Pematanda uye pasikweya. retinal pasikweya. The nemamiriro the retina - anorimwa

Vision - ndiyo imwe nzira yokudzidza pamusoro nyika uye dzokuMabvazuva pachavo vari muchadenga. Pasinei chokwadi kuti vamwe pfungwa zvakare chinokosha zvikuru, achibatsirwa yevanhu ziso zvinotora anenge 90% mashoko ose achibva zvakatipoteredza. With kukwanisa kuona zviri zvakatipoteredza, tinogona kutaurira pamusoro zviitiko, kusiyanisa zvinhu mumwe, uye yakataurawo kutyisidzirwa. Meso omunhu zvakarongwa kuitira kuti kuwedzera zvinhu pachavo, vachiri kusiyanisa uye ruvara, iro kupendwa munyika yedu. Anokonzera chaiwo nemaziso masero ichi - pematanda uye pasikweya, izvo varipo vari the retina nomumwe wedu. Pamusana kwavari, isu vaziva chimiro ambient mashoko chakasvitswa muuropi.

The nemamiriro ziso dhayagiramu

Pasinei nokuti ziso rinotangira saka chiduku, izvozvo unotora munhu muzvizhinji pamusoro anatomical zvivako, nemhaka iyo tinokwanisa kuona. Nhengo nokuona zvakabatana zvinenge zvakananga uropi, uye tichibatsirwa rinokosha pakudzidza ophthalmologists kuona mharadzano ari optic etsinga. Yeziso ine idenderedzwa chimiro uye riri rinokosha rusesi - muchadenga, izvo inoumbwa ne dehenya mafupa. Kuti tinzwisise chii chinodiwa dzakawanda mutumbi mamiriro, zvinokosha kuziva nemamiriro ziso. The dhayagiramu rinoratidza kuti ziso zvinosanganisira akadai seChechi ari vitreous, izvo, Anterior uye posterior makamuri, optic tsinga uye nevamwe. Kunze muviri unovanza sclera - unodzivirira deko maziso.

deko meso

The sclera ane basa kudzivirira yeziso kubva kukuvara. Ndicho rokunze goko uye akabata pamusoro 5/6 pakati pemvura muviri. Part of sclera, riri kunze uye anoenda zvakananga kwezvakatipoteredza, yainzi cornea. Ko kuri ehupfumi kuti tinokwanisa kuona nyika zvakajeka. The chikuru kwavari - vari pachena, reflectivity, mwando, kumeso uye kukwanisa kupfuura uye refract kuti mwaranzi. Zvakasara rokunze nguo ziso - ari sclera - chinosanganisira gobvu connective tishu framework. Below ndicho chinotevera rukoko - vascular. Average goko chinomiririrwa masangano matatu akatevedzana; asi Iris, ciliary (ciliary) muviri uye horeoideya. Uyezve, vascular rukoko kunosanganisira mboni. Rinomiririra buri duku, kwete kufukidzwa Iris. Mumwe nemumwe masangano aya ane pachake nerevane kwayo, izvo pakuraramisa zvaakaratidzwa. Wokupedzisira rukoko - a the retina. Zviri zvakananga kuonana uropi. retinal Chimiro ndiko kunzwisisa chaizvo. Izvi imhaka yokuti anonzi anokosha mutumbi goko.

The nemamiriro the retina

Inner mumuhara muviri chinhu constituent chikamu medulla. Iye chinomiririrwa akaturikidzana pamusoro Tutsinga tunofambisa mashoko utwu, izvo makapeti mukati ziso. Nokuda the retina tinowana mufananidzo zvose zvakatipoteredza. Iye pfungwa zvose refracted mwaranzi uye vanokweverwa mune imwe nyaya yakajeka. Masero etsinga of the retina zvakaitika munzvimbo optic etsinga fibers iyo mashoko rinosvika uropi. On mukati ziso rine duku gwapa, izvo nechepakati uye ane soro tichikwanisa zvaakaratidzwa. Chikamu ichi anonzi macula. Iyi inzvimbo zvinoona masero - pematanda uye pasikweya meso. Inotipa masikati nousiku zvakaratidzwa nyika.

