Apo Soviet Union ndiye akatanga kuvhura pevhu? History of Metro

Metro ari rakagara richidudzirwa nezvenzvimbo rakavimbika kupfuura chimiro mabhazi. Zvitima "pachivande" haamiri kuwandisa kwemotokari mumigwagwa, nokukurumidza kufamba, achikwanisa kutakura akawandisa vanhu. Nokuda kumhanya uye predictability pamusoro pevhu kwakakurumbira pakati vagari mumaguta makuru.

nyaya nhoroondo

guru rimwe nerimwe kubva pakati XIX remakore, sezvo nyaya rukudzo kuti chaizvo richikurukura tunnels pevhu kuti kuchaderedza pasi motokari chokubuda. Mapiyona panyaya iyi yakaoma, Londoners vakatanga: muna Chirungu guru akaonekwa pevhu munyika yokutanga, uye zvakaitika kare 1862.

Special nyaradzo utsanzi aigona kuzvikudza: chinhu pamusoro ngoro rakashama chakaita yakafukidzwa utsi uye chin'ai akafukidzwa tunnels (Britain kushandiswa locomotives), kuita musoro nokuda yanhasi nzira kureba 3,6? Km - asi zvakadaro chaiva budiriro huru.

Kuwandisa kwemotokari mumigwagwa - kwete dambudziko idzva

Moscow pakutanga kwezana navapfumbamwe maviri emakore, irege kuva wo kufanana chipo, asi koko vaivamo uyewo kosha. Chokwadi, kana havana kutora chikamu resimbi, uye zvikuru vanhuwo mabhiza, asi kuunganidza zvinhu uye mutakurwi zvokuchenesa dzimwe nguva arega motokari mumigwagwa zvachose.

Dambudziko zvakajeka akakura, rakafuridzirwa British, Czarist zviremera Russian kufunga pakuvaka kuchiteshi kare 1890s - refu isati nguva apo Soviet Union ndiye akatanga kuvhura pevhu. gore chii yaizoitwa chiitiko ichi, kana basa rakagamuchirwa muna 1901 (uye chii chimiro kuti kutenga yemapurisa), hatizombofi kuziva. Zvisinei, nhoroondo haashiviriri ari SUBJUNCTIVE kumunetsawo.

The chirongwa of Moscow Metro rokutanga

Mukutanga ramakumi remakore, asi iyi matatu: P. Balinskii, E. Knorre uye N. Karazin paakapiwa mu nekubatwa Mutongo Moscow chokufambisa zvinetso rakadzikadzika nguva yavo, tarenda uye tsinga. Kutamburira aifanira kupinda pamatanho ose. Varidzi "chitima" kutyiwa vakwikwidzi. City Hurumende akanga kusagutsikana zvinobatsira avo zvemari. Kunyange vafundisi nemumwe, pasina kumboiswa vatsvene: kuti vanokurira vamwe chichakuvadza vamwe ukuru Moscow machechi. Pakanga kunyange pfungwa yokuti Metro zvinokuvadza (!) Nokuti musha.

Kana kwete nokuti inertia uye kukara pevakuru, mubvunzo kana, apo Soviet Union ndiye akatanga kuvhura pevhu, apo guta uye gore haana musoro nokuti kukosha chivakwa kwaizoita kuva imwe yakasiyana zvachose nyika. Asi zvakaitika zvakasiyana. Balinsky Pazvinhu basa chakarambwa, uye Implementation pakati dzakabudirira Knorre idzva muna 1912, kudziviswa nokutambudzika First World War uye akakurumbira echimurenga zviitiko. Subway kuvaka yakanga kumbosiyiwa ive isingazivikanwi nguva: munguva nyonganyonga huru kwete dzomumaguta ugamba.

Basa hurumende itsva

Dambudziko pakufamba iri guru muduku Soviet Union yakanga zviremera zvitsva. Pakutanga, utungamiri inoratidzika achiri akaramba zvimwe neunyengedzi kuti pasina kuchiteshi zvaungaita: vachishingaira kuwedzera uwandu trams, mabhazi uye trolleybuses. Asi nokuda mangwanani 30s zvakava pachena kuti pasi kutakurwa zvachose kugadzirisa dambudziko haagoni.

Sezvo zvimwe ramunoita zhinji, chikuru chinhu chaiva enyika kuda: Mutongo Plenum of Central Committee muna July 1931 vakarayirwa kuti pakarepo kutanga kuvakwa subway - uye kubva chisarudzo charo inokosha kusvikira nhambo apo Soviet Union ndiye akatanga kuvhura pevhu, zvakatora makore mana chete.

Hammer kuvaka

Muna September, 31 fung akarongeka Metrostroy, kutenderera 10 mitsetse (80 zvachose) mvumo March yechi33, uye mukati Mumatsutso 1934 ne "Komsomolskaya" kuti "Sokolniki" akaita cruised kutongwa, "kuputsa-mu" chitima zvinosanganisira nengoro maviri .

