Ruregerero kubhadhara

Redemption kubhadhara - hurumende oparesheni ashandiswe muna Russian Empire panyaya kugumiswa kuti serfdom. Chinangwa chikuru chiri kuita kuti mugove wenyika kusvikira murimi mudiki uridzi. Asati pakutanga zvinhu vanhu, pamwe rusununguko, inobhadharwa kuti kushandiswa aburuka matunhu uye barshchina zvakavakodzera. Vaiva "kwenguva vaisungirwa vanhuwo zvavo".

Redemption kubhadhara aigona kushandiswa pasinei zvido vomuridzi womunda. Zvisinei, mari yose, uwandu rakanga dzaona pachishandiswa urongwa nyaya yacho murimi mudiki aifanira kutakura zvizere. Aigovera kudzikinurwa chikwereti. Asi zvakatora nzvimbo chete pamusoro kuzviwanira nyika, uye munda wenhaka nyika Settlement. Mhedziso The kutengeserana kunosanganisira kugumiswa rokubva nyika ukama pakati muridzi uye murimi mudiki.

Ruregerero kutengeserana chaizvoizvo vaifungidzira somunhu ushe, chokuzvidira yakawiriranwa chibvumirano. Pamwe ichi, muridzi anogona zvinoda zvairayirwa kuvhiyiwa uku. Zvisinei, muchiitiko ichi, ruregerero kubhadhara dzakanga dzaona pamusoro chikwereti, uye muridzi chakarasikirwa kodzero yokugamuchira okuwedzera remuneration. Zvimwe rakawandisa vakanga zvachose novimba chibvumirano akapedzisa pakati muridzi uye murimi mudiki, panyaya iyi, nhamba yakarurama panyaya zvisipo. Zvinonzi Zvisinei anozivikanwa, kuti ukuru okuwedzera mari yakaenzana makumi kusvika makumi maviri nezvishanu muzana zvikwereti.

Redemption kubhadhara akanga ari murimi mudiki mhando yakaomesesa zvakananga mitero. Kubatsira vari novimba zvakavakodzera zvaiitika panguva. Zvisinei, ruregerero kubhadhara akanga zvishoma zvishoma kupfuura kusvuta-rendi.

Mugore non-dema pasi enyika, apo dzimwe hove yakazokudziridzwa, uwandu nyika yakanga disproportionate kuti mari shoma uye nyika ukoshi. Munzvimbo dzakadaro, muridzi akaita yakaratidza nyika yake kutenga yakananga zvoupfumi kukarukureta. Uye kunyange kana akarasikirwa imwe mari, chokwadi, akatengesa nyika nemutengo yekudyidzana kupfuura kukosha kwayo chaiyo. Saka 1877 rechipfumbamwe gore nhamba kwema akumbirwa muridzi iri kusvika kaviri kupfuura nhamba kwema nokuda yakawiriranwa chibvumirano.

Murau mangwanani kudzikinurwa uye dzimwe mhando nokuripira yakanga envisaged. Maererano neimwe nyaya (Article 165), zvaibvira kuti kudzikinurwa kubhadhara uye vanoda kuti govera nyika zvakakodzera pakarepo. Nyika ino akava hwevatambi zvinhu mumwe murimi mudiki. Nyaya iyi yakati vakavazunzira nenzanga gavhuna mhando. Pakazopera remakore rechi19 ikawanda kwazvo rudzikinuro ndeimwe nemakumi matanhatu cheshanu nyaya. Saka, kusvikira 1882, gore rakanga hwakatamisirwa zvarinoroora ari murimi mudiki anenge 47.735 kwokurangana, uye makore mashanu gare gare nhamba iyi yakanga yawedzera kusvika 101 413 Holdings. Saka, atenga shure 1887-fung gore, kupfuura kaviri sezvo nyika zhinji uye kwokurangana pane muzvirevo makumi maviri apfuura.

Kwaiva chaicho kuti, maererano iyo wakatarwa akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze kuziva ruregerero kubhadhara, zvikwereti. Paiva zvakavakodzera pagore. It paakagadzwa muna yakapiwa zvachose murimi mudiki mugove. Rents kuti akagamuchira muridzi. Kurega-Capitalized matanhatu muzana. Kubva vakaverenga huwandu guta makumi masere muzana (pakuparwa zvizere kutora vakaisa murimi), kana makumi manomwe nemashanu (kana vawana murimi akaderedza mugove) ikapiwa muridzi.

Six muzana pagore kuripwa hafu muzana hwakapiwa hurumende kufukidza mari kuti sangano uye mufambiro hwokushanda, dzasara mashanu nehafu muzana akaenda kubhadhara mubereko pamusoro kuchengetedzeka nekanzuru muridzi, uyewo chemhosva muzvikwereti.

The abolition rokudzikinura kubhadhara yakaitika muna 1907, kunyange zvazvo akanga akaronga muna 1932. Early kugumiswa remapazi kwakakonzerwa pakutanga ari Stolypin agrarian kuchinja, uyewo simba yezvakaitika 1905.