Phosphorus hydroxide - fomura Properties

Kune mapoka matatu kunzwisisa inorganic yeimwe: oxides, hydroxides (anosanganisira acids uye nezvigadziko) uye munyu ayo. simbi zhinji uye vasiri nesimbi zvingaite oxides, hydroxides, uye chikamu asidhi residues. Saka, phosphorus zvirimo imwe acidic vakasara PO _4. Kune akasiyana wandei phosphorus oxide. Saka, rine hydroxides siyana ayo aumba kubva oxides izvi. Extra phosphorus hydroxide - iri phosphoric acid. Munyaya ino tichakurukura mumuviri uye namakemikari zvivako zviri chinhu uye ayo yeimwe, uyewo nezvamai kuwanda kwayo zvakasikwa, uye zvimwe zvinonakidza zvinhu.

ehupfumi zvokunyama phosphorus

Hunogona kuvapo zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana. Phosphorus - a fuma kuti une chimwe namakemikari Kufananidzira. maatomu Its regai zvinobatana kuti kuumba mamorekuru. Phosphorus fomura - R. Zvisinei, zvichienderana sekristaro yekamuri mamiriro, kuti chinhu angawanika muchimiro vatatu zvinhu.

Rakajairika ndiyo chena phosphorus - ine waxy marongerwo uye yakakwirira toxicity. Utsotso pfungwa fuma iyi mana Celsius uye kubika - madhigirii mazana maviri namakumi masere. By kukweshera akakurumidza vesa acho, saka vaiguranye, chete kuisa mukati hwemvura zvakatipoteredza. Kana kwenguva refu kuti vakuchidzire nayo panguva tembiricha mazana maviri namakumi mashanu madhigirii chilis, zvinonzi dzikwanise tsvuku phosphorus. Zvinhu izvi chiri muchimiro upfu brownish-yakatsvuka. Red phosphorus, kusiyana chena, hakusi muchetura.

Akatsiga zvikuru chimiro nezvokuvapo chinhu ichi anganzi dema phosphorus izvo pane zvimwe zvekunze zviri zvakafanana simbi: ane pachangu Gloss, ane yakakwirira zvakaoma, zvemagetsi uye chafariz conductivity.

In mashoko kemisitiri

Phosphorus - chaikosha, riri wechishanu uye wechitatu nguva periodic table boka. Kubva ichi tinogona kugumisa kuti Valence ihwo shanu. Uyezve, periodic maitiro inogona kuonekwa kuti chinhu phosphorus aine mabhomba uremu yakaenzana matatu kune giremu imwe nhuta. Izvi zvinoreva kuti 1 nhuta mumwe achava kuyera 31 magiramu. Tichitarisa makemikari ehupfumi ose phosphorus, tichataura pamusoro siyana vake nyore uye kunzwisisa yeimwe.

Kudyidzana nyore zvinhu

Chinhu chokutanga kuona - the oxidation kuti phosphorus. Ndizvo ayo maitiro pamwe oxygen. All achavaponesa kukura yenhengo izvi - Somugumisiro, mbiri dzakasiyana zvinhu zvinogona kuumbwa.

A musimboti rokutanga - kubva moles mana phosphorus uye zvitatu moles okisijeni yaibereka moles maviri phosphorus trioxide. Record chakafanana makemikari kudyidzana uchishandisa zvinotevera mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: 4F + 3O ₂ = 2P ₂ O _3.

Ipfungwa Second - a inotungamirwa zvina kusvika shanu moles pamusoro phosphorus uye okisijeni moles moles maviri phosphorus pentoxide. Kuratidza maitiro ichi nokushandisa zvinotevera mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: 4P + 5O ₂ = 2P ₂ O _5.

Apo vaviri nemakemikari chinhu chinokosha akabuda chiedza. Uyezve, phosphorus ingashanda nyore zvakadai zvinokuvadza zvakadai nesimbi, halogens (fluorine, ayodhini, bromine, kuiisa chlorine), nesarufa. Active makemikari chaikosha anogona kuratidza zvose rutapudzo uye oxidising zvivako. Muenzaniso kubata pamwe halogens dzingava chlorination. It kunoitika mumatanho maviri. Chokutanga - paumbwe moles maviri phosphorus trihlorata moles maviri vaiona nonmetal uye zvitatu moles ose kuiisa chlorine. Izvi zvinogona vakanyorwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi: 2P + 3Cl ₂ = 2PCl _3.

