Astronomy - chii? Meaning uye History of Astronomy

Zvichida hapana munhu panyika vasina kufunga kujeka pfungwa twinkling mudenga kuti vari kuoneka usiku. Nei mwedzi anoenda vakakomberedza Earth? Zvose izvi uye zvakawanda kudzidza zvenyeredzi. Chii mapuraneti, nyeredzi, comets, kana pane kuora kwezuva, uye nei gungwa nemafungu kuitika - izvi nezvimwe zvakawanda mibvunzo inopindurwa nesayenzi. Ngatitarisei kwayo inotungamirwa uye zvinoreva kuti vanhu.

Tsanangudzo uye mamiriro Science

Astronomy - sayenzi marongerwo uye kwakabva siyana kwemiviri yokudenga, hurongwa yokudenga uye kukura wezvose. zita raro rinobva pamashoko maviri echiGiriki, okutanga zvinoreva "nyeredzi", uye yechipiri - ". ezvinhu, tsika"

Next tichataura pamusoro zvose nzira kuti paumbwe chirango ichi. Panguva kuitika padariro kukura, chinosanganisira vakawanda chaizvo nzira.

Zvokuongorora nyeredzi, nyika vanodzidza marongerwo uye zvivako zviri yokudenga. Subsection ndiye akatisiyira zvenyeredzi.

Zvomuchadenga hurongwa inopindura mibvunzo pamusoro kufamba uye kudyidzana pakati yepasi pose zvinhu.

Cosmogony kwave kwakabva uye shanduka zvakasikwa.

Saka, nhasi, pasi vanhuwo sayenzi achibatsirwa yazvino anogona kuwedzera nzvimbo kutsvakurudza kure redu.

The chinhu uye chinangwa

In muchadenga, zvinoitika, zviri zvikuru zvakasiyana-siyana miviri uye zvinhu. Vose vari vakadzidza uye vanoumba, tingatoti, nyaya nyeredzi. Mapoka enyeredzi uye nyeredzi nemapuraneti uye kupfuta, comets uye antimatter - iri chete ramazana mibvunzo yakabvunzwa pamberi chirango ichi.

Recently kwaiva mukana avanoita hunobatsira nzvimbo kudziongorora. Kubvira panguva iyoyo muchadenga ubanguranyika (kana astronautics) muchizvikudza akava takabatana vaongorori zvechikoro.

vanhu Izvi akarota kwenguva refu. Chokutanga anozivikanwa yokufungidzira - "Somnium", zvakanyorwa rokutanga kota nemanomwe remakore. Yakanga chete muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, vanhu vakakwanisa kutarisa redu kubva kunze uye kushanyira Pasi Satellite - the Moon.

Nyaya Astronomy hakungoitwi nyaya idzi. Next, tichataura zvizere.

Inzira dzipi inoshandiswa kugadzirisa matambudziko? Wokutanga uye kupfuura kare vavo - kuona. Zvinotevera zvimwe vakaona chete yapfuura. Ichi spectral pachisara mapikicha, kanda nzvimbo dzemapurisa uye satellites.

Issues chokuita matangiro uye shanduka zvakasikwa, mumwe nomumwe zvinhu haagoni asi kuti zvakakwana kudzidzwa. Chokutanga, havana zvakakwana vaunganidza zvinhu, uye chepiri nemitumbi mizhinji vari kure kuti kudzidza yakarurama.

marudzi zvaakacherechedza

Pakutanga, vanhu vaigona chete kuzvirumbidza pamusoro kwakajairika kutarisana pakuongorora kokudenga. Asi nzira iyi chinyakare akapa Izvi kukuru, izvo tichakurukura gare gare.

Astronomy uye nzvimbo dzine chokuita nhasi kupfuura kare. Zvinhu kudzidza achishandisa noungwaru zvigadzirwa unokubvumira kuva matavi mazhinji nechirango. Ngatitore kuzivana navo.

Optical nzira. The dzokutanga shanduro zvaanorumbidza pamwe akashama ziso, pamwe kutora chikamu mabhainokura, kusvibisa scopes, materesikopu. Izvi zvinoshandawo itsva yakagadzirwa mifananidzo.

Chinotevera unotaura michini nemwaranzi vasabatwa muchadenga. With payo, pazvinhu asingaoneki (semuenzaniso, akavanda seri gasi) kana murwiyo kwemiviri yokudenga.

