Sakharov Mubayiro. Award "Nokuti yorusununguko mupfungwa 'Andrei Sakharov

Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich (akaberekwa 05.21.1921, akafa 14.12.1989) - chinoshamisa yefizikisi, mumwe havaoni kuti hydrogen bhomba, wokutanga Soviet dzevanhu nemumiriri, wezvematongerwe enyika, Academician of USSR, mukundi Nobel Peace Prize. Scientific enyika zvinyorwa Sakharov ave mumitauro vazhinji vatorwa, uye nemaitiro ayo, zvitendero uye zvakawanikwa vakaziva nemasayendisiti uye muhurumende pose.

"Nokuti yorusununguko mupfungwa 'Muna 1988, European Parliament raratidza wegore negore mubayiro of Sakharov.

Saharov Andrey. Biography

akaberekwa AD Sakharov muMoscow, apo aipedza pauduku hwake uye mangwanani vechidiki. In kupurayimari, haana kuenda, uye akadzidza kumba, muchiita nababa vake, mudzidzisi wefizikisi. Amai Sakharov aiva amai vemba. Chikoro musayendisiti yemberi akatanga kupinda pamwe giredhi chete 7th, uye yangopedzwa akapinda Moscow University iri rorusununguko Physics.

Kana hondo yakatanga, Andrei Sakharov akaedza kupinda muchiuto chikoro, asi haana kugamuchirwa nokuda utano murombo. Pamwe chete Moscow State University Andrew akanga abviswa kuna Ashgabat, kwaakanga kudzidza pamwe chinokudza kubva nokudzidzisa muna 1942.

Kutanga basa nesayenzi

Apedza, Sakharov akasvika kuparadzira Ulyanovsk zvombo chirimwa. Pano nokukurumidza anowana nzira kuvandudza chigadzirwa yepamusoro kuzvidzora, uye otaura kupinda kugadzirwa kuvamba yake yokutanga.

Muna 1943-44 Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov pasina pamapepa dzakawanda dzesayenzi uye anovatuma kusvikira musoro yokungotaura weboka Physics Institute. Lebedeva kureva Tamm Uye mangwanani 1945, Sakharov ndadaidzwa kuMoscow kuti bvunzo uye kubvuma kupedza chikoro. Muna 1947 akatsigira chinyorwa ake, uye muna 1948 akakumbanira kuvanza boka remasayendisiti zvinobatanidzwa pakusika yenyukireya zvombo namahwindo muguta Arzamas-16. In murayiro uyu, Saharov Andrey Dmitrievich akava nhengo magadzirirwo uye kusikwa wokutanga rehydrogen bhomba, tsvakurudzo ake kusvikira 1968. Akabva pamwe Tamm vaedza utariri yenyukireya kuita.

Muna 1953, Sakharov akava chiremba sciences mumuviri akarongeka uye akasarudzwawo nhengo Academy of Sciences of USSR.

Political zvitendero Andreya Saharova

Panoperera pakati 1950s, Sakharov akatanga vanoshingaira kushora kuidzwa zvombo zvenyukireya. Somugumisiro mabasa ayo kwave dzakasaina chibvumirano irambidzwe miedzo munharaunda nhatu (mhepo, gungwa uye nzvimbo) uye muna 1966 mune pamwe nevamwe masayendisiti, akabudisa imwe seboka tsamba pamusoro rokuchinjwa Stalin.

Muna 1968, maonero Sakharov ezvematongerwo vakawana nzira yose zvayo kugutsikana uye enyika zvairehwa nyaya, apo musayendisiti kufunga pamusoro nzwisisika mberi rusununguko zvedzidzo uye mukana rugare coexistence pakati akasiyana ezvematongerwo enyika. In basa rake, akataura pamusoro kudiwa yakawiriranwa rapprochement wenyika capitalist ezvinhu ane mugovanisi kuumba hwaro nokuda pakuzadzisa uye rugare munyika yose. Nyaya iyi rakashandurirwa mumitauro yakawanda, uye ayo kweropa kumwe yairema vanopfuura mamiriyoni 20. Makopi. Hurumende Soviet haina kunzwisisa Sakharov anoshanda zvakasiyana kupararira, dzidziso. Iye wakati abviswa kubva zvakavanzika basa zvombo zvenyukireya muna Arzamas-16, uye musayendisiti vakadzoka kuzoshanda munyika Panyama Institute.

Andrei Sakharov kuramba kwazvo pfungwa dzevanhu mabasa, zvichiguma 1970 vakava nhengo dzeboka akavamba Committee kwekodzero dzevanhu. Chakazozivikanwa vachishingaira nokudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu dzinokosha: kodzero yokugamuchira uye kupa ruzivo, kusiya nyika uye kudzokera nayo, rusununguko kwehana.

