Hwepurotoni nokuchengeta - chawo ukoshi chepuraimari PARTICIPLE wefizikisi

Kana uri kujairana nemamiriro atomu, ungangove uchiziva kuti ane atomu upi ichocho rine mhando nhatu zvokutanga nezvimedu: protons, maerekitironi, neutrons. Protons pamwe neutrons kuumba musimboti wenyika makemikari Kufananidzira. Sezvo mutariri Purotoni ndiyo yakanaka, musimboti anogara chokwadi mhosva. The yemagetsi mutariri maatomu musimboti ndanyarara hangu gore dzakapoteredza zvimwe zvokutanga inoramba. The isakarurama mhosva Erekitironi - ichi ndicho chinoumba maatomu kuti nechokumusoro vebasa hwepurotoni. Zvichienderana sei maerekitironi akawanda makakomba musimboti, kuti chinhu vangava electrically kwazvakarerekera (pakuparwa zvakaenzana nokuwanda protons uye maerekitironi iri atomu), kana kuva mutariri akanaka kana kuti asina kunaka (pakuparwa nekushaya kana zvakawandisa maerekitironi, ukuwo). chaikosha atomu akatakura imwe nokuchengeta, inonzi Ion.

Zvakakosha kuyeuka kuti uri uwandu protons takatsunga ne zvivako zviri zvinhu uye nzvimbo yavo periodic table nayo. D. I. Mendeleeva. Yaiva musimboti neutrons vane mhosva. Nokuti kuti vakawanda pamusoro Nyuturoni uye hwepurotoni correlated uye kushanda akaenzana mumwe, uye mukanyiwa pamusoro Erekitironi ari kunyora nezvavo zvichienzaniswa kwavari (muna 1836 munguva isingasviki mukanyiwa hwepurotoni), nhamba neutrons paro une basa rinokosha, kureva, anosarudza kutsiga maitiro uye mwero yokushata ose radioactive nuclei. Zviri Nyuturoni vagara vandifungira isotope (siyana) ari chinhu.

Zvisinei, nokuda mismatch pakati vakawanda pakati mhosva nezvimedu, protons, uye maerekitironi vane zvakasiyana chaiyo mutariri (kukosha ichi ndezvipi nhamba zvokutanga nezvimedu mubhadharo waro uremu). Somugumisiro, nhamba Purotoni vebasa iri 9.578756 (27) x 107 C / makirogiramu pamusoro -1.758820088 (39) 1011 · ari Erekitironi. Nokuda mukuru chaizvo nokuchengeta tsika vakasununguka protons havagoni kurarama mu mvura nhau: vanopa hydration.

Misa uye nokuchengeta Purotoni - chairo nokukura, iro vakakwanisa kumisa pakutanga rokupedzisira remakore. Ndiani masayendisiti akazviita - mumwe mukuru - hwomukova remakore rechimakumi maviri? Muna 1913, Rutherford, yakavakirwa ndechokuti vakawanda vose anozivikanwa zvine maatomu akafanana mukuru kupfuura vazhinji rehydrogen atomu kuti integer kanoverengeka, akataura kuti musimboti hydrogen atomu aisanganisira ari musimboti Atomu chero maatomu akafanana. Zvishoma papera Rutherford vakaperekedza kumwe kuedza umo akadzidza kudyidzana pamwe senitrogen nuclei Alpha inoramba. Somugumisiro kuedza kubva musimboti ane atomu nendege PARTICIPLE Rutherford rinonzi "hwepurotoni" (kubva mushoko rechiGiriki "protos" - wokutanga) uye kwakaratidza kuti ndicho musimboti hydrogen atomu. Nokufungidzira yave vaudzewo experimentally ari dzokororo ruzivo urwu dzesayenzi mugore mukamuri.

Rutherford chete pfungwa ariko ari PARTICIPLE iri mabhomba musimboti yakaitwa muna 1920, iyo akaenzana vazhinji Purotoni, asi anotakura hapana yemagetsi muripo. Zvisinei, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuona PARTICIPLE iyi Rutherford. Asi muna 1932, mudzidzi wake Chadwick experimentally akaratidza ariko neutrons vari musimboti - inoramba sezvo zvafanotaurwa Rutherford, anenge vakaenzana Purotoni vakawanda. Wanikidza neutrons zvakanga zvakaoma nokuti havana zvemagetsi mutariri uye, naizvozvovo, asingadi kupinda kudyidzana nevamwe nuclei. Kushaikwa muripo rinotsanagurwa ehupfumi kuti neutrons sezvo refu rakapinza simba.

Protons uye neutrons vakasungwa mabhomba musimboti hwakasimba chaizvo simba. Zvino Physics wekuita yokuti mbiri dzinokosha yenyukireya nezvimedu aya chaizvo rakafanana mumwe. Saka, vane chete musana, uye masimba zvenyukireya kusazviteerera zvachose zvakafanana. The musiyano chete - zvakanaka mutariri Purotoni, Nyuturoni chete ane mhosva. Asi sezvo yemagetsi vachengetwe zvenyukireya mukukurukurirana asina zvaanoreva, unogona chete kunzi ari mhando hwepurotoni chitaridzi. Kana, zvisinei, kuwana Purotoni yemagetsi nokuchengeta, iye acharasikirwa kwake oga.