Rock-nokuumba zvicherwa zviri igneous, sedimentary uye metamorphic matombo

Vazhinji padombo dzichiumbwa chicherwa ndechimwe chikuru mashoko goko paNyika - dombo. The inonyanya Goldstone, Mika, feldspar, amphibole, olivine, pyroxene uye nevamwe. Meteorites uye making matombo, zvakare, ndohwavo. Chero chicherwa dombo-dzichiumbwa ndezvaiye imwe kirasi kana mumwe - kuti mukuru, riri kupfuura gumi muzana, yechipiri - kusvika gumi muzana, chishongedzo - asingasviki chimwe muzana. The chikuru ndechokuti pane zvinokosha, muri silicates, Chop, oxides, chlorides kana sulfates.

misiyano

Rock-vanoumba chicherwa kungava chiedza (leucocratic, Salic), zvakadai Goldstone, feldspathoids, feldspars, uye zvakadaro, uye rima ruvara (melanocratic, mafic) sezvo olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, biotite, uye vamwe. Vanewo kusiyaniswa murwiyo. Rock-vanoumba chicherwa ndiyo silica, carbonate kana halogen matombo. Paragenesis - mubatanidzwa mhando dzakasiyana, nokududza zita, yainzi mufundisi. Somuenzaniso, pamwe granites oligoclase, microcline uye Goldstone.

Boka rock-nokuumba zvicherwa, iyo kupa nzvimbo dombo petrographic taxonomy - chirwere kana symptomatic. Izvi Goldstone feldspathoids uye olivine. Uyewo kusiyanisa zvicherwa huru syngenetic achiumba yose rudzi uye yechipiri kuitika panguva kutendeuka rudzi. Kunyora huru dombo-achiumba zvicherwa makemikari zvinhu inonzi petrogenic. Ko O, N, F, S, C, Cl, MG, Fe, Na, Ca, Si, Al, K

ehupfumi zvicherwa

Crystal marongerwo makemikari anoumba takatsunga ne ehupfumi zvicherwa zvose. Chirwere rinoitwa kushandisa dzakasiyana-siyana Analytical nzira - spectral pachisara kemisitiri, Erekitironi microscopy, X-ray diffraction. In munda tsika kutsunga majemusi (chirwere) ehupfumi zvicherwa setsikawo nemaziso nomuromo ziso. Vazhinji vacho chaiko. Zvisinei, chaiwo tsanangudzo chicherwa kunoda zvakawanda yose chirwere nzira. Vamwe ehupfumi vane zvicherwa zvakasiyana zvingava zvakafanana, nepo vamwe - kwete.

It zvinoenderana pamberi zvemaziso netsvina, makemikari anoumba uye chimiro vakasarudzwa. Zvikuru Kashoma huru ehupfumi vari muvhangeri, kuti zvinokwanisika zvakarurama rokuongorora gomo chero ibwe. Chirwere ehupfumi vakakamurwa muzvikwata zvitatu. Optical uye zvemaziso zvivako veboka kuonga kwavo kubvumira vakatsunga zvivako kuti ibwe ose chete. boka Third - vamwe, pamwe ehupfumi runobatsira chirwere kunyanya vamwe zvicherwa.

Monomineral uye polymineral erudzi

Matombo mabwe - wechisikigo chicherwa accumulations nevazhinji, kufukidza pose Pasi, anotora rutivi pakuvaka kwayo kuhukura. Pano, sezvo yave akati, kunosanganisira yakasiyana zvachose mune makemikari anoumba fuma. matombo avo, vane akafanana - mumwe chicherwa chete inonzi monomineral, uye vose mumwe rinoumbwa zviviri pamatombo uye zvakawanda - multimineral. Somuenzaniso, reraimu - calcite zvachose, saka, iye monominerals. Asi girenayiti - siyana. Vanosanganisira vose Goldstone uye Mika, uye feldspar, uye zvakawanda zvakasiyana saka.