Bhuku "On munyika uye nyika"

Sezvo aiva nyanzvi mune zvombo zvenyukireya, shuga zvinowanzotaurwa amakavaitira kukumbirwa kuti zvombo, uye muna 1975 akabudisa bhuku rake "On nyika uye nyika." In basa iri, musayendisiti, uye ikozvino wezvematongerwe enyika, nehasha vakatsoropodza huripo panguva iyo hurumende enyika, mumwe-nebato dzematongerwe, kurambidzwa kodzero nerusununguko. Sakharov akadana Soviet Union "ngozi nyika akadzivira pevatongi mapurisa ehurumende, vakabata zvombo mukuru-dzinofambiswa uye ane husingagumi zviwanikwa." Academician inopa dzinoverengeka zvinhu chokuita zvose enyika uye zvoupfumi chezvinonhuwira basa nehurumende, achitungamirira, vari zvaanofunga, kuti "kuvandudza munzanga mamiriro ezvinhu munyika."

Panyaya kunyika dzokuMadokero Sakharov akataura dzavo "simba uye disorganization," anonzi mutungamiriri US kundodana kubatana, kamwe zvakare kusimbisa kudiwa pamwe zvombo.

A yoga chinhu musayendisiti akasimbisa kukosha kwekodzero dzevanhu pasi pose, kunyanya kodzero yekusarudza nyika yavo dzokugara uye kuwana ruzivo, uyewo kudiwa nzwisisika vatarisire "rechitatu nyika" nyika.

The awarding Nobel Prize

Mushure bhuku rinonzi "On munyika uye nyika", rakanga rashandurwa uye yakabudiswa anotaurwa nyika yake, asi hapana wezvematongerwo enyika kana musayendisiti of Soviet Union aisagona kuzvirumbidza zvakadaro pasi pose aizivikanwa shuga. The Peace Prize awana gamba rayo October 9, 1975. Mune mashoko Nobel Committee Sakharov basa rainzi "rutsigiro wokusatya chinokosha misimboti norugare," uye musayendisiti "noushingi murwi pamwe kwesimba uye dzakasiyana siyana kudzvinyirira kuremekedzwa kwevanhu."

The utungamiriri Soviet yakasarudza kuti kwose haagoni kusiya munhu mumwe akadaro ngozi yakafanana Andrei Sakharov. The Nobel Prize akanga paakavapa wake, Elena Bonner, vanoverenga kunze murume uye hurukuro pamusoro "Rugare, mberi uye kodzero dzevanhu." Zvakare Sakharov muromo mukadzi vakashora zvose kusakwana simba rezvematongerwo enyika uye mamiriro ezvinhu zvarwo, zvose muna USSR uye munyika yose.

Yezve mibayiro uye kubatana

Wokupedzisira mashanga kuti akaputsa murefu utungamiri Soviet, aiva yakaoma kutaura Sakharov muna 1979 pamusoro nechisimba Afghanistan. Presidium Supreme Soviet of USSR Academy akanga vakapfekenurwa mibayiro zvose, kusanganisira musoro katatu Hero pakati Socialist Labor muna January 1980.

Sakharov akasungwa mumugwagwa uye vakaendeswa kuguta Gorky, uko musayendisiti akararama kuudzawo mugumo wake mudzimai makore 7 pasi aigara mumba.

Pavaiva muutapwa, musayendisiti akaona chete nzira kurwa kusaruramisira nokusingagumi nzara ranwa. Asi akaendeswa kuchipatara uye simba yakakodzwa.

Return uye vapore

Perestroika aiva nesimba, Mikhail Gorbachev akabvumira Sakharov kudzoka uye mberi nebasa rake zvesayenzi. Shuga akatanga kutaura rudano ndisunungure hudyu uye kuva nhengo Supreme Council of Academy of Sciences. Uye zvidzidzo aifanira kutsvaka kodzero yokutaura nezvezvinetso ake kudedera zvakare.

A vagare pamwe zvokukwegura raivapo enyika hurumende uye makore kunetesa nhapwa yakavhiringidzwa zvakasimba hutano Sakharov. Mushure dzose kukakavadzana uye pasina kuedza kuratidza yakarurama yomwoyo pamba akafa guru musayendisiti uye dzevanhu nemumiriri Saharov Andrey. The Biography munhu uyu izere yemichindwe zvinokosha uye yenhamo zviitiko. mupiro wake kwekodzero dzevanhu uye kukura wefizikisi yenyukireya.

Sakharov Prize "rusununguko pfungwa"

Foreign vezvesayenzi, zvematongerwo vepamusoro, sezvo vanhu munyika dzoKumadokero, akaonga kukosha Sakharov zvinodavirwa uye kudzama mupiro wake nyika yose kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu. MuGermany, Lithuania, United States nedzimwe nyika dzine mumigwagwa, dzinoungana nemapaki zita pashure murume uyu mukuru.

