Spacesuits muchadenga kunoongorora: basa mudziyo. The suit rokutanga

Spacesuits muchadenga kunoongorora - hazvina chete nokushongedza kuti mishoni ari muchadenga. Chokutanga izvi akazviratidza pakutanga ramakumi remakore. Yaiva nguva apo kuti muchadenga ndege yaiva kweinenge hafu yezana remakore. Zvisinei, masayendisiti akaona kuti pave extraterrestrial nzvimbo, mashoko ayo vakasiyana dzedu dzose, hakudzivisiki. Ndokusaka kuti mishoni yemberi akauya ari asitironati hembe, rinogona kudzivirira munhu kubva mumamiriro ezvinhu zvinouraya kwaari.

Pfungwa imwe spacesuit

Chii zvokushandisa kufamba muchadenga? Spacesuit - rudzi chishamiso zvigadzirwa. Zviri vakasiyana nzvimbo chiteshi replicating chimiro dzemuviri.

The ano spacesuit vakapakata rose asitironati upenyu rutsigiro hurongwa. Asi pasinei kunzwisisa kwakaita mudziyo, nezvose zviri mairi ndiye chiine iri pedyo.

History chokusika

Shoko "suit" ane French midzi. Pinda pfungwa wakatangwa muna 1775 Abbot yemasvomhu Zhan Batist De Pas Chapelle. Chokwadi, pakupera muzana remakore rechi18 kubhururuka muchadenga, hapana kunyange ndafungira. Shoko "suit", iro muchiGiriki rinoreva "igwa-vanhu", kwakasarudzwa kushandisa kuti Diving michina.

With veMubatanidzwa nzvimbo zera pfungwa iyi yaishandiswa mumutauro weRussia. pano chete nayo awana rimwe siyanei zvaanoreva. Murume akatanga kukwira pakakwirira. Panyaya iyi paidiwa chaiwo michina. Saka, panguva imwe kukwira nomwe makiromita nayo zvipfeko uye yakachena chifukidzo. Madaro ari kuwanda makubhiti zviuru gumi nokuda kufurirwa donhwe vanoda pressurized kabhini uye compensating sutu. Zvikasadaro, kana depressurization mutyairi chiedza kuchanyarara tibatsirwe oxygen. Zvakanaka, kana ukaenda kunyange yepamusoro? Muchiitiko chino, uchada chinhambwe sutu. Anofanira kuva zvakasimba zvikuru. Kana womukati kumanikidzwa vari sutu (kazhinji mukati 40 muzana ratinoona) achaponesa upenyu mutyairi wendege.

Munguva 1920s, wandei nyaya yacho Chirungu physiologist Dzhona Holdena. In pavo munyori akakumbirwa kushandisa masutu dzakarukwa kudzivirira utano uye muupenyu balloonists. Iye wakaidzawo dzika pfungwa dzavo. Akavaka sutu yakadaro uye akaedza pawo kumanikidzwa kamuri, apo yakanga akawana kumanikidza unoenderana kuti kukwira pamusoro 25.6? Km. Zvisinei, kuvakwa Balloons anogona kumuka munzvimbo stratosphere - kwete kokupata mafaro. Uye American balloonist Mark Ridge, nokuti iro raishandiswa dzakasiyana koshitomu, zvinoreva, zvinosuruvarisa haina inounganidzwa. Ndokusaka suit Holden iri tsika haana akaedzwa.

Development remasayendisiti Soviet

In nyika yedu yakanga yatsidzira ari spacesuit injiniya Evgeniy Chertovsky, uyo aiva nhengo Institute of Aviation Medicine. Kwemakore mapfumbamwe, kubvira 1931 kusvika 1940, akava 7 yemashoko chisimbiso michina. injiniya Soviet kutanga kwenyika akasarudza dambudziko mufambo. Chokwadi chokuti pave mumwe yakakwirira spacesuit ballooned. Pashure paizvozvo, mufambisi wengarava akamanikidzwa kuti kunyange zvikuru nokuedza kungoita zvakabaya gumbo kana ruoko. Ndokusaka muenzaniso B-2 yakanga yakagadzirirwa sainjiniya pamwe zvamagonhi.

Muna 1936, mumwe mutsva shanduro nzvimbo michina. Zviri muenzaniso B-3, rine anenge zvose vari masutu ano kuti vashandise cosmonauts Russian. Zviongorore nezvechisarudzo ichi, rinokosha midziyo kwakaitika 19.05.1937 In rinorema bhomba TB-3 raishandiswa sezvo motokari.

Kubvira 1936, muchadenga kunoongorora nzvimbo masutu yakagadzirwa uye majaya mainjiniya of Central hydrodynamic Institute. By Ivo akafuridzirwa kuratidzwa Sci-Fi kufirimu "Space Reise", akasikwa pamwe chete Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.

The suit yokutanga pamwe indekisi SK-UP-1 vaduku mainjiniya kunge zvakagadzirirwa, kugadzirwa uye kuedzwawo 1937 chete kunyange zvokunze pfungwa zvokushandisa ichi ichitoratidza kwayo extraterrestrial rwendo. Ari muenzaniso unobva rezasi uye okumusoro zvikamu bhandi yokutanga yakapiwa connector. Ipai wandei famba pamafudzi majoini. Izvi suit bhachi chakagadzirwa maviri rukoko rubberized jira.

A mberi pachake suit yakasiyana kuvapo zvionera patsva hurongwa, rakagadzirirwa kwemaawa 6 dzamarudzi kuvhiyiwa. SK-MATANHO-8 - In 1940, wokupedzisira pre-hondo spacesuit Soviet akasikwa. Kuidzwa midziyo rakatakurwa murwi-153.

