Respiratoria cheni: dzichipfekeka makemikari

All nokukanganisika siyana ari mumasero upi muviri nokuitika simba zvekushandisa. Respiratoria cheni - kutevedzana chaiwo hurongwa kuti iri romukati Kamudzira kuti mitochondria uye kushumira nokuda inotungamirwa ATP. Adenosine chinhu-chinja tsime simba uye anogona kuunganidza mashoko 80 kusvika 120 KJ.

Respiratoria Erekitironi cheni - chii?

Maerekitironi uye protons basa rinokosha mune dzidzo simba. Unhu voltage musiyano uri pakatarisana kumativi Kamudzira pamusoro mitochondria kuti zvinowanisa munhu rinotungamirirwa inofamba pakati nezvimedu - uno. Respiratoria cheni (izvozvo nezvimwewo, Erekitironi nezvifambiso chain) ndiye murevereri pakati kuchinjwa chokwadi mhosva inoramba iri intermembrane nzvimbo uye okusafarira mhosva inoramba iri pakukora yomukati Kamudzira pakati mitochondria.

The huru muchinangwa paumbwe simba ndohwaJehovha ATP-synthase. Izvi kunzwisisa akagadzirwa simba alters kutungamirirwa Purotoni inofamba iri nokukanganisika simba ukama. Zviya, ndiyo anenge kufanana kuti zvakaoma iri mune chloroplasts zvinomera.

Uye zvivako zviri kufema cheni makemikari

Erekitironi chinja achabatsirwa nokukanganisika kuchaita pamberi enzayemu hurongwa. Izvi pakugadzira vanoshingaira zvinhu, makopi akawanda izvo zvinoumba makuru zvivako yakaoma, vanoshumira vanozoshanda vari kuchinjwa maerekitironi.

Zvivako of kufema cheni - vari nechepakati zvinoumba ari chokufambisa ose mhosva inoramba. Total mu yomukati mitochondrial Kamudzira 4 tiri inotungamirwa zvakadai, uyewo ATP synthase. Zvivako zvose izvi kugovana chinangwa nevakawanda - Making nezvimwewo Erekitironi kuchinjwa rehydrogen protons ari intermembrane nzvimbo uye, sezvo zvakaguma kubatana kwetunhu ATP.

The zvakaoma nesumbu mapuroteni mamorekuru, ramakagadzwa pane makemikari, STRUCTURAL uye zvichikurukura nemapurotini. Mumwe nomumwe ari 4 zvivako kuzadzisa kwayo chete ake maitiro, shanda. Ngationei izvo mabasa ari nezvimwewo kupa zvivako izvi.

I kunzwisisa

Kuchinjwa maerekitironi zviri mukati menyika mitochondrial Kamudzira chikuru basa iri kuridzwa ne kufema cheni. Kubviswa maitiro rehydrogen protons uye maerekitironi navo - mumwe mukuru siyana etc. A seti pakufamba neketani yokutanga inopa morekuru ZWL * H + (mu mhuka) kana NADP * H + (miriwo), zvichiteverwa cleavage mana rehydrogen protons. Chaizvoizvo, nokuda ichi zvakaoma nokukanganisika maitiro I Anonziwo NADH - dehydrogenase (ainzi chakagadzirwa enzayemu).

The sezvamunoita dehydrogenase yakaoma simbi-sarufa mapuroteni zvinosanganisira 3 siyana, uye flavin mononucleotide (FMN).

II kunzwisisa

Nokushanda zvakaoma ichi hakudi kuchinjwa rehydrogen protons ari intermembrane nzvimbo. The chikuru basa mamiriro uyu kupa mamwe maerekitironi kuti Erekitironi chokufambisa cheni achishandisa succinate oxidation. Central enzayemu yakaoma - succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, izvo catalyzes kuti cleavage ose maerekitironi kubva succinic asidhi uye kutamira kune ubiquinone ndiyo lipophilic.

Nokutengesa rehydrogen protons uye maerekitironi rechipiri kunzwisisa ndiyewo kwechokwadi * H _2. Zvisinei, flavin adenine dinucleotide kunyatsoshanda shoma kupfuura analogues ayo - ZWL kana NADP * H * H.

Murwiyo II rine mhando nhatu yakaoma simbi-sarufa mapuroteni uye nechepakati oxidoreductase enzayemu succinate.