The European Parliament vachiri pasi upenyu chesayenzi, muna 1988, mubayiro nokuti "rusununguko pfungwa" Sakharov akabvumirwa. Award kunoturwa gore negore December uye 50 zviuru. Euro. The Sakharov Mubayiro anogona paakavapa kuti kubudirira mune chero zvinotevera nzvimbo Advocacy:

• kudzivirira kodzero uye dzinokosha nerusununguko;
• kudzivirira ushoma kodzero;
• kuremekedza mutemo dzakawanda;
• pave democratic pezvakaitwa uye kusimbisa ndiro rine chokwadi tsamba mutemo.

Vakundi kuti "Rusununguko Ndakafunga 'mubayiro

Vakundi yokutanga, iyo paakavapa ari Sakharov Prize, aiva South African murwi pamusoro rusaruraganda, Mandela uye Soviet musungwa enyika Marchenko.

Mumakore akatevera, Andreya Saharova Prize akanga paakavapa kune Argentine sangano "Vanaamai of Plaza de Mayo" (1992), pepanhau muBosnia and Herzegovina (1993), United Nations (2003), iro Belarus Association of Journalists (2004), mashoko Cuban kufamba "Madzimai mu White" (2005) uye vanoverengeka nemamwe masangano uye vanhu vane basa rinoumbwa pakudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko.

Kodzero sangano "Chirangaridzo"

Muna 2009, gore ramakumi maviri gore rufu Andrei Sakharov, European Parliament paakavapa Rugare Prize kune dzevanhu sangano "Chirangaridzo". Zvinokosha kuziva kuti mumwe havaoni zvesangano uye wokutanga sachigaro apo munzanga vashomashoma aiva Academician Sakharov. "Chirangaridzo" zvakazara kunyura ose Sakharov pfungwa pamusoro ndiro rine chokwadi dzevanhu uye kunyanya rusununguko nevakadzidza kukwanisa kufambira mberi yose.

Panguva iyoyo, mashoko "Chirangaridzo" - chinhu chihombe nemasangano ne mahofisi muGermany uye nyika dzaiumba bloc Soviet. The chikuru mabasa vemunharaunda iyi Advocacy, kutsvakurudza uye dzidzo.

Yanhasi mubayiro vakundi "Rusununguko Ndakafunga"

Muna 2013, nokuti mubairo vakanga nominated vaimbova deginamajai mumiririri E. Snowden uye Belarusian vasungwa vezvematongerwo enyika, uye akanga paakavapa ari Sakharov Prize gumi Pakistani wokuchikoro Malala Yousafzai, uyo akarwa ane dzisakarurama hondo pamwe Taliban uye vose ano marongedzero kodzero vazvo kuti vapinde chikoro. With makore gumi nerimwe Malala akaramba Blog nokuda BBC, iyo inorondedzera muudzame matambudziko oupenyu uye mafungiro Taliban kuti dzidzo nevasikana.

Muna 2014, ivo Sakharov Prize paakavapa kuna Denis Mukvege, mumwe chiremba kuCongo. Pfungwa European Parliament murume uyu nokukwezvwa chokwadi yaitungamirira munyika pakati, iyo inopa pfungwa uye zvokurapa rubatsiro chisimba pabonde.

Another Sakharov Prize

Muna 2001, muzvinabhizimisi uye dzevanhu nemumiriri Petrom Vinsom, uyo akaberekwa muKiev muna 1956, kwairatidzwa yeRussian Andrei Sakharov Prize "Nokuti venhau ave Chinoshamisa". Sachigaro vatongi award uyu munyori, filmmaker uye dzevanhu nemumiriri A. Simonov, uye navamwe pevatongi vanoumba vakakurumbira evanhu Russian, vatori venhau uye kodzero dzevanhu. PaChikoro kusarudzwa vakundi uye vanoverengeka vatapi Spain, USA neAustria.

Sakharov Prize "Nokuti venhau ave Chinoshamisa" iri paakavapa kuti vanyori Russian vari kukurudzira basa ravo tsika neururami pakati mukutsvaka iyo vakarwa Sakharov, maiita hwavo upenyu chinzvimbo.

Muna 2012, mubayiro akanga paakavapa Viktoru Shostko, chaiye dzomupepanhau kuti pepanhau Rostov "The murimi mudiki". Akataura pfungwa paruzhinji uye vatongi yake journalistic kuongorora zviri shamisa kacho nevazhinji kuurayiwa mumusha Kushchevskaya, Rostov nharaunda.

In mamwe makore laureates zvakazivikanwa venhau Russian Tatyana Sedykh, Elvira Gorukhino Galina Kowalska, Anna Politkovskaya nevamwe.

Sakharov - Munhu kunoshamisa uyo vakanyevera matatu apfuura nezvematambudziko enyika, akacherechedza nhasi. Akaedza nesimba kuratidza masimba raizotonga nzira kubva zvoupfumi uye enyika dambudziko. In mufananidzo Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich kazhinji kuonekwa uchipfuta maziso pfungwa yomukati. bhikoni ichi wokuRussia pfungwa akasiya kuvazukuru muzvinyorwa ake tsime rouchenjeri enyika.