Danho nedanho rechipiri kunoratidzwa kuwedzera kuiisa chlorine maatomu kuti phosphorus trihloratu kare kuwana. Saka, kuwedzera imwe Chidembo ari kokupedzisira zvakafanana kuiisa chlorine anobudiswa paminiti nhuta kuti phosphorus pentahlorata. Tinonyora ichi maitiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga saka: PCl ₃ + Cl ₂ = PCl _5.

Mitemo phosphorus nekuita pamwe simbi vanogona kufunga muenzaniso zvinotevera. Kana tikatora moles matatu potassium chete nhuta kuti phosphorus paminiti nhuta kuwana potassium phosphide. Zvinyorwa muitiro mhando iyi vanogona kushandisa inotevera zvakaitwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga: P = 3K + K ₃ R.

Kudyidzana pamwe kunzwisisa zvinhu

Nokuti kunzwisisa makemikari, iyo inokwanisa kuita phosphorus zvinosanganisira acids uye munyu. zvino isu tsanangura zvaidiwa kuti kunyorerana ari chinhu chine mapoka makemikari mashoko.

Phosphorous asidhi uye

Pakati pezvimwe zvose zvikuru chinozikamwa kuita phosphorous uye nitric acid. Kuita izvozvo maitiro anofanira kutora zvinotevera zvinoriumba: phosphorus mune imwe mari moles nhatu moles mashanu nitric asidhi uye mvura - maviri moles. Somugumisiro kwemakemikari nekuita tinowana zvinotevera zvigadzirwa: phosphoric asidhi uye Nitrogen oxide. Izvi zvakaitwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga zvakanyorwa sezvinotevera: 3P + 5HNO ₃ + 3 ₂ O = 3h ₃ PO ₄ + 5NO.

Phosphorus munyu uye

mhando iyi kwemakemikari nekuita anogona kunzi sezvo muenzaniso zvakaitwa pasi kukurukurwa navo nonmetal cuprum sulfate. Kuti tiite izvi zvakafanira kutora moles maviri phosphorus, moles mashanu zvendarira sulfate, moles masere mvura. The kukurukurirana pamusoro zvinhu izvi tinowana zvinotevera makemikari: iine acid sulfate mune imwe mari moles mashanu yakaisvonaka mhangura - zvakafanana, uyewo phosphoric asidhi - moles maviri. Record izvi zvinogona kuva muchimiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga ichi: 2P + 5CuSO ₄ + 8H ₂ O = 5 ₂ SO ₄ + 5Cu + 2h ₃ PO _4.

Preparation of nonmetal

In indasitiri, makemikari ari mubvunzo rinobudiswa kubva makemikari zvakadai karusiyamu phosphate. To ichi rinoitwa zvinotevera namakemikari maitiro: akati munyu yakavhenganiswa jecha (silica) uye kabhoni iri matadza nhamba 1: 3: 5, kuti kutenga karusiyamu silicate, phosphorus uye chadny gasi mune matadza nhamba 3: 2: 5.

Phosphorus yeimwe vavo zvivako

Vakawanda yeimwe ose phosphorus kunoonekwa sechinhu nonmetal hydroxide. Rinogona pakubhadhara anoverengeka, zvichienderana oxide icho chakaumbwa. Wana phosphorus hydroxide zvinogoneka pachishandiswa makemikari maitiro pakati ayo oxide uye mvura. Kuburikidza vakadaro kuita unobereka nekuve zvinhu. Saka, zviri hydroxide anogona kugadzirirwa trioxide (3), uye kubva pentoxide - phosphorus hydroxide (5). zvinhu izvi vane acidic zvivako uye vanokwanisa, akavapindurawo, sei pamwe simbi, munyu, zvigadziko nevamwe.

Extra phosphorus hydroxide - iri phosphoric acid. Hazvina oxygenated uye tribasic. fomura Its - H ₃ PO _4.

Huru mushonga ehupfumi

Hydroxide phosphorus, ane nzira anopiwa kumusoro, anokwanisa kuita zvose zviri zviviri nyore uye dzakaoma yeimwe. Funga azvaiitwa zvizere.

phosphoric iine acid maitiro pamwe simbi

Kufanana nevamwe makirasi makemikari, phosphorus hydroxide vanokwanisa kuita pamwe simbi. Panguva iyi hapana kuzvitsinhanisa maitiro umo simbi maatomu rehydrogen maatomu bvikinyidza, nokudaro wezvamatongerwe munyu uye rehydrogen, akasunungura mumhepo sezvo gasi pamwe risingafadzi kwakanaka. To ichi zvinogona kuitwa, chicherwa inofanira akaiswa kuna rworuboshwe hydrogen iri electrochemical akatevedzana basa. Kureva, zvinhu zvakadai mhangura, sirivha uye vamwe saivo, havana vanokwanisa kuita pamwe phosphoric acid, nekuti nokuda kwayo shoma reactivity, ivo havazokwanisi kubvisa maatomu rehydrogen kubva zvavo yeimwe.