III kunzwisisa

Inotevera chezvinonhuwira nhoroondo, etc chinosanganisira cytochrome b ₅₅₆ b _560, uye c _1, uyewo simbi-sarufa mapuroteni Njodzi. Employment wechitatu yakatarwa Rinobatanidzwa ne kuchinjwa vaviri rehydrogen protons vari intermembrane nzvimbo, uye maerekitironi kubva lipophilic ubiquinone kuti cytochrome C.

Risk kuchiitwa mapuroteni ndechokuti urwa iri mafuta. Other mapuroteni veboka iri yaisangana zvivako zviri kufema cheni, mvura-soluble. chinhu ichi chinobata nzvimbo puroteni mamorekuru mu pakukora yomukati mitochondrial membrane.

Yakatarwa wechitatu mashandiro sezvo ubiquinone-cytochrome C oxidoreductase.

kunzwisisa IV

Iye cytochrome-oxidant zvakaoma kuti ndiyo kwavaiendeswa mu etc. basa racho uchatamisa maerekitironi kubva cytochrome C nokuda okisijeni maatomu. Naizvozvo kunaka mhosva O maatomu vanoita pamwe hydrogen protons yokuumba mvura. The chikuru enzayemu - cytochrome C oxidoreductase oxygen.

Sechivako wechina kunzwisisa zvinosanganisira cytochrome imwe, _3, uye maatomu maviri mhangura. The nechepakati muchinangwa kuchinjwa maerekitironi kuti okisijeni akaenda cytochrome ane _3. The kudyidzana kwezvinhu izvi zviri woutsinye senitrogen cyanide uye carbon monoxide, munyika yose pfungwa, inoenda kuupenyu kugumiswa ATP usage uye kuparadza.

ubiquinone

Ubiquinone - vhitamini-kufanana fuma, munhu lipophilic remubatanidzwa anoita akasununguka pakukora yacho membrane. mitochondrial kufema cheni kuita pasina mamiriro ichi, kureva. k. Hazvina basa kuti Erekitironi chokufambisa kubva zvivako I uye II kuti zvakaoma III.

Ubiquinone chinhu benzoquinone rinobva. mamiriro Izvi zvinogona anotaurwa mazano Q tsamba kana rakapfupikiswa LN (lipophilic ubiquinone). The oxidation of Morekuru kunotungamirira paumbwe semiquinone - munhu oxidizer simba, iyo nengozi kuti sero.

ATP synthase

The huru muchinangwa paumbwe simba ndohwaJehovha ATP-synthase. mamiriro ichi anoshandisa gribopodobnaya simba yakatungamirira inofamba pakati nezvimedu (protons) kuichinja nemakemikari simba.

The inokosha muitiro kuti anowanika yose nezvimwewo - ndiye oxidation. The kufema cheni ndiye anokonzera Erekitironi chokufambisa ari mitochondrial Kamudzira mukobvu uye avo kuunganidza mu chizvaro. Panguva imwe chete, kuti zvivako zviri ini, III uye IV ari pumped rehydrogen protons ari intermembrane nzvimbo. mutariri musiyano kumativi ose Kamudzira kunotungamirira achitaura kufamba protons kuburikidza ATP synthase. Sezvo H + kupinda chizvaro, maerekitironi vari akasangana (dzinoitwa okisijeni) kuumba kwazvakarerekera fuma nekuda sero - mvura.

ATP synthase F0 chinosanganisira uye F1 subunits izvo pamwe chete kuumba router Morekuru. F1 ine matatu matatu Arifa Beta subunits, iyo pamwe chete kuumba munhu mugero. gwara iri rine anawo dhayamita, vane rehydrogen protons. Nokufamba chokwadi mhosva nezvimedu kuburikidza ATP synthase musoro F ₀ mamorekuru iri vakamonyanisa ne 360 madhigirii kumativi ayo akabatana. Panguva ino, kuti AMP kana ADP (adenozinmono- uye diphosphate) vari kurerekera phosphate zvakasara mukuru-simba zvisungo, izvo vakombe yakawanda simba.

ATP synthase anowanikwa mumuviri, kwete chete muna mitochondria. In miti, zvivako izvi vari iri Kamudzira ari vacuoles (tonoplast), uyewo chloroplast thylakoids.

