Baroque werudzii muRussia. Baroque Vamiririri muRussia

Izvi noshamisa uye dzimwe nguva shamisa manyorerwo predominating mu mapurani uye uri muEurope kubva mukupera nemitanhatu epakati nemasere emakore, hwakasimbiswa nguva zvakasimba kusikwa inoti iri National hwaro. Akanga chokuita nechechi uye revatongi yeChina. Baroque akudzwa uye aitsigira simba ravo. Naizvozvo, nokuti anonyanya kuzivikanwa zvokushamisira, UKURU uye pathetic muropa zvikuru. Style ichi anosanganisa illusory chimiro chokwadi, uye pane kusiyana simba pachikero uye mutinhimira, uyewo textures uye zvinhu, chiedza uye mumvuri.

Description Baroque

Panongotanga wekutanga haana kudana manyorerwo ichi: nyika, asingatani kwazvo, musoro, pretentious uye kujairika ... unhu Ava munguva yechiberekerwa ayo kwainge rinosekesa. Uye zvose nokuda Baroque haina kuwirirana ipapo canons ounyanzvi yekare uye mapurani.

Asi zvishoma nezvishoma kwakatanga kuwana itsva mapurani pokutanga uye unhu. Baroque akaberekerwa Italy. nyika iyi yakanga panguva iyoyo muzinda nemagariro, apo manyorerwo ichi akatanga kufamba kwake kwokukunda muEurope. Uye mumwe nomumwe Baroque States kuwana kwavo unhu yenyika.

Baroque architecture Russia, kusanganisira, kunyanya inobata ayo kukura uye kunzwisisa. Iye chakaitika nokuwanda zvakaoma, sezvo mutemo, curvilinear siyana, hombe nembiru. Pamusoro pamadziro zvivako iyoyo uye vakachengeta zvakawanda zvivezwa omukati dzavo. Panewo multi-Tiered rising pamwe zvitarisiko dzakaoma. Muenzaniso unoshamisa Baroque mapurani anganzi ST. Peter ari Vatican. Nevamwe kwemanyorero mashoko vari Atlanteans, caryatids kutsigira namaberere neshongwe nezvaunoitawo basa, uyewo mascarones - sculptural zvemaoresa chairatidzika musoro yevanhu kana yakagadzirwa chipfuwo kubva mberi.

Zviri mapurani, maererano nyanzvi, kuti Baroque yaimirirwa zvose kusiyana kwavo nekuzara. ezvivako vose pave mabasa avo mumagadzirirwo ichi, zvakaoma yokuverenga. It vokuItaly Bernini, Borromini uye Maderna, Padanda Jan glaubitz nevamwe vazhinji. The Russian mapurani, vane mabasa anogona kunzi kune Baroque, vaiona anonyanya Rastrelli. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti kwakasimbiswa munyika yedu munzira chaiyo.

Mabviro Russian Baroque

Kutanga namasere remakore kuRussia kwakaratidzwa nezviitiko zvikuru. Zvichitevera anobudirira okuguma Northern Hondo uye vazhinji naPetro zvinhu, nyika yakatanga kukura patsika, uye mari. The chidzoke St. Petersburg, zvakare, akanga chiitiko chinokosha, izvozvo chakaratidza kutanga Danho idzva munhoroondo kwete chete edu, asi nyika mapurani. Ndiwo uye vakatanga, tingatoti, kuparadzirwa Baroque mavakirwo rechi18. MuRussia, pakuvaka guru uye aro vakaungana kwete mudzimba chete, asiwo ezvivako kuWestern Europe. The chikuru mumadhorobha kukura zvakarongwa kwaibva netsika Russian mapurani.

