Tungsten Valence. Properties uye kushandisa tungsten

Dzimwe nyaya dzinoti kuchaita tinyatsoziva mumuviri uye zvemakemikari zvivako zviri tungsten, ona mashoko ake vari hunhu, nzvimbo inoshandiswa, hwomukova nyaya, uye zvakawanda.

Tungsten (W)

Tungsten - ndiko chinhu pamusoro Periodic Zviri Mendeleev ane makumi manomwe chechina mabhomba nhamba rinoenderana Latin hunhu W. In zvatinosiita ezvinhu ane vachena sirivha ruvara, kupenyerera, zvakaoma. Yose simbi tungsten ndiyo refractory. Kudarika W, utsotso pfungwa chete vasiri-metal - kabhoni. It ane refu namakemikari nemishonga. Valence pamusoro tungsten - shanduka.

History yakawanikwa

Swedish kemisiti Carl Wilhelm Scheele muna 1781, mubasa kubudiswa scheelite nitric acid, aigona kubereka tungsten trioxide - "inorema ibwe" tsvuku. Makore maviri gare gare, atova 1783-m, hama mbiri Eluard, mishonga anobva Spain, voruzhinji akaudzwa kuti vaikwanisa kuwana kubva wolframite itsva simbi uye oxide - tungsten.

Modern United States, France neBritain akashandisa zita tungsten nokuda tungsten, iyo anoshandura kubva Swedish se "dombo rinorema '. Pakutanga, shoko raireva wolframium chicherwa wolframite. Gare gare wakapfuura kuti simbi pachayo.

Tungsten zvakasikwa

Maererano Masvomhu Vinogradova, goko Clarke nhamba tungsten vepasi anenge 1,3 g / t. Avhareji kugutsikana yamatombo Midungwerungwe yemakomo, R / t: acidic pamatombo - 1.9, avhareji - 1,2, zvinokosha - 0,7 ultrabasic - 0.1.

The reserves pakukura simbi iyi kusimbiswa China, the US, Canada uye kuKazakhstan, nyika dzakadai Bolivia, Portugal, Uzbekistan, Russia uye South Korea duku tichienzanisa chambotaurwa nezvacho States mumatanda. Mugore unobereka vanenge mamiriyoni 49-50 matani, izvo 41 zvinoberekwa China, mugove reRussia anoenderana matani 3,5, Kazakhstan - 0,7, uye Australia - matani 0.5.

In indasitiri, chikuru basa rakapiwa wolframite uye scheelite. Zvicherwa wolframite kazhinji kusimbiswa granitic matombo avo paavhareji yevasungwa anoenderana imwe kana mbiri muzana. Most kugadzira nyika kwekurasira tungsten. . Mutengo simbi iri nani yakakwirira uye dzingasiyana zvichienderana zvizivikanwe uye mhando umo inotengeswa (kubvira 2172 kusvika 6250560 kwiza.). The chikuru exporters pamusoro tungsten vaiona UK, China uye Australia. Kupinza akawanda United States, Germany, England uye Japan.

Nzira achigadzirira

Kugadzirira tungsten - mumwe muitiro rine matanho anoverengeka incremental. First yoga trioxide Wo ₃ kubva esimbi inonyanya pamwe pakupora muitiro pashure kuenda simbi upfu pamwe rehydrogen pasi ezvinhu anenge 700 ° C. Nokuda chaizvo yakakwirira utsotso pfungwa nzira yakanakisisa kuti simbi iyi achishandisa upfu simbi. In danho rokutanga iri tungsten upfu rikazvisundira, ipapo akaisa rehydrogen mhepo uye sintered pasi ezvinhu anenge 1200-1300 ° C. Uyezve pasi Magetsi uye kudziyisa tembiricha iri kwakadonhera kuti madhigirii zviuru zvitatu, izvi zviri achiperekedzwa sintering, uye simbi ichichinja kuita monolith. Zvakazoitwa kugadzirira tungsten uye yokuzvinatsa wayo kubva zvichiguma monolithic zvinhu kuitika mumamiriro ezvinhu ose utsotso wongoramba. Zvisinei, tungsten upfu - ichi handicho chete chimiro rokugadzirira kuti simbi. Pakugadzirira W kubva pyrolysis pamusoro chlorides chinogona kuwanikwa atova esimbi chimiro, asi kwete nenzira chiine upfu.

Chemical mhando unhu

Tungsten ndiye Valence ari shanduka chimiro, kubvira maviri nhanhatu. Akatsiga zvikuru chimiro zvinotora panguva yechitanhatu valency. Va- uye trivalent siyana pakati yeimwe dzinotsauka uye hatina kukosha, mune tsika kwete kushandiswa. Tungsten riri kuramba chaizvo ngura kuti simbi. Room tembiricha kunoita kuti tirambe tichishanda nzvimbo pasina kuva pasi ngura; kunosvika incandescence tembiricha anotanga oxidize, pova tungsten oxide (VI). Ko wechipiri munhevedzano mupfungwa uye mutengo shure rehydrogen. Munenge insoluble mune hydrofluoric uye sanganisa sulfuric acid. Nitric asidhi uye aqua regia chikonzero huri oxidation rikurumidze. Pokufa zvichibvira rehydrogen peroxide.