Uyewo mhuka masero uye chirimwa ATPases varipo. Vane rakafanana marongerwo kwakaita ATP synthase, asi zvavanoita chinotungamirwa pamusoro kubviswa phosphate residues kuti simba rakawanda.

The zvipenyu zvinorehwa kufema cheni

Chekutanga, mugumo chigadzirwa nezvimwewo zvinoitwa ndiyo inonzi metabolic mvura (300-400 Rine mamiririta pazuva). Chechipiri, kuti kwetunhu ATP uye simba okuchengetera mune nokukanganisika zvisungo Morekuru. At zuva 40-60 makirogiramu adenosine iri synthesized, uye ndiro rinoshandiswa enzymatic siyana mumasero. Upenyu chete morekuru ATP 1 miniti, saka kufema cheni anofanira ishande zvakanaka, zvakarurama uye pasina zvikanganiso. Zvikasadaro, sero achafa.

Mitochondria vanoonekwa simba dzemapurisa chero sero. nhamba yavo kunobva simba kuti zvinodiwa kuti vamwe mabasa. Somuenzaniso, Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu zvinogona kuverengwa kusvika 1000 mitochondria izvo kazhinji kuumba sesumbu ari synaptic dzinonzi Dombo.

Kusiyana kufema cheni mune miti nemhuka

In miti, chimwezve "zvirimwa simba" yesero chinhu chloroplast. On yomukati Kamudzira pamusoro organelles ivava kuwanikwa ATP synthase, uye ichi ndicho chinhu paanopfuura masero mhuka.

Uyewo miti inogona kurarama pamatunhu kuwanda carbon monoxide, senitrogen uye cyanide nokuda cyanide nemishonga nzira etc. Respiratoria cheni Saka rinoguma ubiquinone pamwe maerekitironi izvo Kutamiswa zvakananga okisijeni maatomu. Somugumisiro, zvishoma ATP ari synthesized Zvisinei, muti unogona kurarama nematambudziko ezvinhu. Mhuka Pakadaro, kwenguva refu kuona kufa.

Tinogona kuenzanisa kunyatsoshanda pamusoro ZWL, kwechokwadi uye cyanide nemishonga nzira kuburikidza ATP chinoratidza inotungamirwa apo tama 1 Erekitironi.

• pamwe ZWL kana NADP inoumbwa 3 mamorekuru pamusoro ATP;
• Kwechokwadi achiumbwa pamwe mamorekuru maviri ATP;
• kuti cyanide unoumba 1 inogona kuenderera nzira ATP Morekuru.

Shanduka kukosha nezvimwewo

Nokuti zvose eukaryotic Utachiona, chikuru tsime simba ndiwo kufema cheni. Nemakemikari omuviri ATP usage muchitokisi rakakamurwa mhando mbiri, substrate phosphorylation uye oxidative phosphorylation. Nezvimwewo zvinoshandiswa kwetunhu chechipiri mhando simba, kureva. E. Nokuda redox zvavaifunga.

In prokaryotic zvinenge ATP akaumba chete substrate phosphorylation mu glycolysis rwakazara. Nhanhatu-kabhoni shuga (zvimwe shuga) muzvirongwa zvakaitwa kutenderera, uye goho sero anogamuchira mamorekuru maviri ATP. Izvi rworudzi simba riri kuonekwa zvikuru chinyakare kwetunhu, kureva. K. Eukaryotes munguva oxidative phosphorylation vakaumba 36 ATP mamorekuru.

Zvisinei, izvi hazvirevi kuti miti ano uye mhuka havacharemekedzi kukwanisa substrate phosphorylation. Just ichi mhando ATP kwetunhu ndiye chete zvinhanho zvitatu simba kurimwa muchitokisi.

Glycolysis mu eukaryotes kuitika cytoplasm muchitokisi. Pane zvose makemikari zvakafanira zvinogona uchanamatira shuga kune mamorekuru maviri pyruvic asidhi kuti aumbe 2 mamorekuru ose ATP. Matanho All tevera kutora nzvimbo iri mitochondrial chizvaro. Krebs kutenderera kana tricarboxylic iine acid kutenderera, sezvo rikaitika mitochondria. Izvi akavhara cheni siyana pamusana iyo synthesize ZWL uye kwechokwadi * H * H2. mamorekuru izvi richashandiswa imwe consumable muna Nezvimwewo