Kana kuzadziswa pfungwa zvarwo, zvinodiwa anenge urongwa-gore mashanu, nokuti kuvaka, sezvo chirongwa tendero uye pamberi zuva, apo Soviet Union ndiye akatanga kuvhura subway - gore nehafu. Zviri pachena kuti vakanga zvinofamba basa nokukurumidza tifambirane: muSoviet Union, zvinenge zvose aifanira mumvuri kusingaenzaniswi feat. Asi vavaki chikwereti - hazvirambiki, uye Muscovites vanofanira nokusingaperi kuonga kuita ichi.

Yokutanga Metro station chingaenzana zvakanaka ichangobva runako uye kunatsiridzwa, iyo anonzi okushamisira ezvivako ano. Our pragmatic zera chinotarisa functionality uye kunyatsoshanda. Zvino uti, Kana kuwanda zviteshi vakasimuka yapfuura zana, havachisiri zvakadai chinhu aesthetic kufarira, ari chiitiko kuti pane makumi maviri chete. Munguva 30s yakanga zvose zvitsva, uye mafungiro pazviitiko zvakasiyana.

Beauty uye functionality

Architects 'Metrostroi "yakayeuka kuti chete gore isati nguva apo Soviet Union yakanga wokutanga pevhu razaruka, vakadana akati kuti nhepfenyuro vanofanira kuita zvirongwa kwemazuva 25. The chete zvinodiwa kuti anoshanda kune mugumisiro - vanofanira kuva "rakanaka".

To kwayo chikwereti, kuti ezvivako rinotii kuti basa ivo zvagadziriswa panguva uye "kugonesesa", kuenda nechimwe mhinduro nomumwe, ingano uye rudo. Pakazosvika nguva Soviet Union yakanga kuchiteshi yokutanga akazarura muguta guru vakanga vakagadzirira 13 zvechitima. Zviri shamisa kuti Kaganovich aida kuti kutsiva huida pamusoro zvechokwadi reganda nezvigaro, akamiswa nekuda kwayo hurefu. Modern nezvoupfumi pokusarudza kudaro kuti inongova vanodedera.

The yakanakisisa nechipo Muscovites

February 4, 1934 Metro chitima akapfuurira mutsara kubva pakutanga kusvikira pakupedzisira, uye 6th, zvitima masere Moscow pevhu akatora wokutanga vatakurwi - Vaenzi of VII Congress.

Pakutanga, pamusoro pevhu vaikwanisa 11.5 chete? Km - kubva "Sokolniki" kuti "Park Mutsika", aine davi "Smolenskaya" (Pashure - Arbatskaya mutsetse). To mabasa vanhu paiva 13 nhepfenyuro uye 14 nezvitima. Chokwadi, nhasi vagari guta guru racho, izvi "pevhu" haana akafadzwa, asi panguva apo Soviet Union yakanga wokutanga pevhu razaruka, izvozvo kunonzwisiswa muMoscow somunhu chishamiso chaicho. Pazuva yokutanga, May 15, 1935, kuti vava kusvika isingazivikanwi chimiro pakufamba vakashuva 370 zviuru. Man.

Zvechokwadi, kwete pasina zvinodhura Shamwari Stalin. Mumazuva iwayo, pasina iye hapana rokugovera - asingasiyi uye zuva apo Soviet Union ndiye akatanga kuvhura pevhu. The chitima yakange yakashongedzwa Portraits ari mutungamiri uye pachena kuti akakodzera tigutsikane :. "Nemhaka guru Stalin nokuda yemadzibaba kuchengeta navanoita Moscow"

Zuro uye nhasi

Ndinofanira kutaura kuti mupfungwa, "baba vemarudzi ose" here kuponeswa ichi kunoshamisa building, wakati vakasarudza kusiya Moscow muna 1941, apo vanhu vokuGermany akasvika guta riri dzinonetsa kure. October 15 - chete zuva munhau apo mikova haana kushamisa pevhu kuti vanhu vayo. All inokosha vanonangwa (uye kuchiteshi uyewo) vakanga mined uye akagadzirira kuparadza. Sezvineiwo, ichi hazvina kuitika: murayiro rakanga rarambidzwa. Munguva yehondo, yakava mabhomba pachivande, achiponesa, uye kunyange achipa upenyu: muna 1941 akaberekerwa 217 vacheche.

Wokuisira of tikiti rokutanga rava dzose mushandi, imwe mwene fekitari "Red Proletarian" P.Latyshev. Kunenge kuti rimwe zuva muna May, apo Soviet Union yakanga wokutanga pevhu razaruka, munhu aigona kufungidzira mukuru chirongwa zvichaguma urongwa ichi. Nhasi, ari mutsetse kureba 327,5? Km 196 batanidza nhepfenyuro, uye pazuva nezuva mutakurwi motokari Moscow Metro ndiyo nyika shasha.