzwa" akawana dzakawanda vachivakuza.

MARARAMIRO Brest Union

Brest mubatanidzwa - chibvumirano iyo chamuita kuti itsva dhinominesheni uye emakore makakatanwa.

Muzana XVI remakore Chechi yeOrthodox akanga haisiri muenzaniso tsika uye kunamata - akanga achipfuura chakakomba dambudziko. The kwaita tsika patronage, kana temberi yakanga chaizvoizvo pfuma magnate anorichengeta, kuiswa chitendero, vakawanda yokunyika zvinhu. Kana kereke vachipindira kunyange burgers. Izvi zvinoreva hama - masangano dzomumaguta kuti vane kodzero kudzora kunyange mabhishopi. The chechi hachisisina simba uye mukurumbira mudziviriri kodzero vatendi.

Uniate Bato rakazotanga nokuda activation pakati vaJesuit muPoland. Kuoneka polemical zvinyorwa pamusoro zvikomborero mubatanidzwa. Vanyori vaiva vaparidzi uye vazivi - Benedict Gerbest Peter Skarga, uye vamwe vakawanda.

Uniates kwakasimbarara mushure "karenda kuchinja" Gregory XIII - somugumisiro mazororo yeOrthodox yeRoma ezvitendero diverged pamusoro nguva. It kuvhiringidzwa kodzero yevagari Orthodox, anogara munharaunda Commonwealth.

Somugumisiro pakati yaisanganisa mugumisiro izvi zvinhu wacho wakasainwa Union Brest.

Musimboti sungano

Muna 1590 chechi Congress yakaitirwa muguta Belz. Yaakaita kukumbira mubatanidzwa akapa Gideon Balaban. chirongwa chake chakatsigirwa mabhishopi zhinji. Pashure 5 years, kudiwa mubatanidzwa vakaziva Papa.

Beresteis'ka mubatanidzwa yaifanira nemasaini 1596. Asi gakava rinopera. ReCongress, izvo vakasangana kuti kusaina chesungano, vakakamukana. Mumwe mafeni vaiva Orthodox, mumwe - the Uniates. The chigumbuso akaita kudiwa kuteerera Pope. Pakupedzisira, mubatanidzwa akasaina chete chikamu muunganidzwa. Vafundisi Orthodox vakasaziva mubatanidzwa. The kusaina chesungano kwakaitika achitungamirirwa Metropolitan Mikhail Rogoza.

Terms uye mamiriro;

• Uniates akaziva pasi Papa.
• Vafundisi vaiva nekodzero dzakafanana chechi yeKatorike vakuru.
• Articles kutenda - Catholic, tsika - yeOrthodox.

Saka, mugumisiro kuedza kubatanidza rava yakakura paradzanisa. Pahwaro Orthodoxy uye yeRoma aiva mumwe kutenda. Zvino Uniatism zvavakatemerwa nechisimba - Orthodox vaiva kuipa nzvimbo kupfuura pamberi Beresteis'ka (Brest) chibvumirano.

Pakupedzisira wedzera: mubatanidzwa - vabatane chinhu, asi haisi sezvinoratidzwa nhau zvinhu nguva dzose mubatanidzwa akaenda abatsire mapato pokuita.