Mono- uye multimineral zvinoenderana izvo Geological pezvakaitwa vakatora munzvimbo. Unogona kutora gomo chero ibwe, uye kurondedzera chaiyo nharaunda, kunyange nzvimbo chaizvo apo warinozokwidzwa. Akafanana mumwe, uye panguva imwecheteyo ndiyo inenge kumbobvira chete. Ava vose aidzidza matombo. Nematombo zvikuru zvose tarisa chete, asi avo makemikari zvakanga inoumbwa pezvakaitwa siyana.

mavambo

Maererano ezvinhu umo paumbwe makomo, kusiyanisa sedimentary, metamorphic uye igneous matombo. For igneous mabwe kusanganisira yakatangwa kubva kuputika magma. Red-inopisa, dombo yakaumbwa, kutonhora pasi, ikava yakasimba sekristaro guru. Izvi anoenda mumazuva edu.

The yakaumbwa magma kuwanda makemikari vari kukanganiswa yakakwirira kumanikidzwa netembiricha, pasinei nokuti vakawanda yeimwe vari gaseous mamiriro. The kumanikidzwa Hunoita kuti magma pemvura kana pedyo kwezvatiri otanga zvichitonhorera. The zvakawanda Kupisa wakarasika, kwakondiko mukanyiwa crystallizes. anosarudza kuti crystallization mwero uye sekristaro saizi. Pamusoro penyika kutonhora kwacho ndiko kutsanya, asi magasi sasana, ibwe saka wakaisvonaka-grained inotengwa, uye zvakadzama zviri vakaumba crystals makuru.

Effusive uye zvakadzama crystalline matombo

Akapfupikisa magma inokamurwa zviviri zvinhu huru kuti ape boka zita. By magmatic matombo anorondedzera effusive boka, i.e. extrusive uye intrusive boka - udzamu crystallization. Sezvambotaurwa, kune dzaserera magma munharaunda siyana, uye saka kuwana zvakasiyana dombo-dzichiumbwa chicherwa. Izlivshayasya volatilization gasi vafumiswa nedzimwe makemikari uye dzimwe kunova rourombo. crystals Small vari yapihwa. Pakadzika magma makemikari hazvisi zvitsva, kupisa inorasika zvishoma nezvishoma, saka crystals zvayo mamiriro guru.

Effusive mabwe andesites uye basalts, vanenge hafu yavo, vashoma Lipari mimwe matombo pano goko ndiyo vasingakoshi. Deep kuumbwa kunyanya porphyry uye girenayiti, ivo nguva makumi kupfuura vamwe vose. Primary igneous mabwe zvichienderana Zvinoumba Goldstone rakakamurwa mapoka mashanu. Crystalline matombo zvinosanganisira zvakawanda nouipi, ramakagadzwa zvinofanira kuzivikanwa akasiyana siyana micro- uye ultramicroelements uhwo goko kavha ose zvinomera.

magma

Magma rine rinenge rose Periodic table vakatonga Ti, Na, MG, K, Fe, Ca, Si, Al, uye zvakasiyana-siyana kugadzikana zvinoriumba - chloro, fluoro, rehydrogen, rehydrogen sulfide, carbon uye ayo oxides uye zvichingodaro, pamwe mvura muchimiro chiutsi. Kana magma zvinofamba kusvika pamusoro, yekudyidzana zvinoderedza uwandu yokupedzisira. At kutonhora magma silicate siyana - a chicherwa kuti anomirira siyana silica yeimwe. Silicates akadana zvose zvakadaro urongwa zvicherwa - munyu pamwe silicic acid. Aluminosilicates ane munyu aluminosilicate acids.

Basalt magma mukuru, rune widest kuparadzirwa uye hafu vanosanganisira silica, dzasara makumi mashanu muzana - ndiko magnesium, simbi, calcium, aruminiyamu (yekudyidzana), phosphorus, titanium, potassium, yavaibvisa (yakaderera). Basaltic magma rakakamurwa oversaturated pamwe silica - tholeiitic uye olivine-mupfumi basalt alkalis. Granitic magma - yakashapa, rhyolite, silica mairi zvakatonyanya, kusvika makumi matanhatu muzana, asi arambe achirema zvikuru viscous, zvishoma zvatinogadzira hazvigoni kunyatsotevedzera zvinoita uye zvakazara zvine pamwe magasi. Chero magma inongogara Virtual pasi pokudzora namakemikari kwendangariro.

silicates

Ndiwo kirasi kupfuura kwakapararira dzinongoitika zvicherwa - kupfuura makumi mashanu muzana vazhinji goko paNyika, uyewo nechetatu zvose anozivikanwa zvicherwa. Vazhinji vavo - dombo-kusikwa uye magmatic uye metamorphic mavambo. Silicates vanoumbwa uye sedimentary matombo, uye vamwe vavo kushumira murume zvishongo esimbi kuwana simbi (simbi silicate, somuenzaniso) uye anobudiswa sezvo zvicherwa.

