Radio - rokuti in chati. Sei kuverenga mazita redhiyo zvinoumba vari anorimwa?

Munyaya ino uchadzidza ndedzipi redhiyo. The notation ari dhayagiramu maererano hurumende mitemo ichakurukurwa. Chokutanga ndicho - resistors uye capacitors.

Kuunganidza chero chimiro, zvinokosha kuziva sei kutarira chokwadi kuti redhiyo, uyewo sei vari chiratidzo magetsi matunhu. Kune vakawanda yemagetsi zvinoriumba - transistors, capacitors, resistors, diodes, uye zvichingodaro.

capacitors

Capacitors - ndiyo mashoko kuitika chero kugadzira pasina anosara. Kazhinji, zvikuru nyore capacitors vanomiririra maviri edare. Uye mhepo anoita somunhu dielectric zvinoriumba. Just rangarirai zvidzidzo wefizikisi kuchikoro, kana vakapfuura nyaya capacitors. Muenzaniso, vakasvika vaviri huru sandara zvidimbu esimbi kumativi chimiro. Ivo vakaswedera mumwe, ipapo vakaparadzaniswa. Uye panguva imwe nzvimbo kuyerwa anoitwa. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pane mhepo zvinogona kushandiswa naMika, uyewo chero zvinhu usingabereki kuitisa Magetsi. Mironga redhiyo zvinoumba pamusoro kupinza zvinhu mapatani rakasiyana vaeni, wakatorwa munyika yedu.

Cherechedza kuti mune kwakajairika capacitors hakurevi kupfuura DC. Ukuwo, zviri rakatumbuka ano ichipfuura pasina chero matambudziko. Uchishandisa zvinhu izvi, chete condenser apo zvakakodzera kuti zviparadzanise shanduka pakuderedza muna DC. Saka, zvinobvira kuti munhu noenderana wedunhu (by Kirchhoff kuti theorem no):

1. Ichishanda, imwe rakatumbuka ano capacitor kondakita chidimbu kunotsiviwa ne razero nemishonga.
2. In mashandiro, kuti DC kubatana capacitor kuchatsiviwa (kwete, kwete kukwanisa!) Kuramba.

The chikuru tive capacitor ndiwo magetsi capacitance. Kukwanisa chikwata - a Farad. Zviri guru chaizvo. In tsika, sezvinoita mutemo, vakashandisa capacitors, capacitance unotaurwa microfarads, NF, microfarads. Zvirongwa capacitor runotaurwa sezvo vaviri dzakafanana dashes, pamusoro zviri Bends.

shanduka capacitors

Panewo mhando mano, umo capacitance nechakatsinhiwa (iyi nyaya nokuti kuti pane zvishoma nezvishoma mumatope pamahwendefa) akadaro. Kukwanisa kunobva kukura ndiro (iri nzira S - ndiyo nzvimbo yaro), uye kure pakati electrodes. The shanduka capacitor pamwe mhepo dielectric muenzaniso, Vongai chinjwa chikamu nzvimbo zvinogona nokukurumidza achinja. Saka, zvinoita vachachinja uye kukwanisa. Asi rokuti zvigadzirwa zvinoriumba vari vatorwa Zvirongwa siyanei. A resistor Somuenzaniso, vanoratidzwa semunhu wakaputsika mutsetse munyonga.

Imwe mhando shanduka capacitors - dzemwenje. Ivo anoshandiswa zvikuru mune zvirongwa umo pane kuvimba nesimba pamusoro parasitic capacitances. Uye kana iwe hwokugadza capacitor tichigara kukosha, ipapo rose mamiriro hakushandi nemazvo. Naizvozvo, zvinokosha kuti pave zvakasikwa chinhu kuti pashure kwokupedzisira gungano anogona kuchinja uye kugadzirisa Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri nzvimbo. Madhayagiramu vari akasarudzwa saizvozvo sezvo zvachose, asi kufanana ndiro chipitipiti museve.

kugara capacitors

zvinhu izvi vane musiyano design, uye zvinhu kubva yavakanga dzakaitwa. Unogona kusarudza zvikuru nevanhu marudzi insulators:

1. Air.
2. Mica.
3. Zviumbwa.

Asi ichi chinoreva chete non-polar zvinoriumba. Pane electrolytic capacitors (polar). Zviri zvinhu izvi ndizvo kugona guru chaizvo - kubvira mashoma zvegumi microfarads uye nekuguma zviuru zvakawanda. Uyewo zvinhu izvi mugaba mune imwe nzira - kufadza voltage panguva iyo kushandiswa kwayo anobvumirwa. parameters izvi zvakanyorwa pamusoro machati uye capacitor nyaya.

Mironga capacitors pamusoro mazano

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti pane nyaya kugera kana shanduka capacitors yakaratidza maviri tsika - shoma uye kunonyanyisa chinzvimbo. Kutaura chokwadi pamusoro nyaya unogona nguva dzose kuwana mumwe siyana umo kuchinja vanokwanisa kana chikwata crank akabatana kubva Mhando.

