Nzira hwokubereka simbi. Marudzi alloys. Kugadzirira alkali simbi

Modern murume muupenyu hwake hwezuva nezuva akapoteredzwa dzakasiyana-siyana simbi. zvinhu Most kuti tinoshandisa, makemikari izvi varipo. It zvose zvakaitika nokuti vanhu vakawana nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti vabereke simbi.

Chii chinonzi simbi

Izvi zvinokosha zvinhu nokuti vanhu vaiita inorganic kemisitiri. Kuwana nesimbi kunoita munhu kuumba kupfuura nzira akakwana, anovandudza hwedu. Chii chavanoita vanomirira? Tisati funga vanhuwo nzira kubudisa nesimbi, zvinokosha kunzwisisa zvavari. Metals vari boka zvine maatomu akafanana zviri muchimiro nyore zvinhu vane mamirire ehupfumi:

• chafariz uye magetsi conductivity;

• yakakwirira ductility;

• chivheneke.

Munhu anogona kusiyanisa kubva zvimwe zvinhu nyore. A maitiro chinoratidza nesimbi zvose zviri pamberi rinokosha chipenye. Anobva kuratidzwa chiedza mwaranzi wakawira pamusoro regai kurasikirwa navo. Gloss - ndiyo vanhuwo pfuma nesimbi zvose, asi zviri pachena zvikuru richiratidzwa sirivha.

Nhasi, masayendisiti akawana 96 ava zvine maatomu akafanana, asi kwete vose anozivikanwa pamutemo nesayenzi. Vari mapoka mapoka zvichienderana zvavo tinoberekwa noruzhinji ehupfumi. Saka nesimbi ndeizvi:

• alkaline - 6;

• alkaline - 6;

• Kuchinja - 38;

• Lightweight - 11;

• semimetals - 7;

• lanthanides - 14;

• actinides - 14.

pakuwana simbi

Kuti zvokuzvigadzirira simbi dzomuchina ari chiwanikwa unofanira kutanga kugamuchira simbi kubva dzinongoitika mhangura. Native zvinhu - ndiwo zvinhu zvinowanika zvakasikwa ari akasununguka mamiriro. Izvi zvinosanganisira Platinum, ndarama, gaba nemekiyuri. Zvakaparadzana pakusachena mechanically kana nemakemikari reagents.

The nesimbi asara zvikaramba ne mishonga pamwe yeimwe. Ivo inowanikwa zvicherwa siyana. Mhangura - ichi zvicherwa uye matombo, ane simbi yeimwe sezvo oxides, carbonates, kana sulfides. Nokuti kugadzirwa vachishandisa makemikari kurapwa.

Nzira chokuwana simbi:

• kuzoita kabhoni oxides;

• gaba kubva gaba kugamuchirwa ibwe;

• kugadzirwa kukandira simbi kubva simbi mhangura ;

• Kupiswa nesarufa yeimwe chaihwo yamavira.

Kuti zviite pakuwana simbi kubva esimbi matombo akawedzera kwavari zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana inonzi fluxes. Vanobatsira kubvisa tsvina vasingadiwi dzevhu, reraimu, jecha. Somugumisiro izvi anogadzirwa fusible yeimwe inonzi gang.

In pamberi zvinokosha rakawanda nouipi asati simbi mhangura simbi rakapfumiswa nokuda kubviswa hombe chikamu basa zvinoriumba. Yainyanya kushandiswa nzira kunorapwa ichi - flotation, rinobva uye rinokweva nzira.

alkali simbi

Misa kugamuchira alkali simbi - muitiro wakaoma kunzwisisa. Izvi imhaka yokuti vari vakawana zvakasikwa chete ari muchimiro makemikari. Sezvo vari yokuderedza nevasori, kugadzirira kwavo achiperekedzwa kumusoro simba mari. Pane nzira dzakawanda mvumo alkali simbi:

• Li inogona kugadzirwa kubva ayo oxide mu vacuüm it kana uchanyangadika electrolysis chloride kwayo kuumbwa panguva processing spodumene.

• Sodium zvikaramba kuburikidza roasting pamwe marasha dota mu chisimbiso crucibles kana chloride electrolysis of uchanyangadika pamwe kuwedzera calcium. nzira yokutanga ndiyo nguva-pakuzadza.

• Potassium vakawana uchanyangadika electrolysis kana ayo munyu, yavaibvisa nemhute achipfuura kwayo chloride. Uyewo zviri inoumbwa zvokuverengera yakaumbwa potassium hydroxide uye mvura yavaibvisa ari tembiricha kuti 440 ° C.

• necesium uye rubidium zvikaramba ne kudzorera kwavo karusiyamu chloride pa 700-800 ° C kana zirconium pa 650 ° C. Preparation of alkali simbi nenzira iyi chaizvo simba nyanyisa uye kudhura.