Vane kunzwisisa marongerwo uye makemikari anoumba. Structural afoot inozivikanwa nokuvapo Ionic mapoka tetravalent Sio ₄ - tetraerd kaviri. Silicates vari chitsuwa, mhete, neketani, bhanhire, jira (akaturikidzana), chitunha. Kuparadzana Izvi novimba wemishonga nesilicon tetraerdov.

kupatsanura nematombo

Modern taxonomy munzvimbo ino kwakatanga namapfumbamwe remakore uye maviri vakawana kukura zvikuru sezvo sayenzi petrography, petrology. Muna 1962 akanga pakutanga akasika Petrographic Committee of USSR. Zvino sangano iri Moscow IGEM.

The mwero yechipiri shandurudzo kuputika matombo siyana zvose kaynotipnye - muduku, haana kuchinja, uye palaeotypal - old, uyo akanga recrystallized nokufamba kwenguva. Ichi kuputika matombo, clastic, iyo yakaumbwa mumakore kuputika uye ine piroklastitov (zvimedu). Chemical kupatsanura zvinoreva nokupesana muzvikwata zvichienderana zviri silica. Igneous matombo ari sezvamunoita zvinogona ultrabasic, zvinokosha, chesekondari, asidhi uye Ultra-acid.

Batholiths uye mumatanda

Very guru, kwemashifiti shaped negurumwandira intrusive matombo vanonzi batholiths. Nzvimbo idzodzo izvi zvinogona zvinofungidzirwa nezviuru zvakawanda mativi makiromita. Ndiro huru chikamu akapeta makomo, apo batholiths kungapfuurira gomo rose hurongwa. Rinoumbwa zvinonyadzisa-grained girenayiti pamwe growths, pezvakaitwa uye miganhu, aumba kubva pakatanga granitic magma.

Shamhu ane raundi kana elliptical muchinjikwa-sectional chimiro. Ndivo maduku kukura batholith - kazhinji zvishoma pane zana sikweya makiromita, dzimwe nguva - mazana maviri, asi vamwe zvivako akafanana. tsvimbo zhinji protrude kubva uremu batholith-zvakadai rising. masvingo avo steeply kuombekwa, kwemashifiti contours.

Laccoliths, etmolity, lopolith, dikes

Mushroom kana inotungamirwa ainge akamonererwa kuita raundi yakaumbwa nokuda viscous magmas, akadana laccoliths. Kune kazhinji mapoka. Ndivo mupfupi - kusvikira wandei makiromita mu dhayamita. Laccoliths erudzi, kukura pasi kumanikidzwa magma vakasimudza pasina anotyora layering yacho goko. The chaizvo zvakafanana howa. Etmolity zvinopesana, kuti fanera serin'i, mutete chikamu pasi. Zviripachena, rakamanikana hwomukova vakashumira goho magma.

Lopolith muri muviri cakes on the-zvakaumbwa, bulging pasi uye akamutsa kumicheto. Naivowo, sokuti kukura kubva muvhu, pasina kukanganisa panyika, uye zvakafanana kutambanuka nayo. Matombo achaita pakupedzisira makatsemuka kuonekwa - nezvikonzero zvakasiyana. Magma anonzwa utera uye kumanikidzwa anotanga zadza zvose pakakoromorwa uye makatsemuka, panguva iyoyowo rokutora yakapoteredza dombo pasi pokudzora kwomudzimu kukuru tembiricha. Saka akaumba dikes. Vane zvidiki - mhiri hafu mita zvakakwanirana zana metres, asi kunyange makiromita matanhatu asina kupfuura. Sezvo magma inotonhodza pasi makatsemuka nokukurumidza dikes nguva yakanaka-grained marongerwo. Kana makomo vanoonekwa yakamanikana anooneka zvikuru nemichinjiziri - dombo - izvi zvichida, dikes, nokuti zvakawanda nemishonga kwevhu kupfuura yakapoteredza dombo.