Meaning of yezvenyeredzi hazvigoni rudo vanokosha, sezvo basa mumwe wemibvunzo kusingaperi takabvepi.

Maitiro anotevera ari kudzidza zvakasikwa nokuda wegamma nemwaranzi, x-mwaranzi, ultraviolet nemwaranzi.

Panewo nzira dzisina chokuita remagetsi nemwaranzi. Zvikurukuru, mumwe wavo inobva dzidziso neutrino neerekitironi. Rinokweva chinozunguzirwa indasitiri iri kuongorora nzvimbo kuparadzirwa izvi zviviri zviito.
Nokudaro, mhando zvakawanika anozivikanwa panguva ino, chaizvo kuwedzera mano vanhu nzvimbo kudziongorora.

Ngatimboonai nedanho inotungamirwa sayenzi iyi.

Mavambo uye tanga kukura nesayenzi

Munguva dzekare, mumazuva chinyakare munzanga, vanhu vakanga vachangobva kutanga kuzivana nevanhu munyika uye rinotsanangura chinonakidza. Vakaedza kuziva masikati nousiku, nemwaka, mufambiro isinganzwisisiki zvinhu, zvakadai kutinhira, nemheni, comets. Chii Zuva Nomwedzi - uyewo yasara haanzwisisiki nei ivo semunhu vanamwari.
Zvisinei, pasinei neizvi, atova ichatonga zvine mbiri Sumerian umambo nevapristi ziggurat akaita Masvomhu dzakaoma. Vakagovana chiedza kuoneka renyeredzi akataura kwavari kuzivikanwa nhasi "zodiacal nebhandi" zvakagadzira womudenga karenda zvinosanganisira gumi mwedzi. Vari akazarura "Metonic kutenderera", kunyange zvishoma apfuura akaita Chinese.

VaEgipita vakaramba uye kwakawedzera kudzidza mitumbi yokudenga. Vakatoti yakatanga zvinoshamisa mamiriro ezvinhu. The River Nile riri mumwoyo kumavambo muzhizha, panguva iyoyo iri kuuya anotanga kuoneka nyeredzi Sirius, which wakavanzwa kudenga imwe hemisphere mumwedzi yechando.

MuIjipiti, kokutanga wakatanga zviparadzanise zuva kupinda maawa 24. Asi pakutanga kwevhiki vaiva gumi-zuva, ndiwo mwedzi chaiva emakore matatu.

Zvisinei, kukura mukuru yezvenyeredzi yekare aakapiwa China. Pano anenge vakakwanisa zvakarurama kuverenga urefu kwegore, aigona kufanotaura rezuva uye womudenga kuora kwemwedzi, kuchengetedza zvinyorwa comets, mavara uye zvimwe kujairika mananara. Panoperera mumireniyamu yechipiri BC kuonekwa Observatory wokutanga.

nguva kare

Nhoroondo yezvenyeredzi mukunzwisisa kwedu hazvibviri pasina echiGiriki zvinyamutanhatu uye mazwi makanika yokudenga. Nepo pakutanga vaGiriki uye kwazvo zvakaipa zvikuru, asi pakupedzisira vakakwanisa kuita pakuongorora nokururamisira yakarurama. Error Somuenzaniso, kwaisanganisira hwaizvozvo mangwanani uye manheru Venus vaiona zvinhu zviviri zvakasiyana.

Chokutanga, uyo wakaripira ngwariro chaiyo munzvimbo iyi ruzivo, vaiva Pythagoreans. Vaiziva kuti Panyika ari rinosvika, uye masikati nousiku vari akatsiviwa, nokuti rotates yawo akabatana.

Zvisinei Aristotle akakwanisa kuverenga sekamufarenzi yepasi, akakanganisa hombe nzira kaviri, asi izvozvo zvakarurama kuti nguva yakanga yakakwirira. Hipparchus akakwanisa kuverenga urefu gore, ini akasuma zvakadai pfungwa nenzvimbo yakaita Latitude uye Longitude. Akaanyora pamahwandefa rezuva uye making kuora kwemwedzi. Maererano naye zvaibvira kufungidzira izvi mananara maawa maviri. kudzidza kubva meteorologists dzedu mariri!