Somuenzaniso, funga aruminiyamu. Kana achiwedzera moles mbiri chinhu kusvikira moles maviri phosphorus hydroxide tinowana aruminiyamu phosphate uye rehydrogen mune imwe mari 2 kana 3 moles azvaitwa. Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga nemapinduriro zvichinzi sezvinotevera: 2Al + 2h ₃ PO ₄ = 2AlPO ₄ + 3h _2.

Kudyidzana nezvigadziko

Hydroxide phosphorus, uyewo dzimwe acids zhinji angapinda kwemakemikari maitiro nezvigadziko. pezvakaitwa yakadaro inonzi metathesis. Pakati pavo, mutsva mugumisiro hydroxide, uye asidhi itsva. mhando iyi zvinogona kuitwa chete kana mumwe vakawana chigadzirwa chiri insoluble nemvura, i.e. precipitates, runopwa kuva gasi kana mvura kana simba chaizvo electrolyte.

Phosphoric asidhi uye munyu ayo

Muchiitiko ichi uyewo zvinoitika Exchange kuita. Somugumisiro, zvinokwanisika kuwana itsva asidhi uye munyu. Kuti tiite izvi mhando kuita, zvakare, tinofanira kuteerera mitemo, iro rave richirondedzerwa chete kumusoro.

Kushandiswa phosphorus aro yeimwe mu indasitiri

Mukomboni ino makemikari maatomu akafanana chokutanga chinoshandiswa kugadzira musanganiswa iyo rinoshandisirwa divi pose matchboxes. Uyewo, musanganiswa phosphorus kubatwa pachavo musoro machisi. Nonmetal vaiona pentoxide unoshandiswa nevakawanda sezvo gasi Dryer. It rinoshandiswawo makemikari indasitiri kuti vawane phosphorus hydroxide, nzira uye vane nzvimbo zvataurwa pamusoro. Uyezve, rinoshandiswa kugadzirwa regirazi.

phosphorus hydroxide zvakare anowana kushanda mumaindasitiri zhinji. Chokutanga, rinoshandiswa mune zvaAtemisi fetiraiza. Izvi imhaka yokuti phosphorus ndechokungoti anokosha zvinomera. Naizvozvo, pane zvinoverengeka zvakasiyana fetiraiza, vakaitwa pachishandiswa asiri-metal yeimwe vanoonekwa. Nokuti chinangwa ichi zvinhu zvakadai karusiyamu phosphate. Munyu rinoshandiswa senzira fetiraiza muchimiro nenyundo. Uyezve, nokuti chinangwa ichi, vanhuwo zvavo uye superphosphate katatu. Sezvo fetiraiza kunogonawo kushumira ammophos uye nitroammophos. Kuwedzera pane zviri pamusoro apa, munyu kana phosphorous hydroxide kushandiswa senzvimbo reagent nokuda Detective kuvapo muna mhinduro pamusoro yeimwe sirivha. Nokudaro, akawedzera fuma, zvinosanganisira kuva iine acid vakasara PO _4, kuti kugadzirisa. Kana zvapedzisira rine munyu kana sirivha hydroxide precipitate kuwa mupfumi tsvuku ruvara. This Argentum phosphate ane makemikari payakavakirwa: AgNO _3.

The nemamiriro phosphorus atomu

Zvinozivikanwa kuti maatomu zvose akaumbwa imwe neerekitironi maerekitironi kutenderera nayo. Musimboti rine protons uye neutrons. Maerekitironi vane kunaka ichengetwe protons - akanaka uye neutrons - razero. The Serial uwandu phosphorus iri periodic table - gumi. Inogona akagumisa ichi kuti gumi protons zviri mwoyo weatomu. Kana atomu iri kwazvakarerekera, kwete Ion, ivo maerekitironi zvikuru uye protons. Ndizvo zvakaita phosphor gumi nemashanu.