Kufunga pane kukwanisa shanduka capacitor 9-240 (default divi mune picofarads). Izvi zvinoreva kuti ane zvishoma pamusoro bindepinde ndiro capacitance 9 PF. Uye panguva vaifanira - 240 PF. Zvakakodzera nokuongorora muudzame kubva pakunzi redhiyo zvinoumba mune zano uye zita ravo kuti vakwanise nemazvo kuverenga rwokugadzira mapepa.

batanidza capacitors

Pakarepo, pane mhando nhatu (zvose, pane zvizhinji) yeimwe ose zvinhu:

1. Kuwirirana - zvachose vachikwanisa yose cheni iri nyore chaizvo kuverenga. Ichava iyi, ndicho chibereko zvinhu zvose matangi, vakakamurwa pakuverengwa kwavo.
2. Parallel - mune iyi, ngaaverenge nhamba vachikwanisa kunyange nyore. Unofanira kuwedzera kugona nhengo dzose hochekoche capacitors.
3. Hwakakanyiwa - mune iyi, dunhu rakakamurwa akawanda nhengo. Tinogona kutaura kuti nyore - chikamu chimwe chete chine zvinhu zvine mu zvakafanana, wechipiri - chete dzose.

Uye ichi ndicho chete muchidimbu capacitors Chokwadi vakawanda anogona kutaura, kupa muenzaniso kunakidza kuedza.

Resistors: mukuru ruzivo

zvinhu izvi kunogona kuwanikwa chero mamiriro - kunyange pane imwe redhiyo mugamuchiri, kunyange zvazvo iri kudzorwa redunhu microcontroller. Izvi porcelain chubhu hwaakange rokunze divi akabata spraying munhu marata firimu (kabhoni - zvikurukuru kabhoni dema). Zvisinei, kunyange graphite ingashandiswa - mugumisiro uchava zvakafanana. Kana resistors vane pasi kwazvo nemishonga uye yakakwirira kukwanisa rinoshandiswa senzira conductive rukoko nichrome waya.

The chikuru tive resistor - nemishonga iyi. Anoshandiswa nemagetsi mumatunhu kuisa zvinodiwa ukoshi kuitika mune dzimwe matunhu. In Physics makirasi tichienzanisa mudhiramu izere mvura kana dhayamita kuchinja mutopota, zvinokwanisika waidzora nokumhanya yacho jeti. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti pakukora ari conductive rukoko kunobva kurwisa. The wakawondereiko kudai mazuva ose rukoko uyu, ari kumusoro ari kurwisa. Panyaya iyi, zviratidzo zviri chati zvigadzirwa zvinoriumba regai kuvimba kukura chinhu.

wakasimba resistors

Panyaya zvinhu izvi, rakajairika marudzi vari:

1. Metallized kupisa nemishonga lacquer - rakapfupikiswa MLT.
2. Waterproof nemishonga - Svondo
3. Carbon lacquered tsindirana - Ulm.

Resistor parameters huru mbiri - simba uye nemishonga. Wokupedzisira parameter unotaurwa ohms. Asi chikwata ichi yakayerwa riri duku zvikuru, saka muna tsika kazhinji nokusangana okunze uyo kurwisa unotaurwa megohms uye kiloomah. Power unotaurwa watts or chete. Uyezve, kuti chinhu kukura kuvimba simba. The makuru kwayo, chinhu chikuru. Zvino kuti pane pakunzi redhiyo zvinoriumba. Madhayagiramu pamusoro kupinza uye mudzimba mano ose okunze ichava dzakasiyana.

In mudzimba matunhu resistor - iri diki rectangle ane chokuita nhamba 1: 3, kana parameters ayo ushandiswe divi (kana chinhu iri vertically) kana kupfuura (panyaya chinjikira nzvimbo). First kupa Latin tsamba R, munhu ipapo - the Serial nhamba resistor mudunhu.

The shanduka resistor (potentiometer)

Constant nemishonga muri vaviri chete mhedziso. Asi variables - vatatu. In nemagetsi matunhu uye zvinhu pamusoro redzimba inoratidza kurwisa pakati mbiri mugumo kutaura navo. Asi pakati avhareji uye chero yokunyanyisa nemishonga achizosiyana zvichienderana chii nzvimbo ndiyo resistor akabatana. Muchiitiko chino, kana iwe kubatanidza vaviri ohmmeter, zvinokwanisika kuona sei kukosha rimwe parutivi duku richachinja, uye wechipiri - yakakura. Tinofanira kunzwisisa sei kuverenga remudunhu zvemagetsi. Pakunzi redhiyo zvinoriumba zvakare hapana chakaipa achaziva.

Vose kurwisa (pakati mugumo zviteshi) kuramba kuchinja. Shanduka resistors inoshandiswa kugadzirisa pfuma (nokubatsirwa wavo here kushandura bhuku racho redhiyo, TV). Uyezve, shanduka resistors vari zvinowanzoshandiswa motokari. Izvi mafuta pamwero sensors, anodzora kutenderera nokumhanya dzemagetsi Motors, kuvheneka nechiedza.

batanidza resistors

Panyaya iyi, mufananidzo uri zvachose neizvi izvo aiva capacitors:

1. Series kubatana - impedance kuti zvinhu zvose zviri nengetani akapeta.
2. Parallel kubatana - zvibereko kurwisa yakakamurwa Verengai.
3. Hwakakanyiwa - wose zano rwakoromoka kumaketeni zvidiki uye rinowanikwa nezvishoma.

