Kinematics ane zvinhu pfungwa: zvinokosha pfungwa, zvinhu

Nyaya vedu nhasi nyaya achava kinematics zvokunyama pfungwa. Chii zvose pamusoro? Chii pfungwa kuonekwa mariri, uye chii tsanangudzo chipiwe iri? Izvi uye nemimwe mibvunzo yakawanda nhasi uye tichaedza kupindura.

Kutsanangura pfungwa

Kinematics zvinhu ndeyekuti hapana kunze wefizikisi subsection yaiti "Mechanics". Iyewo, inodzidza mitemo inofamba miviri siyana. Kinematics ane zvinhu pfungwa iri munyaya basa iri, asi hazvina zvavo nemashoko. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi Sub-chikamu anoongorora nzira kuti ritsanangure inofamba miviri. Muchidzidzo ichi vari akakodzera chete anonzi idealized muviri. Idzi dzinosanganisira: pfuma pfungwa, yakaoma muviri uye yakanaka gasi. Funga pfungwa zvakadzama. Tose tinoziva kubva kuchikoro kuti zvinhu nguva inonzi muviri, kukura iyo pamamiriro ezvinhu anogona kuregeredzwa. Nenzira, iyo kinematics ose translational inofamba ane zvinhu pfungwa inotanga kuuya kekutanga muna yechinomwe mugwaro mabhuku wefizikisi. Ndicho nyore bazi, saka kutanga kuziva nesayenzi, achibatsirwa kwayo chinonyanya nyore. A yoga nyaya iri, chii vari pezvokuvamba kinematics zvokunyama pfungwa. Ivo chaizvo chaizvo, uye vanogona conditionally rakakamurwa dzakasiyana siyana pamwe zvakasiyana kuoma kunzwisisa. Kana isu kutaura, Somuenzaniso, nharaunda Vector, zvino, pfungwa, mune tsanangudzo kwayo chinhu prohibitively kunzwisisa. Zvisinei, vanobvuma kuti zviri nyore zvikuru kunzwisisa zviri kune mudzidzi kupfuura avhareji mudzidzi kana chesekondari. Uye zvakajeka kutaura, hapana chikonzero kutsanangura zvaidiwa rokuti vokusekondari.

A Nhoroondo pfupi kinematics

, Makore akawanda akawanda akapfuura, mukuru Aristotle chose weshumba mugove rusununguko nguva yake kudzidza uye kurondedzera wefizikisi somunhu yoga nesayenzi. Akanyanya yaaishandira pamusoro kinematics, kuedza kupa kuti pfungwa huru uye pfungwa, imwe nzira kana imwe kushandiswa mukuedza kugadzirisa anoshanda uye kunyange zvisingakoshi mabasa. Aristotle akapa kutanga pfungwa chii pezvokuvamba kinematics zvokunyama pfungwa. basa rake uye zvinyorwa zviri zvinokosha chaizvo kuti vanhu vose. Kunyange zvakadaro, muna ayo kumhedziso, zvakaita vakawanda zvikanganiso, uye nyaya kuti paiva zvikanganiso uye zvikanganiso. Works of Aristotle panguva yake akafarirawo mamwe masayendisiti - Galileo Galilei. Mumwe chinokosha zvichemo Arayirwa Aristotle, verenga kuti muviri sangano rinowanikwa chete nyaya kana akaita pamusoro vamwe simba, pakutsvaga zvikuru uye kutungamirirwa. Galileo akaratidza kuti ichi chinhu chikanganiso. Force huchachinja kumhanya ezvinhu, asi hapana zvimwe. The Italian akaratidza kuti simba ndiwo mhaka kumhanyisa, uye kunogona chete wezvikamu naro. Galileo Galiley akabhadharawo wandei kuteerera kudzidza kwauchaita chokuzvisarudzira kuwa, kuunza mitemo akakodzera. Zvichida vose anoyeuka pamusoro ake kuedza akakurumbira, izvo yaaipedza paShongwe Pisa. Pamabasa ake, zvinokosha kinematic mhinduro akashandisa uye yefizikisi Ampere.