Latest chinovheneka zvenyika yekare aiva Klavdiy Ptolemey. Zita nhoroondo nyeredzi musayendisiti zvabatwa nokusingaperi. kukanganisa tsanzira, rinorondedzerwa refu kukura vanhu. Iye akaratidza pfungwa yokuti Earth iri nechepakati zvakasikwa, uye zvose zviri kudenga Vakakurukura nayo. Wakakodzera ngwizhingwi chiKristu, kutsiva Roman nyika, yakawanda sayenzi kwakaregwa, akadai nezvenyeredzi, zvakare. Chii hweGwara Way , uye chii chiri sekamufarenzi Nyika, hapana aifarira zvikuru kuvabvunzeiko sei ngirozi vazhinji vanokwira achishandisa tsono ziso. Naizvozvo geocentric zano hwenyika kwemazana emakore akawanda aiva nechiyero chokwadi.

Indian Astronomy

The vaInca vaiona mudenga zvishoma zvakasiyana pane vamwe marudzi. Kana isu kutendeukira rokuti, kuti zvenyeredzi - sayenzi sangano uye zvivako zviri yokudenga. MaIndia rudzi uyu kutanga voga uye zvikuru vairemekedza "River Great Wedenga" - hweGwara Way. On Earth, zvakanga kuenderera Vilcanota - chikuru rwizi pedyo neguta Cusco - guta guru Inca Empire. Zvaidavirwa kuti zuva, kuenda kumavirira, kunyura kusvika pasi rwizi ndokupfuura nechokumabvazuva kudenga.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti vaInca vakanga oga vachitevera mapuraneti - Moon, Jupiter, Saturn uye Venus, pasina materesikopu ndakacherechedza kuti aigona chete kudzokorora Galileo vachishandisa optics.

Observatory zvave gumi mbiru, dzakanga rakamiswa pamusoro pegomo pedyo guru. Vanobatsira tsanangura nzvimbo zuva mudenga uye wakaiswa nemwaka, mwedzi.

Maya, mukusiyana kune vaInca, akava ruzivo zvikuru. Unorema kuti kudzidza zvomuchadenga nhasi, vakaziva. Vakaita yakarurama kwazvo kukarukureta pamusoro nguva yegore, mwedzi yakakamurwa masvondo maviri mazuva gumi. Kutanga nhoroondo kwainzi 3113 BC.

Saka, tinoona kuti munyika yekare, uye pakati pamarudzi "fuza", chii zvavaifunga kuti "yakabudirira" vokuEurope, zvenyeredzi kudzidza kwakanga refu azvipire. Ngationei, chii chaigona uchazvirumbidza muna Europe mushure mokuparara yekare inotaura.

Middle Ages

Nemhaka kushingairira Raibvunzurudza mukupera yeMiddle Ages uye simba kukura amarudzi kumavambo padariro iyi, vakawanda sainzi ndadududza. Kana ari kare vanhu vaiziva kuti kudzidza nezvenyeredzi, uye vazhinji vanofarira mashoko akadaro, kuMiddle Ages akava kupfuura dzakabudirira yezvouMwari. Nokuti kukurukurirana kuti pasi rakatenderera uye kuti zuva iri pakati, zvaibvira kupisa padanda. vaionekwa mashoko akadaro kumhura, uye vanhu vakadanwa sevapanduki.

Revival, oddly zvakakwana, vakabva kumabvazuva mhiri ichindosvika kuPyrenees. NavaArabhu vakauya kuna Catalonia ruzivo akaponesa madzitateguru avo kubva panguva Aleksandra Makedonskogo.

Muzana remakore rechigumi nemashanu nokuda Cardinal wokuCusa akataura maonero kuti zvose magumo, uye Ptolemy zvakaipa. Mashoko aya aiva okumhura, asi zvikuru mberi nguva yavo. Saka, havana vanoonekwa maturo.

Asi pokuchinja akaita Copernicus, uyo asati afa, akasarudza kubudisa kudzidza hwake. Iye akaratidza kuti ari pakati ndiye Zuva Earth nemamwe mapuraneti dzitendererane nayo.

nyika

mitumbi ichi zvomuchadenga kuti dzitendererane racho muchadenga muchadenga. The zita chavainacho kubva rechiGiriki "mweni." Sei zvakadaro? Nekuti vekare vanhu, ivo sokuti vaifamba nyeredzi. Vamwe vari zvatinosiita nzvimbo, uye vachifambira ose zuva.

Sei vakasiyana nevamwe zvinhu zvose? Chekutanga, mapuraneti diki zvakakwana. saizi kwavo kunoita kuti achenese yenyu gwara planetesimals nemamwe Marara, asi hazvina kukwana kutanga Fusion zvenyukireya, sezvinoita nyeredzi.