Western kuitikawo European

Asi Petersburg akitekicha nguva Peter I, uye ndiyo - the kota namasere remakore rokutanga, kunyange yava zvakangonyuka National zvechokwadi mutoro omunharaunda maitiro, panguva imwecheteyo anoratidza migumisiro pokumuka zvitaera zvakawanda Western European kuvakwa. Paiva monolithic uye kwazvo makemikari Fusion kwedu uye wokumwe mapurani zvekunyanyisa. Saka vakatanga Baroque nguva kuRussia.

Panyaya iyi, chirongwa kuitwa uye zvinhu kubudiswa Western zvitaera Chokwadi, anodzokera remakore rechigumi nemashanu, kana pasi Ivan III akauya Moscow kuti vashande vokuItaly. In yechipiri yezana namanomwe remakore kufurirwa vatorwa yakawedzera apo decoration mbiru uye entablature, Gables, kudimburira uye sculpted motifs zvishoma nezvishoma vakatanga kupararira Russian mapurani.

Baroque Style muRussia

aisagona kuwana nzvimbo munyika yedu. Pasinei nokuti vatsoropodzi wakatsauka classicism mu mapurani, ivo, zvisinei, haana kuona rinogona kutsiva "mbiru uye domes." Dzinotyisa nharo zvemashoko Gothic Revival uye "Renaissance", asi shoko rokuti "Baroque" muRussia kushandiswa kudziviswa. Mukurumbira mapurani Bryullov panguva rwendo kuItaly akanga achigumburwa ne "yakaipa kuravidza" uye zvisikwa penga pamusoro Borromini.

Uye shoko rokuti "Russian Baroque" chete eighties iri rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore aiongorora N. Sultanov yekare Russian mapurani wakatangwa. MuRussia, zvakanzi akasarudzwa pre-Petrine mavakirwo nemanomwe remakore. Kubvira ipapo, paiva pfungwa kuenderera, iyo muchikamu chokutanga zvidavado ichi muhurukuro ra1640 wacho.

By tsanangudzo, Likhachev, Baroque mu Russia yava vaifungidzira vamwe zvechadenga Renaissance, wakange asina kukwanisa zvakakwana hwodoonekereswa. Kunyange zvakadaro, shoko rokuti "Russian Baroque" muna Russia, uye vose zvavo haisi kwose zvinogamuchirwa nenyanzvi munyika. Saka, iye sechinoitika zvimiso, asi zita iri kutora Taridzamutauri.

Pamutemo, iri unhu hwavo rakafanana manyorero mannerism. It pachena dzakawanda matanho: "Naryshkin", "Golitsyn", "Petro Baroque muRussia" (remakore rechi18, rokutanga kota) uye "vakura", kureva Elizabethan nguva. Zvapedzisira Style zviri zvikuru mudzidziso mabasa F. Rastrelli Vaduku mukuvaka akawanda St. Petersburg.

Naryshkin kana Moscow Baroque

By Style ichi zvinoreva boka mutemberi, akavaka ichi Knights vakakurumbira kuuya. Naryshkin Baroque werudzii mu Russia chinopiwa nemabasa mavakirwo mukupera nemanomwe kwakadaro - mangwanani nemasere emakore sezvo kereke iri Fili uye Utatu-Lykov, mune ngowani uye Dubrovitsy, uyewo mafungiro, iyo yakavakwa pamusoro Maroseyka.

Nyanzvi vanouti neimwe nzira hwakazotevera Danho kwayo, apo vakatendeutswa chimiro kudzikatidzwa Western mapurani, akadai netsamba uye dzavo okunze, decoration motifs uye Baroque kwakabva t. D.

Features Naryshkin Style mu mapurani

Akauya panguva inokosha nokuda mapurani edu. Ndipo apo Russian ateteguru manyorerwo zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga munhumbi kuitika kubva Europe. Kubva nemitanhatu remakore mapurani, mupepa iri kutwasuka rakapinza simba kuti nemasiraidhi pamwe micheto pamadziro uye hwakarongwa runodzingira akasvibirira mafungu.