kutanga pfungwa

Sezvambotaurwa, kune kinematics yekunyatsonzwisisa nzira kutsanangura inofamba pakati idealized zvinhu. In tsika, nheyo anogona kuiswa kwemasvomhu pachisara vanhuwo nemasvomhu uye geometry. Asi zvii pfungwa (ichi pfungwa, uye hapana tsanangudzo uye parametric tsika) vari moyo subsection iyi wefizikisi? Chokutanga, munhu wose anofanira kunzwisisa zvakajeka kuti kinematics zviri translational inofamba kwemashoko pfungwa inofamba kufunga dzakakudzingai simba unongotaura. Kureva kuti kugadzirisa akakodzera matambudziko, hatidi kuti Masvomhu chokuita simba. Hazvina kufungwa kinematics, hazvinei vangani vavo varipo - mumwe, vaviri, vatatu, kunyange mazana ezviuru. Kunyange zvakadaro, kuvapo kumhanyisa asi anopa. In dzinoverengeka zvinhu pfungwa rwokufamba kinematics matambudziko prescribes kusarudza kumhanyisa ukoshi. Zvisinei, zvinokonzera Fani iyi (kureva, mauto uye avo hunhu) hadzina vaiona, uye vari kusiyiwa.

kupatsanura

Takaona kuti kinematics rinoongorora uye rinoshanda nzira kutsanangura inofamba miviri pasina chokuita nemauto kuita pamusoro pavo. Sezvineiwo, basa iri rave kuita mamwe Sub-Vanamakanika, unonzi simba. Vatovako anoshandiswa mitemo Newton raMwari, hunoita mune uchidzidzira chidzore parameters zvakakwana pamwe vashomanana anozivikanwa kutanga mashoko. Basic Dzidziso kinematics ose zvinhu pfungwa - ndiyo nzvimbo uye nguva. Uye maererano kukura nesayenzi vakawanda uye mumunda, paiva mubvunzo pamusoro yakakodzera mubatanidzwa akadaro.

Kubva pakutanga, paiva dzenhoroondo kinematics. Tinogona kutaura kuti zviri chaiyo kwete chete kuvapo zvose zvenyama spatial pakakoromorwa, asi ivo vari yakazvimirira kusarudza imwe waverenga bhuku. Zviya, tichataura gare gare. Zvino, tsanangura chii pamusoro. Spatial penguva iyi nyaya ichakurukurwa somunhu chidimbu, nguva - penguva. Kunenge kuti zvose zvinofanira kuva pachena. Zvino, Makwanza izvi ichakurukurwa munyaya dzenhoroondo kinematics mhedziso invariant, mune mamwe mazwi, pasina kuchinja kubva pepuranga mumwe. Kana bhizimisi relativistic kinematics. It zvikamu kana nokuchinja pakati bhuku mapuranga dzingasiyana. Kuchenjera kunyange kutaura kuti havagoni, uye vanofanira, zvimwe. Nokuda simultaneity iyi anongoitika zviitiko zviviri chavawo hama uye riri pasi wokunyatsoporesa. Saka zviri relativistic kinematics kuti pfungwa mbiri - nzvimbo uye nguva - ikashandiswa imwe.

Kinematics zvinhu pfungwa: kumhanya, kumhanyisa, uye dzimwe tsika

To Kanenge zvishoma kunzwisisa wefizikisi ose subsection ichi, unofanira kufamba anokosha pfungwa, ziva tsanangudzo uye zvinomirira chii chinoumba zvavo nemashoko, mumwe kana mumwe ukoshi. Hapana kuoma nezvazvo here, zviri nyore chaizvo uye nyore. Funga, zvichida, kutange dzinokosha pfungwa inoshandiswa kinematics matambudziko.

chitsungo

Zvokuimba kufamba, taifunga imwe nzira iyo munhu kana mumwe idealized chinhu anoshandura panzvimbo yacho muchadenga. Muchiitiko chino, tinogona kutaura kuti kuchinja maringe dzimwe miviri. Zvakakodzera kufunga kuti panguva iyoyo kunoitika uye kugadzwa nguva penguva pakati zviitiko zviviri. Somuenzaniso, zvichiita kuti govera mumwe penguva yakaumbwa kuti nguva Pakatora muviri vakabva mumwe chinzvimbo chimwe. Cherechedza kuti muviri uye nokudaro ingashanda nemumwe, maererano nemitemo mukuru makanika. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo kazhinji unoshanda kinematics zvokunyama pfungwa. The duramazwi Hurongwa - zvinotevera pfungwa, iyo zvakabatana chaizvo nayo.