Chechipiri, nekuti kwavo uremu, vanowana munhu woita chimiro, uye dzinoumba guru pamusoro pacharo nokuda zvimwe kwendangariro. Chechitatu, nyika kazhinji tenderera mune imwe gadziriro kunhivi nyeredzi kana ayo mapfupa.

vanhu vekare vaidavira yokudenga miviri "nhume" izvi vanamwari kana polubozhestvami, mumwe chinzvimbo yakaderera pane, muti, mwedzi kana zuva.

Next aiva nguva kuti "Ptolemaic maonero enyika." Muzana rino remakore, zvakanzi vaidavira kuti zvose mapuraneti uye zvimwe zvinhu orbiting Pasi, uye iye, akavapindurawo, riri pakati pezvinhu zvose zvakasikwa.

Galileo chete Galiley kokutanga tichibatsirwa zvaanorumbidza rokutanga teresikopu akakwanisa kugumisa kuti, munyika ino yedu, zvose mitumbi enda kutenderera akapoteredza zuva. Zvaakaritumira aitambura Raibvunzurudza kuti vanyarare. Asi nyaya mberi.

By tsanangudzo, kuzivikanwa vazhinji nhasi, nyika vaiona chete muviri pamwe gobvu zvakakwana muchadenga nyeredzi. The zororo - zviri satellites, asteroids uye zvakawanda. Kubva nemaonero sayenzi anosarudza vari dzakatevedzana idzi vasingadaro.

Saka, iyo nyika inoita zvedenderedzwa waro pairi ichitenderera nyeredzi, inonzi yemapuraneti gore. The dzepedyo nzvimbo yake kuenda nyeredzi - nayo periastron uye kure - apoastron.

Chinhu chechipiri chinokosha kuziva pamusoro mapuraneti, ndechokuti ivo tilted akabatana hama kuti muchadenga. Pamusana hemisphere ichi munguva kutenderera tiwane chiedza uye mwaranzi kubva nyeredzi siyana. Saka pane kuchinja mwaka, nguva zuva, nyika yave akaumba uye okunze zvikamu.

Zvinokoshawo kuti nyika kunze kwayo nzira vakapoteredza nyeredzi (nokuti gore), achiri dzitendererane ayo akabatana. Panyaya iyi, rakazara denderedzwa anonzi "zuva."
The wokupedzisira kuchiitwa muviri ichi yokudenga - ndiko yakachena muchadenga. For dzose kushanda nyika inofanira kuva pamusoro panzira, kana atarisana siyana zvinhu zviduku, nokuparadza zvose "vakwikwidzi" uye kuti afambe akapfeka ega.

In redu renzou pane puraneti. Astronomy ane vasere vose zvavo. mana okutanga chokuita "pano" - Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars. Vamwe vari akakamurwa gasi (Jupiter, Saturn) uye chando (uranium exchange, Neptune) hofori.

nyeredzi

Tinoona navo ose usiku mudenga. Black munda, Dziine kupenyerera Dots. Vanoumba Mapoka inonzi enyeredzi. Asi kwete chinhu kuti rukudzo yavo inonzi sainzi - zvenyeredzi. Chii chiri "nyeredzi"?

Masayendisiti anoti akashama ziso pane hahwo azvipire vanhu vanogona kuona zvinhu zviuru zvitatu yokudenga iri nechimwe hemispheres.
Havana kare mwoyo yavo vanhu flickering uye "unearthly" raison d'être. Ngatitarisei zvizere.

Saka, nyeredzi - hombe chaunga negasi, zvimwe gore aine zvakakwana yakakwirira arambe achirema. Inside nayo kuitika kana chakaitika kare yenyukireya kuita. Misa yakafanana zvinhu dzinovabvumira kuumba vakakomba hurongwa.

Kudzidza yepasi pose mitumbi izvi, masayendisiti vanozivikanwa nzira dzakawanda patsanura. Unofanira kunge akanzwa "dwarfs matsvuku", "hofori chena" uye vamwe "vagari" zvakasikwa. Saka, nhasi rimwe seanokwanisa kuita zvinhu zvizhinji classifications - typology of Morgan-Keenan.

Kunosanganisira kupatsanura nyeredzi nokukura uye chakarondedzera. Newest acho mazita earufabheti Latin: O, B, A, F, G, K, M. Saka iwe kunzwisisa zvishoma nezvazvo uye kuwana pokutangira, zuva, maererano kupatsanura ichi, muwisira boka «G».