Kusiyana nesimbi uye alloys

Pfungwa, muganhu zvakajeka pakati nesimbi uye avo alloys anongoda vasiri aripo, sezvo kunyange wakachena, nyore zvinhu tiri chikamu tsvina. Saka chii mutsauko pakati pavo? Anenge zvose simbi inoshandiswa bhizimisi uye mune mamwe mapazi hwenyika, anoshandiswa muchimiro alloys vakawana nokuwedzera zvinechinangwa huru namakemikari maatomu akafanana nedzimwe zvinoriumba.

alloys

Technology inoda siyana simbi zvinhu. Muchiitiko chino, yakachena zvine maatomu akafanana hazvina kushanda kushandiswa nekuti havana zvinodiwa ehupfumi kuvanhu. Zvavanoda isu kuumba nzira dzakasiyana-siyana kuti kugadzira alloys. Iri izwi rinoreva munhu macroscopically homogenous zvinhu randinogara kwemakemikari nezvinhu zviviri kana kupfuura. Makavigwa esimbi hurongwa vari koshesa ari chiwanikwa. fuma iyi ine yayo marongerwo. In alloys kusiyanisa zvinotevera zvinoriumba:

• nheyo, zvinosanganisira mumwe kana kupfuura simbi;

• kuwedzererwa duku kunatsiridza uye alloying zvinhu;

• undeleted tsvina (muitiro, yepanyama, chero).

Kuti simbi alloys ndivo huru STRUCTURAL zvinhu. In ano, mune zvinopfuura 5,000.

nemhando alloys

Pasinei siyana uku alloys, vanhu vakawanda kutamba kukosha kune izvo kwakavakirwa simbi uye aruminiyamu. Pavanondirwisa kunowanzoitwa kuwanikwa muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Mhando alloys akasiyana. Uyezve, vari vakakamura maererano akawanda zvinodiwa. Sezvo pane zvakasiyana nzira hwokubereka alloys. Maererano chokuratidza ichi, vari akakamurwa:

• chiwanikwa, ayo yaunganidzwa crystallization pamusoro uchanyangadika zvive zvinoriumba.

• powder, nokushandisa compression pamusoro musanganiswa Nezvakakuyiwa kwaizotevera sintering panguva pamatunhu tembiricha. Uye kazhinji zvinoumba alloys akadaro hazvisi chete nyore zvine maatomu akafanana, asi avo yeimwe siyana dzakadai carbides pamusoro titanium kana tungsten alloys mu yakasimba. Chakawedzera navo siyana akawanda kushandura ehupfumi kuti esimbi zvinhu.

Nzira achigadzirira alloys ari muchimiro rapera nyaya kana workpiece anosiiwa mu:

• vachikanda (silumin, vakakanda simbi);

• deformable (simbi);

• upfu (titanium tungsten).

marudzi alloys

Nzira hwokubereka nesimbi vakasiyana, uye nokudaro kugadzirwa nokuda kwavari zvinhu vane ehupfumi zvakasiyana. In yakasimba Hurumende alloys ndiwo:

• homogenous (yunifomu), rine crystals zvakafanana mhando. Vari kazhinji vachinzi kuroora-danho.

• Heterogeneous (heterogeneous), anonzi multi-danho. Kana vari kugamuchirwa mujinga chiwanikwa chinobviswa ave mhinduro yakasimba (chizvaro danho). Zvinoumba heterogeneous zvinhu izvi mhando kunoenderana murwiyo waro zvine maatomu akafanana. alloys kwakadaro kungasanganisira zvinotevera zvinoriumba: interstitial uye substitutional zvakasimba zvinogadzirisa, makemikari (carbides, intermetallic yeimwe, nitrides), crystallites nyore zvinhu.

chiwanikwa ehupfumi

Pasinei nzira kugadzira simbi uye alloys zvinoshandiswa, zvivako zvavo takatsunga ne sekristaro urongwa maitikiro uye microstructure ava zvinhu zvachose. Mumwe nomumwe wavo akasiyana. The macroscopic ehupfumi pamusoro alloys pakuti microstructure yavo. Vari kuzvidzosera kuzivikanwa kwavo danho maitiro kubatsirwa kungobva sekristaro nemamiriro acho. Macroscopic homogeneity pamusoro heterogeneous (multiphase) alloys yaunganidzwa dzakafanana kuparadzirwa maitikiro vari simbi chizvaro.

Chinonyanya kukosha ehupfumi pamusoro chiwanikwa runoonekwa kuti weldability. Zvikasadaro, ivo fanana simbi. Nokudaro, alloys vane chafariz uye magetsi conductivity, ductility uye reflectivity (Gloss).

mhando alloys

Various nzira hwokubereka alloys vakabvumira munhu afunge vazhinji esimbi zvinhu vane zvivako zvakasiyana uye unhu. Maererano chinangwa vari akakamurwa inotevera mapoka:

• Structural (simbi, duralumin, simbi). boka iri zvinosanganisira, alloys chaizvo ehupfumi. Saka zvinosiyana intrinsically akachengeteka kana Anti-kukweshera ehupfumi. Izvi zvinosanganisira nendarira uye ndarira.

• Kuti muzadze mabheyaringi (Babbitt).

• Kuti yemagetsi kudziyisa uye kuyera midziyo (nichrome, manganin).

• Kuti pagadzirwe rokutema maturusi (kuhwina).