A musanganiswa hydrofluoric uye nitric asidhi urwa tsime tungsten:

2W + 4HNO ₃ + 10HF à WF ₆ + WOF ₄ + 4NO (gasi shanduka) + 7 ₂ O.

In pamberi oxidants zvinogona vakaita pamwe yakaumbwa alkali:

2W + 4NaOH ₃ + 3O ₂ à 2Na ₂ Wo ₄ + 2h ₂ O.

Mienzaniso pamusoro pezvaakaita mberi zvishoma nezvishoma, asi kusvika pachiyero 400 ° C uye tungsten kuzvidzora kudziyisa nemapinduriro kwacho iri nokukurumidza, panguva imwe chete wezvamatongerwe yakawanda kupisa. Reactions nechokuita okisijeni charehwa nokusvitsa chiratidzo 500 ° C, kuti simbi chete akatanga vakuchidzire.

Mudutu musanganiswa hydrofluoric uye nitric acids kunotungamirira nokuumbwa geksaftorvolframovoy asidhi - H ₂ [WF _6]. Zvose anozivikanwa tungsten yeimwe vanoonekwa rinokosha anhydride tungsten trioxide kana tungsten, tungstate, mumwe peroxy remubatanidzwa neni ₂ dambudziko _X, imwe pfuma zvinobva S, C, uye boka halogen zvinhu.

The ehupfumi omuzvarirwo

Tungsten ari chiedza pfumbu kupenyerera simbi. Tungsten tembiricha panguva utsotso uye Kubika kunosvika kumusoro kwakadzikira Celsius ichienzaniswa nedzimwe simbi. Pane kufungidzira kuti seaborgium ane zvikuru kuita utsotso uye Kubika pfungwa, asi nokuti iye "upenyu" iri dikisa, hazvibviri kutaura chokwadi, sezvo isina nekusimba nokuda chiedzwa. Tungsten anotanga itye pa 3695 K, apo kubika, richisvika 5828 K. W Net arambe achirema riri pedyo goridhe - 19,25 magiramu muzana cubic sendimita. Iye kunoratidzwa paramagnetic unhu. Maererano nokuyera parameters Brinell pokuoma iri 488 makirogiramu / mm ^2. At madhigirii maviri Celsius ane resistivity ine 55 × 10 ^-9 Ohm * m, asi mamiriro ezvinhu tembiricha kuti 2700 ° C resistivity indekisi kunowedzera kusvika 904 x 10 ^-9 Ohm * m. The akaratidza inzwi kubva tungsten inofamba ari kumhanya 4290 m / c.

Mumwe inorema nesimbi dzakakwirira kwoukukutu uye utsotso achitandadza hombe vaiona tungsten. The ehupfumi kuti vari kuri mairi, kuona kukosha kwayo pamusoro pamisika nyika uye vakwanise paupamhi kushandiswa. Kukwanisa kutsungirira tembiricha yakakwirira achibvumira pamwero kushandiswa tungsten. Wire, machira uye vakawanda kubvumira kuti pave zvigadziriswe kuti vanoshumira vakawanda, makore akawanda. Externally rakafanana Platinum. In nechigadziko wehurumende nenharo kusvika 1600 ° C kana anogona ndokugadzira.

Kushandiswa yakaisvonaka simbi

Nzira inokosha yokushandisa tungsten - hwaro sechinhu refractory zvinhu ari metallurgia indasitiri.

Plastic uye refractory zvivako - zvanzi anozivikanwa tungsten. Wire nesimbi iri chinokosha namano dzaizopiwa okuvimba. Mufananidzo sepombi nevamwe sepombi ine Vacuum rinoshandiswawo nevakawanda W.

Argon chinhu chakakombama nomoto kuita pasina electrodes aita tungsten. Vacuum nemishonga nevira uyewo kurishandisa somunhu kudziyisa Kufananidzira, uye ichi simbi chiwanikwa rinoshandiswa sezvo rhenium thermocouple.

Mukuru arambe achirema unobvumidza kurishandisa sepokutangira rinorema mhando chiwanikwa kushandiswa senzvimbo counterweight nokuda dzokurwa kuboora makirisito sabot uye projectile sagittal atirari anoshongwa, chinoumba nokuti dzokurwa rinobaya zvombo uye kunyange gyro pakudzikamisa dzichibhururuka ballistic chombo chinoita zvokukandwa.

Tungsten inogona rakaisvonaka achishandisa ionizing mhando nemwaranzi. Kunyange zvazvo ane yepamusoro arambe achirema uye, kunyanya kana zvichienzaniswa kwakajairika kutungamirira, kurema ane wakaenzana chechetere kupa dziviriro zvipfeko kana michina iri pamwe kushandiswa kwayo nyore. Infusibility zvivako neukukutu omesa kubudiswa, uye naizvozvo nyaya dzakadaro kazhinji ndivo alloys ose tungsten uye nickel, uyewo simbi, mhangura nedzimwe simbi.