Kupi Hofori izvi zvinobva? Ivo akaumba zviri inonyanya gasi zvakasikwa - hydrogen nehelium, uye rinokweva compression fuma nokuda yokupedzisira chimiro uye uremu.

nyeredzi Our - zuva uye pedyo nesu - Proxima Centauri. Riri munyika Alpha Centauri uye zvinobva kwatiri chinhambwe 270 000 kure Earth kuzuva. Uye anenge 39 tiririyoni makiromita.

Kazhinji, zvose nenyeredzi akayera zvinoenderana Sun (uremu hwavo, saizi, kupenya ari chakarondedzera). Daro kuti izvi zvinhu runoonekwa mumakore chiedza kana parsecs. Last anenge 3.26 chiedza-makore, kana 30.850.000.000.000 makiromita.

Amateur nyanzvi, Chokwadi, vanofanira kuziva uye kunzwisisa nenhamba idzi.
Stars, kufanana zvose munyika yedu, chadenga, vanozvarwa, kuumba uye kufa, kana avo - putika. Maererano Harvard scale, vanogumburwa achitevedza chakarondedzera kubva yebhuruu (vaduku) kuti tsvuku (vekare). Our Sun rinoreva yero, rinoreva "kuuya zera".

Panewo mashava uye chena dwarfs, tsvuku varefu, nyeredzi shanduka, uye dzimwe subtypes zhinji. Zvinosiyana munzvimbo kwevari simbi dzakasiyana-siyana. Pashure pezvose, nokuda combustion dzakasiyana zvinhu Fusion siyana anogona kuyera chakarondedzera nemwaranzi.

Kunewo mazita "mutsva", "Supernova" uye "Hypernova". Dzidziso idzi hadzina zvachose zvinoratidzwa okuti. Stars - chete vatana, zvikurukuru unoguma kuvapo kwayo kuputika. Uye mashoko aya anoratidza chete chii vakaona chete panguva kuparara, vasati vari zvachose ngadzirambe kunyange yakanakisisa materesikopu.

Kana kutarira kudenga kubva Earth, sumbu anonyatsooneka kuoneka. vanhu vekare akavapa mazita, akanyora pamusoro pavo ngano akaiswa kuna vanamwari vavo uye magamba. Nhasi, tinoziva mazita akadai Pleiades, Cassiopeia, Pegasus, akauya kwatiri kubva vaGiriki vekare.

Nhasi, zvisinei, masayendisiti ari dzinounzwa akatisiyira gadziriro. Nyore, fungidzira kuti tinoona mudenga haasi mumwe zuva, asi vaviri, vatatu, kana zvakatowanda. Saka, ipapo kaviri, katatu uye nyeredzi masumbu (apo chiedza kupfuura) vari.

Next tichadzidza pokumbozvidya kusetsa, iyo inoongorora mazano zvenyeredzi. Chii mufashoni meteorites, uye zvimwe zvinonakidza chokwadi - izvi zvose pazasi.

Interesting zvinhu

Planet nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, dzakadai chinhambwe kubva nyeredzi anogona "siya" napadare. Nezvenyeredzi Fani iyi inonzi "Rogue nyika". Kunyange zvazvo vasayendisiti vakawanda vachiri kuomerera pakuti protostar ichi.

An dzinonakidza chinoratidza denga kuti chaizvoizvo hazvina kudaro, sezvatinoona. Zvivako akawanda kare raputika, uye vakaguma kuvapo, asi muri kure kuti isu vachiri kuona chiedza kubva nokupenya.

Recently kwaiva fashoni hwakapararira kuwana meteorites. sei iwe kuona kuti usati: ibwe kana mweni kudenga. mubvunzo uyu akapindura kunakidza zvenyeredzi.

Chokutanga meteorite iri denser uye richiti remei pane vakawanda zvinhu zviri pano mavambo. Nokuda simbi zvirimo, ane simba rinonzi magnetic ehupfumi. Uyewo zvomuchadenga chinhu pamusoro iri reflowed sezvo panguva kuwa akatambura chikuru chafariz mutoro nokuda kukweshera pamwe paNyika muchadenga.

Taiongorora huru sciences akadai zvenyeredzi. Ndezvipi nyeredzi nemapuraneti, nhoroondo inotungamirwa chirango uye zvimwe zvinonakidza zvinhu chawakadzidza kubva munyaya.