Kana imwe Erekitironi achasiya muchadenga kwayo, atomu inova chokwadi mhosva Ion, kuti chinhu nokuo- nga. Kana imwe Erekitironi yakabatanidzwa chimiro isakarurama mhosva Ion - anion.

Periodic maitiro kwemakemikari zvinhu zvinogona kuonekwa kuti phosphorus ndohwaJehovha wechitatu kumwedzi. Kubva pane izvi zviri pachena kuti kune vatatu muchadenga umo maerekitironi vari zvakaenzana raparadzirwa munyika core. maviri okutanga iri rechipiri - maerekitironi masere, uye wechitatu - shanu.

Kuwanda zvakasikwa

The vakawanda chikamu phosphorus iri goko ndiyo 0.08%. Haana zvakajairika chaizvo zvakasikwa, makemikari maatomu akafanana. Zvisinei, pane boka zvicherwa, izvo zvinosanganisira phosphorus. apatite ichi uye phosphorite. Rakajairika muboka rokutanga - fluorapatite. Its makemikari payakavakirwa iri sezvinotevera: 3Ca ₃ (PO4) ₂ • CAF _2. Ndiye zvakajeka, girini uye tekoizi kwerima guru. Pakati karusiyamu phosphate phosphate richiparadzirwa zvikuru, ane makemikari payakavakirwa: Ca ₃ (PO4) _2. Uyezve, phosphorus yeimwe anowanikwa Zvinoumba munyama siyana zvipenyu.

Basa phosphorus aro yeimwe zvakasikwa uye muviri

Uyu mushonga chaikosha inokosha kwazvo pakurarama zvinenge zvose nhengo uye hurongwa. Pakutanga hazvibviri pasina dambudziko isina basa neitsvo. chaikosha ichi rinobatanidzwa muviri yacho muviri. It kunoitawo kuti kunokurumidza patsva kuti munyama. Pasina izvozvo, vamwe mavhitaminzi havambofi kusashanda kupa zvikomborero kune muviri - ndosaka zvinenge vhitamini zvose zvinowedzera sezvi- zvinoriumba rinowanzoshandiswa akawedzera phosphorus. Uyezve, zviri mumwe zvine maatomu akafanana kuti tibu- chakaipa nokushanda kwenhengo dzemwoyo. Iye, tisingabatanidzi zvose pamusoro apa, paChikoro muitiro foni weboka, saka pasina ichi aitodada chaikosha havagoni kuva upenyu Panyika.

Regulation mvura-munyu pachiyero - mumwe inoti, iro rinoitwa mumuviri kubatana pasi kukurukurwa munyaya ino nonmetal. Uyezve, mumwe mukuru zvinoumba pfupa uye tsandanyama tishu. A guru chikamu muRugwaro zvirimo mazino. Uyezve, zviri zvakare kucherechedza kuti phosphorus zvinobatanidzwa kuunza kunowanzoitika kushanda tsinga. Zviratidzo yokusava zvisaririra chinhu mumuviri vaiona zvinotevera: kuneta, pasi kushanda, kuvhiringidzika tsinga (neurosis, chemaneka, etc.), zvakare kakawanda chikosoro, kuneta mwoyo tsandanyama, marwadzo mumafupa uye tsandanyama, murombo chaizvo kudya. Kuti tidzivise kutanga zvakadai, sezvinoita phosphorus kushayiwa mumuviri, zvinokosha kuziva kuti zvigadzirwa izvozvo rine. Chikuru pakati zvigadzirwa vaiona vapfumi nemakemikari maatomu akafanana, anosimbisa hove. Kunyanya yakakwirira phosphorus wevasungwa iri kuchengetwa zvakadai siyana sezvo Sturgeon, mackerel, bhiza mackerel, Tuna, sardine, capelin, pollock, tsvina. Also munyaya ino, zvikasawanirwa chicherwa kuwanikwa gakanje nyama, kuti shrimp, uyewo mune nomukaka zvinogadzirwa zvakadai koteji chizi, cream, chizi.

zvakawanikwa

Phosphorus iri, kunyange asina chaizvo nevakawanda munyika makemikari chinhu, asi ane zvikuru kubva maindasitiri uye zvipenyu achitandadza maonero. Iye kubatana, zvikurukuru, phosphorus hydroxide, anoshandiswa pagadzirwe siyana mishonga. Nyaya akarondedzera ehupfumi hydroxide phosphorus (phosphoric acid), uye kunyanya kubata dzaro nesimbi, nezvigadziko uye munyu.