For zvivako yaitonga iyi Russian mapurani kunoratidzwa musanganiswa dzinopikisana nezvemaitiro pezvivako vakacherechedza heterogeneity pezvivako uye kushongedzwa. Sechivako "Naryshkin" Baroque kuRussia, kunyanya muMoscow, pane zviratidzo zvakajeka European mannerism, uye anoratidza kuti Gothic, pane zvishoma ane Renaissance uye romanticism, uye zvose merges pamwe tsika yekare emapuranga uye dombo mapurani.

Golitsyn Style

Zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga Baroque kukura muRussia. In nzvimbo yakasiyana werudzii Naryshkin akasvika Moscow mapurani - Golitsyn, iyo anonzi Transitional. Ake zvaibudirira gumi nemisere remakore rokutanga, uye mugumisiro huripo kusvikira pakati remakore chete.

chivakwa wokutanga, yakavakwa kuti Baroque werudzii kuRussia, vaiona chechi Dubovica muna Perov, Volyn, Laurentian yemamongi Kaluga. Kusiyana neizvi, "Naryshkin" iri kushongedzwa "Golitsyn" Zvivako kuwedzera kushandiswa evasingatombonamati Baroque okunze. Zvisinei, avo magadzirirwo zvinogadzirisa, ari Zvinoumba kwadzo mavhoriyamu uye namahwindo hunhu arrays pedyo European Renaissance. Kujeka kwakaita chirongwa chete nyore siyana, pamwe mupfumi mukati mapatya dzakawanda Baroque Zvivako muRussia chete chaiwo mienzaniso mapurani yekare. Kunyanya zvakajeka izvi zvinogona kuonekwa zvivako akazotevera - kereke St. Peter uye Paul Cathedral muMoscow, uyewo Troekurova uye Yakimanka.

Stroganoff Style

Izvi manyorero kutungamirira Russian mapurani kuguma nemanomwe uye namasere emakore vanotanga nezvivakwa maitiro kuvakwa hurongwa chimiro maindasitiri, pashure uyo anonzi.

By okunyanyisa Zvivako zviri Moscow Baroque Stroganoff akasiyana kuchengetedza zvetsika Russian shanu-domed temberi siluetti, iro munhu zvikuru, sokunge inovezwa ruoko, Baroque yakarongedzwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira Kazan muna Ustyuzhna, Smolensk muna Gordeevka mumusha Christmas muna Nizhny Novgorod uye dzimwe kereke zhinji, uyewo Vvedensky Church, yakavakwa muna Solvychegodsk.

Petro Baroque

Izwi iri rinoshandiswa neumhizha kare kuti mapurani manyorerwo, iyo anzverwa naPetro I uye zvinowanzoshandiswa St. Petersburg. Limited zvimiso framework, zvinonyanya vachifunga muenzaniso Swedish, German uye Dutch ezvivako. Baroque architecture Russia kubvira Anochinja Great aiva zvikurukuru eclectic building, pamwe kufarira classicism uye gothic kare. Kuderedza kusiyana Peter ezvivako mhinduro nemanyorero ichi kunogona chete kuva mwero conditionality.

Mavakirwo nguva ino hwokuratidza nyore volumetric zvakagadzirwa, pane yakawanda zvakajeka nekunyatsotsanangura uye kuzvidzora joko, kazhinji kuchengetwa kududzirwa planar pamadziro. Kusiyana Naryshkin Baroque kuRussia, Peter Mukuru ari mutsindo kuramba Byzantine tsika, iyo vakatonga ezvivako edu anenge manomwe emakore. Zvisinei, pane musiyano kubva Golitsynsky manyorerwo akafuridzirwa zvakananga rokuItari kana yeAustria ivhu.