Mune indasitiri kuumba-siyana hwakasimba zvigadzirwa vachishandisa tungsten. Sheet, tungsten upfu, uye shamhu-electrodes - chimwe chezvinhu zvakafanana siyana goho W.

Kushandisa yeimwe

Machine chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi dzakasiyana-siyana, uyewo nezvinhu anoumba asiri esimbi hunhu engineering zvakagadzirwa, kuchera uye mugodhi muitiro kushandisa alloys simba uye rinoumba mhando zvinhu kwakavakirwa tungsten carbide, musanganiswa titanium carbide, tantalum carbide uye tungsten carbide. Stamps tungsten yaigadzirwa izvi zvinhu zviri rakakamurwa T30K4, T5K10, VK25, VK8, VC 15 T15K4, BK2, uye VK6 VK4. Stamps TT boka chete kushandiswa zvakaoma chaizvo machine mamiriro uwedzere kunzwisisa. Muenzaniso mukuru inogona vakakatyamadzwa muitiro muhombe kuchera perforator kana rakasimba zvinhu mukugadzira nokuchengetedza simbi dzakakwirira nokupisa nemishonga. W rinoshandiswa sechinhu alloying chingaita simbi uye alloys kunobva simbi. "High nokukurumidza" simbi lettered chitaridzi kutanga P, vanopfuura 90% of mugove unotora tungsten.

Dzimwe nguva yakasiyana tungsten yeimwe anoshandiswa sezvo catalysts kana pigments, mukuru-tembiricha mafuta pamusoro yezwi kupisa simba kupinda magetsi muchimiro.

Tungsten uye bhayoroji

Tungsten simbi hakunganzi kucherechedza zviri zvipenyu, asi vamwe utachiona uye archaea senzira makemikari avo chikamu ichi, chiri zvinoshingaira nzvimbo. Inenge zvakadzama zvinyorwa hydrothermal mhando archaebacteria mhenyu-hyperthermophiles, vanoonekwa novimba obligately tungsten. Kuvapo simbi iri enzayemu nziyo anoonekwa somunhu kakasaririra chepakuvamba Archean nguva, mune mamwe mazwi, unogona kutenga kufunga kuti mangwanani nechitarisiko upenyu panyika kwakaitika pamwe kutora chikamu W.

Sezvo koshesa chikamu nedzimwe simbi, tungsten guruva hunokonzera kutsamwa ari kufema zvomukati.

siyana isotopes

¹⁸² W (26,41 %), ¹⁸³ W (14,4 %), ¹⁸⁴ W (30,64 %) и ¹⁸⁶ W (28,41 %) . Tungsten dzinongoitika mavambo unotora musanganiswa shanu dzakasiyana siyana isotopes, anoti: ¹⁸⁰ W (0,135 wt%.), ¹⁸² W (26,41%), ¹⁸³ W (14,4%), ¹⁸⁴ W (30,64%) uye ¹⁸⁶ W (28,41%). Valency tungsten shanduka, uye nguva dzose unoenderana nhamba 2 kusvika 6, chero chimiro isotope.

By 2016 zvakanga kare kumbovata-akaita matatu namatanhatu chakagadzirwa siyana tungsten kuzvibatanidza radionuclides pamwe gobvu nhamba 157 ... 179, 181, 185, 187 ... makore 197. Open tungsten sezvingatarisirwa kuitika radioactivity raiva 2003, asi ayo mwero yakaderera zvikuru, izvo unoenderana anenge disintegrations maviri chete giremu pagore, uye mamiriro ezvinhu kuora uku simbi α-basa.

In mhedziso

Vazhinji aripo refractory simbi iri tungsten. Properties hwokuzvarwa, kubvumira kuti tiwane nzvimbo zvakawanda zvinoitwa nevanhu maindasitiri, kubva engineering anopera vadzivirirwe nemwaranzi. Metal yakavhurwa nehasha kaviri, makore maviri oga, asi kunyange Scheele kana hama Eluard kwete chaizvoizvo vanozviti zvazvakanakira rukudzo kwake kuziva. The Valence pamusoro tungsten riri shanduka uye zvinotora ukoshi maviri matanhatu, asi, sezvo akakurukura kwokutanga, akatsiga zvikuru chimiro ane nhanhatu Valencia. Zviri kuramba chaizvo kuti ngura, unogona sei pamwe alkali uye zvazvichanyungudutswa musanganiswa hydrofluoric uye nitric acids.

Stamps tungsten akakamurwa akawandisa kwemarudzi maererano nzira vaurayiwe, chimiro apo simbi, uye ayo munda chikumbiro. Kune siyana ayo isotope, uye chinhu zvakasikwa ari havaratidzi segwapa radioactive zvivako uye zvishoma nezvishoma unoora. Hwaro muzvizhinji zvikamu uye kupembedza zvikamu,-siyana mano uye midziyo yaishandiswa nomunhu, ndizvo tungsten. Kunyange mutengo chete kilogram simbi zvakakwirira chaizvo, asi zvisinei hazvideredzi kudiwa, nokuda unhu yayo dzinoenderana kukosha kuti akakumbira.