Basa petsvimbo uye pasikweya

Masero aya anowanikwa the retina weziso uye zvinokosha kuti uone. Pematanda uye pasikweya vari transducers vatema uye chena uye ruvara zvawakaratidzwa. Vose Mhando masero kuonekwa ari ziso photosensitive receptors. The pasikweya vari saka zita pamusana wayo conical chimiro, ndivo kubatana pakati the retina uye nechepakati tsinga. basa ravo chikuru - a kutendeutsa chiedza nezvekufadza vakawana kubva zvakatipoteredza kupinda zviratidzo zvemagetsi (pulses) kuti kupatsanurwa ne uropi. The specificity kwokuziva chemasikati ndohwavo pasikweya nokuti ane ruvara - iodopsin. fuma iyi ine mhando mashoma masero kuti ndinoona zvakasiyana chikamu chakarondedzera. The tsotso vari unetseke chiedza, saka basa ravo chikuru kwakaoma zvikuru - kuitira maonero mumadekwana. Ivo ane ruvara - rhodopsin fuma iri bleached pamwe chiedza chezuva.

Sechivako pematanda uye pasikweya

Zita masero aya akagamuchira nokuda kwayo chimiro - cylindrical uye conical. Tsotso, akasiyana pasikweya, riri zvakawanda arikunze iri the retina uye vari kushanda ndisipo ari macula. Izvi imhaka basa ravo - kupa chiratidzo usiku uye peripheral ziso minda. Vose sero mhando vane mamiriro zvakafanana uye ine zvikamu zvina:

1. Rokunze chidimbu - ndicho chikuru ruvara tsvimbo kana pasikweya akafukidzwa deko. Rhodopsin uye iodopsin zviri chaiyo mumidziyo - discs.
2. Cilium - chikamu muchitokisi, iro rinopa interconnection pakati wokunze uye yomukati zvikamu.
3. Mitochondria - Ivo zvinokosha simba muviri. Mukuwedzera, vari kunzvimbo EPS uye makemikari zvakafanira kuti kwetunhu cellular zvinoriumba. Zvose izvi zviri yomukati chidimbu.
4. Tsinga harinzwi.

Huwandu chiedza-vasanonoka receptors ari the retina zvinosiyana zvikuru. masero Rod- vanoumba vanenge mamiriyoni 130. The pasikweya of the retina iri zvikuru muduku kwavari pakuwanda kwavo paavhareji, pane mamiriyoni 7.

Features zvinoparadzira chiedza pulses

Pematanda uye pasikweya vanokwanisa kunzwisisa chiedza goho nekufambisa kuti nechepakati tsinga. Vose Mhando masero vanokwanisa kushanda masikati. Musiyano ndechokuti nehanya kuti pasikweya kwakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura zvimiti. Kutapukirwa anonongedzera tinogamuchirwa kuburikidza interneurons, chimwe nechimwe anobatana receptors akawanda. Association masero akawanda tsvimbo serin'i kuita hanya nhengo chiratidzo chikuru zvikuru. Fani iyi inozivikanwa se "convergence". It rinotipa muchidimbu anoverengeka ziso minda, uyewo kukwanisa andobata nemasangano akasiyana-siyana kuitika zvakatipoteredza.

Kugona kuziva mavara

Vose Mhando retinal receptors zvinokosha kwete chete kusiyanisa masikati uye usiku, asiwo kuona ruvara mifananidzo. Nemamiriro evanhu ziso achibvumira zvinhu zvizhinji: tora hombe nzvimbo kudzivirira zvakatikomberedza, kuona chero nguva yezuva. Uyezve, tine mumwe zvinofadza zvikuru nemano - binocular chiratidzo, vachibvumira kuwedzera ongororo yekudyidzana. Pematanda uye pasikweya zvinobatanidzwa omumwe anenge yose ruvara chakarondedzera, saka kuti vanhu, kusiyana nemhuka, kusiyanisa zvose mavara zvenyika. Color chiratidzo kupa mukuru dhigirii pasikweya idzo 3 mhando (pfupi, svikiro uye refu wavelength). Zvisinei, tumiti uyewo kukwanisa kuona chiduku chikamu chakarondedzera.