vamiririri inopenya

An rinokosha muchinangwa kukura Baroque kuRussia airidza kwete chete Russian, asi mazhinji vanozivikanwa ezvivako yokumwe. Mumwe vamiririri kumadokero zvikoro, kushanda munyika yedu, ndiye Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli - mwanakomana wokuItaly nomuvezi, uyo akashanda mudare raMambo Louis XIV. Achitonga nemazwi wenhoroondo dzoupenyu ake, ruzivo rwenyu kuvaka awana kuRussia. Kuva nyanzvi pakuridza chaizvo yokudhirowa, Rastrelli ave akakwanisa kuzviita unoziva mapurani uye nenzvimbo yakakwirira kwazvo nzvimbo mudare, akagadzwa "mukuru mapurani." basa rake riri mumakore 1740-1750 yasvika kwamvura yacheka makumbo.

Other vakakurumbira vamiririri Baroque muRussia - ndiko A. V. Kvasov, akagadzira uye vakavaka Grand Tsarskoye tiiviste Palace pamberi kugadzirisa kuchaitwa Rastrelli. Nokuti basa rake rinosanganisira haana rachengetedzwa munzvimbo Haymarket munzvimbo Chechi kubvuma woWakaropafadzwa Mariya. No zvishoma anozivikanwa ezvivako wokuRussia Baroque panguva vari P. Trezzini, A. Vista, uye chokwadi, akashanda Russia kubvira 1760-fung kusvika 1770-fung yakajeka yokumwe mumiririri zvidavado iyi Antonio Rinaldi. Ekupedzisira, mukuvaka ake okutanga vachiri pasi pokudzora "vakwegura" Baroque uye akazotamira kuti classicism, izvo nyika yedu inongova kuchangotanga. Zvisinei, kutaura zvinonyatsoteerera kuti Rinaldi ndiye mumiririri chaizvo ichi mangwanani maitiro, hazviiti.

Buildings Russian Baroque

Enough anozivikanwa kusikwa Rastrelli - ane Ensemble pamusoro Smolny chechechi, yakavakwa mumakore 1748-1764 muSt Petersburg. Zvakange vakasikwa Russian tsika dzakafanana ensembles kuva yapfuura remakore. No zvishoma kuvazivisa vari kuchamhembe guta vaviri dzoushe Elizabethan vepamusorosoro - Stroganov uye M. Vorontsov. Zvisinei, pakutanga pakati mabasa Rastrelli rinomira, chokwadi, Winter Palace, iro rakavakwa makore masere. It kwakapera muna 1762-m. Rakanga pano chepamusoro mwero tarenda murongedzeri wacho. Pakati pezvimwe Baroque ounyanzvi - The Grand Palace in Tsarskoye tiiviste, uye vamwe vakawanda. Ndivo zvose inopenya chaizvo munguva manyorero nezvaiva nepakati nemasere remakore muRussia. Kushanduka kunoshamisa okugadzira zvinhu zviri mapurani P. Trezzini anosimbisa Theodore Church, iri Alexander Nevsky Lavra. Nhasi, yakawanda makakatanwa pamusoro muridzi yaiungana yakavakwa pamusoro Vladimir Cathedral zvakafanana zita. Zvisinei, vakawanda vari kuti vanodavira kuti akanga asiri tenzi isingazivikanwi, zvinoti P. Trezzini, vanoda kukwikwidzana Rastrelli, akasikwa pakupera 1760 pakati kunoshamisa runako yechechi. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti, zvinosuwisa, zvivako zvakawanda kwazvo enzvimbo murongedzeri, zvava kuvakwazve kana kungoti anyangarika.

Handisi lag shure vezera ravo uye Rinaldi, uyo akasika machechi akawanda Orthodox, kubatanidza zhinji zvinhu Baroque. Zvikurukuru, ichi ndicho Cathedral Andrew wayo shanu domes domes uye yakakwirira multi-storey bhero shongwe, Boathouse, riri munhare, Chinese uye Marble dzoushe. The yokupedzisira anoonekwa yakasiyana nedzimwe chakajairika muchiRussia mapurani.