Yakasimba ndiye crystalline uye amorphous muviri. Crystal - saka akadana chando yekare. Zvino zvakaitika pakunzi Goldstone rekristaro uye rhinestone, kufunga zvicherwa izvi Petrified chando. The crystals vari dzinongoitika uye nevanhu (chakaita zvokugadzirwa). Kushandiswa mune zvishongo indasitiri, optics, zvemagetsi uye zvemagetsi engineering, kuti abate zvinhu zviri kumusoro-zvakarurama zviridzwa sezvo superhard hasha zvinhu.
Crystalline nezvishoma vari nokuda kwoukukutu inozivikanwa, vane zvachose dzose chinzvimbo mune nzvimbo pamusoro mamorekuru, maatomu kana ions, nokudaro wezvamatongerwe Periodic matatu-dimensional sekristaro yekamuri (mamiriro). Externally, chinotaurwa zvikurukuru yakasimba chimiro symmetry mumuviri uye zvimwe zvivako chaiko. Mugore kwokunze chimiro sekristaro muviri kunoratidza symmetry kuri muna nechomukati "kavha" yacho inoramba. Izvi anosarudza wakaenzana pamakona pakati zviso zvose crystals raiumbwa chete fuma.
Ivo vachava vakaenzana uye kure pakati hwokunyanya pakati pedyo maatomu (kana vakanga riri pamusoro chete yakarurama mutsetse, kure ichi chichava zvakafanana padzimba Kureba mutsetse). Asi nokuti maatomu okurutivi yakarurama mutsetse kubva zvimwe, nechekure richava akasiyana pakati nzvimbo maatomu. Izvi zvinokonzerwa nokuti anisotropy. Anisotropy - Chikurukuru, vakasiyana amorphous crystalline nezvishoma.
Vanopfuura 90% nezvishoma zvinogona kunzi crystals. Zvakasikwa, ivo zviripo chimiro crystals kuroorwa uye polycrystalline ivhu. crystals Single - kuroorwa, inobudisawo ayo anomiririrwa dzose polygons; ivo dzinoratidzwa nokuvapo chinoramba sekristaro yekamuri, uye anisotropy muviri zvivako.
Polycrystals - muviri rine crystals duku zhinji, "fused" pamwe chete zvishoma zvisiri zvenguva dzose. Polycrystals muri simbi, shuga, matombo, jecha. Mumiviri akadaro (semuenzaniso, resimbi chomudziyo) anisotropy haisi kazhinji pachena nokuda kurongwa urongwa okunze, kunyange wakaparadzaniswa atora sekristaro anisotropy cho muviri.
Other ehupfumi pamusoro crystalline zvinhu: tembiricha zvachose kunorondedzerwa crystallization uye utsotso pfungwa (kuvapo dzinonetsa pfungwa), simba, elasticity, conductivity, zvinoyerera kupisa conductivity.
Amorphous - asina chimiro. Saka chaizvoizvo rinoshandurwa kubva mushoko rechiGiriki. Amorphous muviri akasikwa zvisikwa. Somuenzaniso, rinopenya, namo, kuputika girazi. By nokusika chakagadzirwa amorphous nezvishoma zvinobatanidzwa vanhu - magirazi uye nebwe (chakagadzirwa), Paraffin, mapurasitiki (Polymers), rosin, naphthalene, var. Amorphous zvinhu havana sekristaro yekamuri nokuda runobva urongwa mamorekuru (maatomu, ions) mumuviri mamiriro. Naizvozvo, kuti ehupfumi hwepanyama dzimwe amorphous isotropic muviri - zvakafanana mumativi ose. For amorphous zvinhu, hapana dzinonetsa tembiricha utsotso pfungwa, zvishoma nezvishoma akanyevenutsa pamusoro kudziyisa uye mudzokere kunyika viscous zvokunwa. Amorphous miviri dzinounzwa zvenguva (Kuchinja) mamiriro ezvinhu pakati mvura uye crystalline nezvishoma; vanoomesa uye vave kwakavharwa nenyama uyezve unogona kutsemuka kana akarova shapeless nemavhinga yakaderera tembiricha. Panguva dzakakwirira tembiricha zvinhu izvi kuratidza ductility, vachiva viscous mvura.
Zvino kuti munoziva zvakataurwa sekristaro muviri!