In tsananguro iyi, unogona kuvhara resistors uye vanotanga kurondedzera anonakidza zvikuru zvinhu - semiconductor (kureva zvemagetsi zvinoriumba ari matunhu Standard nokuda ASB, kunokurukurwa pazasi).

semiconductors

Ndicho kukonzera chikamu zvose radioactive okunze, sezvo iri nhamba semiconductors harisi chete zener diodes, transistors, diodes, asi varicap, variconds, thyristors, triacs, machipisi, etc. Hongu, IC - .. Ko imwe sekristaro, izvo zvinogona zvakasiyana-siyana zvikuru redhiyo - uye capacitors, uye resistors, uye peji-n junctions.

Sezvaunoziva, pane conductors (nesimbi, somuenzaniso), insulators (huni, mapurasitiki, jira). Pangava siyana yemagetsi zvinoriumba notation muna Scheme (netriangle - chinowanzoitika diode kana zener). Asi zvinokosha kuziva kuti Triangle pasina zvimwe zvinhu yakaratidza nyika musoro mu microprocessor michina.

zvinhu izvi zviri kana conductive kana kwete, pasinei nokuti vari vamwe ezvinhu aggregation. Asi pane semiconductors, Zvivako iyo zvinosiyana zvichienderana dzakananga ezvinhu. zvinhu izvi, akadai nesilicon, germanium. Nenzira, magirazi kunogonawo pamwe kunzi semiconductors - hazvina kuitisa magetsi, asi muchidziisa mufananidzo uri zvachose shure kufirwa ezvinhu.

Diodes uye zener

A semiconductor diode chete ane electrodes maviri: a cathode (kunaka) uye anode (zvakanaka). Asi chii pane Mumagazini redhiyo ichi? Mazita kuona pamusoro apa chati iri. Saka iwe batanidza simba Kusasvika anode ane ndinoiitawo uye kubvisa kuna cathode. Panyaya iyi, remagetsi dzichayerera kubva mumwe electrode kune mumwe. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chinhu ichi nyaya zvikuru yakaderera nemishonga. Zvino unogona kuita chinhu kuedza, uye kubatanidza bhatiri riri nekusiyana, kana kurwisa zviri kuitika zviri yakawedzera kakawanda, uye iye haasisina kuenda. Uye kana diode mberi rakatumbuka razvino, ichibereka kugara (kunyange nezvinhu zvishomanana nokufamba). Nokushandisa zambuko redunhu pakusanganisirawo maviri hafu-majana (akanaka).

Zener diodes, zvakadai diodes, muri electrodes zviviri - imwe anode uye cathode. The zvakananga kwebasa rinofanira chaikosha ichi inoshanda zvakafanana sezvo vakakurukura pamusoro diode. Asi kana ukarega magetsi ari negwara, unogona kuona mufananidzo anonakidza zvikuru. Pakutanga, zener diode hakurevi nomunyika magetsi pacharo. Asi kana voltage zvasvika mumwe ukoshi, pane Kuparara, uye chinhu inoitisa ano. Izvi voltage Kudzikamiswa. pfuma vakanaka kwazvo, nokuda izvo zvinoitika kuti vabudirire yakatsiga voltage mumatunhu, zvachose kubvisa vibrations, kunyange zviduku. Rokuti zvigadzirwa zvinoriumba mu namano - muchimiro netriangle, uye panguva yayo manhengatenga - zvakakurumbira kuti riri perpendicular kumusoro.

transistors

Kana zener diodes uye anogona dzimwe nguva kunyange kuwanika mazano, kuti transistors anogona kuwanikwa chero (kunze ari kuziva miedzo mugamuchiri). In transistor ari electrodes matatu:

1. Base (rakapfupikiswa netsamba "B" zvinoratidzwa).
2. The nemuteresi (C).
3. The emitter (E).

Transistors unogona kushanda nenzira modes akawanda, asi kazhinji vari kushandiswa muna amplification uye kiyi (sezvo chinja). Unogona kuita tichienzanisa kwehwamanda - vakadanidzira nechepasi, yakakura inzwi nendege richibva dura. Uye nokuti emitter abate rwake - ndiyo nyaya. The chikuru hunhu transistors - fuma (nhamba yacho nomuteresi kuitika nechigadziko). Hazvina parameter ichi pamwe nehondo nezvimwe ndiyo hwaro redhiyo ichi. Nyora pasi mudunhu transistor - hunyambiri mutsetse uye misara miviri vari dzakakodzera pana necheparutivi. vamwe vakawanda marudzi transistors vangazivikanwa:

1. Polar.
2. Nedambudziko.
3. Field.

Kunewo transistor ungano ina muzvizhinji kuti muedzo zvinhu. Ndivo rakajairika, pane redhiyo. Nyora zano vakanga zvakurukurwa munyaya.