In pagadzirwe vanhu vanoshandisa dzimwe mhando esimbi zvinhu zvakadai yakaderera-utsotso, kupisa nemishonga, ngura nemishonga uye amorphous alloys. Uyewo vari zvinowanzoshandiswa magnets a uye thermoelectrics (teluridy selenide uye bismuth, kutungamirira, namavara akanaka nevamwe).

ferroalloy

Zvinenge zvose vainyungudutsa simbi munyika inoendeswa kugadzirwa nyore uye chiwanikwa steels. It rinoshandiswawo kugadzirwa dzenguruve simbi. alloys simbi akawana mukurumbira wayo nokuti kuti nhaka anobatsira ehupfumi vanhu. Vakanga vakawana nokuwedzera kuti nyore namakemikari chinhu pamusoro siyana zvinoriumba. Saka, pasinei nokuti siyana alloys simbi kugadzirwa pachishandiswa imwe pfuma, steels uye vachikanda necheni vane ehupfumi zvakasiyana. Nokuda kwaizvozvo ivo akasiyana mabhora ose chikumbiro. steels Most kupfuura simbi. Various nzira yako simbi idzi kubvumira kuwana mamakisi dzakasiyana (giredhi) idzi simbi alloys.

Kuvandudzwa ehupfumi of alloys

Kuburikidza alloying nesimbi uye vamwe zvinhu anogona kuwana zvinhu paine maitiro. Somuenzaniso, zvibereko simba riri yakaisvonaka aruminiyamu 35 MPa. In kwegadziriro simbi chiwanikwa nendarira (1,6%), Zn (5.6%), magnesium (2,5%) indekisi kwazvo 500 MPa.

Nokuda mukomboni siyana ratios dzakasiyana makemikoro kunogona kuwanikwa esimbi zvinhu paine rinobva, chafariz kana zvemagetsi ehupfumi. Mukuru pakuita izvi ndiko chiwanikwa mamiriro inomirira kuparadzira crystals ayo uye mhando kusungwa pakati maatomu.

Steel nesimbi

alloys aya zvinoberekwa yeimwe esimbi uye kabhoni (2%). In pagadzirwe yakapambadzirwa zvinhu akawedzera kwavari nickel, chromium, vanadium. Vose zvatinosiita mhando hwendarira akakamurwa:

• yakaderera kabhoni (0.25% kabhoni) rakashandiswa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi zvakagadzirwa siyana;

• yakakwirira kabhoni (kupfuura 0.55%) iri aiendeswa pagadzirwe rokutema maturusi.

pezvitsiga Akasiyana chiwanikwa steels zvinoshandiswa zvokuimba engineering, uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa.

chinhu chiwanikwa iron pamwe kabhoni, inova chikamu 2-4% inonzi nguruve simbi. The Zvinoumba ichi zvinhu zvinosanganisira nesilicon. Pakati siyana vachikanda simbi zvigadzirwa kuva zvakanaka zvemaziso ehupfumi.

Non-ferrous simbi

Kuwedzera nokuaina, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kugadzira zvakasiyana-siyana simbi zvinhu. Somugumisiro dzavo yeimwe vari non-ferrous alloys. Muupenyu, vanhu vakawana mukuru chikumbiro zvinhu maererano:

• Copper, nendarira inonzi. Inosanganisira 5-45% zinc. Kana zviri 5-20%, nendarira akadana mutsvuku, uye kana 20-36% - tsvuku. Pane alloys ndarira nesilicon, tini, beryllium, aruminiyamu. Ndivo vakadanwa bronzes. Kune mhando vanoverengeka alloys izvi.

• Dzinotungamirira anomirira kwakajairika solder (tretnik). In chiwanikwa ichi, kuti 1 chikamu kwemakemikari pripadaet 2 zvikamu gaba. In kweShanduro mabheyaringi vaishandisa Babbitt ndiro chiwanikwa mutobvu, tini, Arsenic uye namavara akanaka.

• aruminiyamu, titanium, magnesium uye beryllium, izvo lightweight non-ferrous alloys kuva mukuru simba uye kwazvo zvemaziso zvivako.

Nzira achigadzirira

The chikuru nzira yokuwana nesimbi uye alloys:

• foundry uko solidification kuti munhu homogeneous musanganiswa akasiyana yakanyungudutswa zvinoriumba. For alloys kushandisa pyrometallurgical nzira chokuwana uye electrometallurgical simbi. Musimboti wekutanga inoshandiswa kudziyisa mbishi chafariz simba kunokonzerwa panguva combustion rikurumidze. Yaunganidzwa pyrometallurgical simbi iri yakavhurika-pachoto yamavira uye matare kwebhosvo yamavira. Kana electrometallurgical muitiro feedstock iri neshungu mune yemagetsi chinhu chakakombama kana induction yamavira. Panyaya iyi, yakatsvuka zvinhu rasslavlyaetsya nokukurumidza chaizvo.

• powder, sezvamakaropafadzwa Nezvakakuyiwa yenhengo dzayo inoshandiswa kugadzira imwe chiwanikwa. Nokuda kudzvanya kuti kupa mumwe chimiro, uye ipapo sintered chaihwo yamavira.