Coordinates

Vanogona kunzi vanhuwo Data anotigonesa kuti tizive nzvimbo mumuviri chero nguva. Coordinates zvakabatana chaizvo pamwe pfungwa Munongedzo ezvinhu uye rinoronga afoot. Kazhinji ndiwo mubatanidzwa tsamba uye nhamba.

nharaunda vector

Kubva zita runofanira kuva pachena kuti ndiyo. Kunyange zvakadaro, ngatitaurei zvakawanda nezvazvo. Kana pfungwa chinokambaira nzira, uye tinoziva kutanga imwe waverenga reference, zvinokwanisika kuti abate chinzvimbo Vector chero kupiwa nguva. Iye achange kubatana kwokutanga nzvimbo pfungwa pamwechete nguva imwe kana zvose.

nzira

It achanzi mutsetse kuramba iyo yakarongwa somugumisiro inofamba ane PARTICIPLE pamamiriro waverenga bhuku.

Speed (zvose Linear uye chisina kutsetseka)

kukosha ichi, izvo angamuudza kuti kutsanya muviri anoenda nomunguva kure.

Kumhanyisa (uye chisina kutsetseka uye Linear)

It inoratidza pasi pomutemo uye sei kuzviita achinje chaizvo marongero muviri chii.

Zvichida, pano vari - chikuru pezvokuvamba kinematics zvokunyama pfungwa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvose velocity uye kumhanyisa vari vector zvakawanda. Izvi zvinoreva kuti havasi chete kuva nomuenzaniso maturo, asi imwe nhungamiro. Panzira, vanogona kuendeswa mune rimwe divi uye zvakasiyana. Muchiitiko chokutanga, muviri chichange nokukurumidza rechipiri - kunetesa.

Nyore mabasa

Kinematics ane zvinhu pfungwa (Ngaakurumidze, kumhanyisa uye daro riri rinenge pfungwa inokosha) asina kunyange chokwadi kuti akawandisa matambudziko, uye vakawanda vari muzvikwata zvakasiyana. Ngatiedzei kugadzirisa nyore basa zvakakwana kuziva daro akafamba pachitunha.

Ngatitii ezvinhu kuti tine paruoko, sezvinotevera. The motokari mutyairi pamire pokutangira mutsetse. Mutekenyi inopa kuona chiratidzo mureza uye motokari anotora kure chaizvo. Kuona kana zvinyorwa zvitsva muna makwikwi vatasvi vachakwanisa, kana daro akaenzana navane zana metres, aimbova mutungamiriri 7.8 seconds. Kumhanyisa motokari wakatorwa akaenzana 3 metres, yakakamurwa pachivara wechipiri.

Saka, sei kugadzirisa chinetso chakafanana? Zvinofadza chaizvo, sezvo tiri aisafanira 'aome "tsanangudzo zvimwe parameters. Iye ijeke uye anodzora mumwe ezvinhu diversifies muitiro mhinduro uye kutsvaka maindex. Asi chii tinofanira kutungamirirwa kare, sei kutaura basa?

1. Kinematics ane zvinhu pfungwa kunosanganisira kushandiswa munyaya kumhanyisa.

2. Vanzveri Mutongo kushandisa daro wevacheche, nokuti Rinooneka kusanganiswa ukoshi ezvinhu.

We dambudziko zvachose nyore. Kuti atore kure ichi nzira: S = VoT + (-) AT ^ 2/2. Zvinorevei? Tinofanira kuziva kuti nguva yakawanda achapfuura racer yakasarudzwa kure, uye ipapo enzanisa indekisi aine zvinyorwa kuziva iye vakamurova kana kwete. Kuti aite izvi, isu akatsaura nguva yokuti vawane nzira: AT ^ 2 + 2VoT - 2S. Ichi chimwe kunze quadratic mukana wokuti vanhu vanga. Asi motokari anotora kure, zvinoreva kuti kwokutanga velocity akaenzana 0. Kana discriminant kusarudza mukana wokuti vanhu vanga achava akaenzana 2400 zvinofanira kubviswa nokuda pamudzi kutsvaka nguva. Ita kusvika grade nzvimbo yechipiri: 48,98. Tinoona pamudzi mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: 48.98 / 6 = 8.16 seconds. Zvakaratidza kuti mutyairi havazokwanisi kurova aivapo chinyorwa.