Kusikwa chaiyo kugadzirwa

Mumakore pashure pehondo, kutanga kugadzira nzvimbo masutu intercepted Flight Research Institute. vanachiremba Its vakagamuchira basa mazano zvokupfeka, rakagadzirirwa vezvikepe ndege, kukunda kukurumidza itsva uye kukwira. Zvisinei, nokuti vakawanda kugadzirwa sangano rimwe chete hazvina kukwana. Ndokusaka, muna October 1952, vakuru injiniya Aleksandrom Boyko dhipatimendi chaiyo akasikwa. Akanga ari Suburban Tomilino, chirimwa nhamba 918. Nhasi, muti unonzi NPP "Zvezda". Pairi panguva suit Gagarin akasikwa.

Dzichibhururuka muchadenga

Mukupera 1950s, mutsva nguva kugadzira extraterrestrial nzvimbo. Zvaive munguva iyi Soviet zvakagadzirwa mainjiniya akatanga afunge kuti "Vostok" - wokutanga nzvimbo motokari. Zvisinei, zvakanga pakutanga aronga kuti nzvimbo chinokodzera kuti muchadenga kunoongorora haangavi zvakafanira kuti chitundumuseremusere ichi. Mutyairi aifanira kuva chaiwo airtight mudziyo, ndiko kuti kuparadzaniswa kubva kumhara pamusoro dzinza Kamudzira. Zvisinei, zano iri kuva yainetsa chaizvo uye, uyezve, akabvunza mufambiro-refu nemiedzo. Ndokusaka womukati urongwa ari "East" muna August 1960, yave pakanatsiridzwa.

Sergei Korolev Bureau nyanzvi kwakachinja mugaba riri ejection chigaro. Panyaya iyi, ramangwana muchadenga kunoongorora vaida kudzivirirwa iri huye depressurization. Zvino raiva sutu. Zvisinei, nguva pokusvika dzaro hurongwa ndege asina. Panyaya iyi, zvose zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti zvokudya pamusoro mutyairi, akaisa zvakananga chair.

The spacesuits okutanga muchadenga kunoongorora vakadanwa SC-1. Kwavaiwanzogara kukwira suit, "kuVorkuta" yatorwa, rakagadzirirwa murwi-interceptor Su-9 vezvikepe. Complete rokuvakazve pasi ngowani chete. It pave mashandiro kuti anodzora Switch. Kana kumanikidzwa vari sutu pakarepo inotsvaira ari segirazi visor.

Equipment nokuti muchadenga kunoongorora akaita mumwe nomumwe mitemo. Nokuti yokutanga ndege zvakanzi akasika vaya vakaratidza yakanakisisa mwero yokurovedza. nevatatu ava vatungamiri, yaisanganisira Yuri Gagarin, German Titov uye Grigory Nelyubov.

Sezvineiwo, muchadenga kunoongorora zviri muchadenga akazoshanyira nhumbi. Mumwe anokosha masutu SC-1 muchiso yakatumwa kunyika muchadenga panguva mbiri unmanned bvunzo paanounza ari "Vostok" spaceship, yakaitirwa March 1961 Kuwedzera experimental ainge arasika mungarava yaiva mannequin "Ivan Ivanovich", akapfeka sutu. In zamu murume uyu hazvizivi yakaiswa Sedendere ne Guinea nguruve uye mbeva. Uye kuti achiwana neapo zvapupu havana kugamuchira "Ivan Ivanovich" nokuda mutorwa, hwendefa yakaiswa pasi visor kuti sutu yake akanyorwa "marongerwo".

The masutu SC-1 kushandiswa shanu aigarira kutiza "Vostok". Zvisinei, munhukadzi muchadenga kunoongorora yaigona kubhururuka pakati pavo. Kwavari, muenzaniso SC-2 akasikwa. Wakatanga vakawana kushandiswa kwayo panguva kutiza "Vostok-6". We kugadzirwa nhumbi, kufungisisa peculiarities munhukadzi muviri mamiriro, nokuti Valentina Tereshkova.

Kugadzirwa American unyanzvi

Pakutevedzera chirongwa "Mercury" US vagadziri vakasarudza kuti mainjiniya Soviet, saka kuita vaitaura zvavo. Saka, kutanga American nzvimbo suit kufungawo ndechokuti muchadenga kunoongorora zviri muchadenga mune ramangwana richange refu vari muchadenga.

Designer Rassel Kolli rakaedza koshitomu Navy Mark, pakutanga nokuti voos ari vezvikepe ose wengarava avhiyesheni. Kusiyana nevamwe yokutevedzera, suit ichi chaiva kuchinja uye aiva vade uremu. Kushandisa pfungwa iri muchadenga zvirongwa zviri kugadzirwa yakachinjwa kakawanda kuti zvikurukuru sei ngowani mudziyo.

The masutu America nekusimba nokuvimbika kwavo. Chete kamwe, kana Kamudzira "Mercury-4" kutyaira uye akatanga kunyura, nhumbi akapotsa matongo ari asitironati Virgil Grissona. Mutyairi padikidiki akakwanisa kubuda, saka sei kare kwete raigona akochonorwa kubva onboard upenyu-rutsigiro enyika.

Gadzira mon-oga masutu

Nokuda kukurumidza kumhanya okukura ari nzvimbo inodiwa kuvaka itsva zvokupfeka inokosha. Pashure pezvose, okutanga mienzaniso vakanga chete kununurwa. Nokuti vari kuda kutsigira upenyu gadziriro yacho aigarira chitundumusere-musere, muchadenga kunoongorora zviri muchadenga muna Gear kwakadaro vaisagona kupinda. Kuti anongoerekana hayo extraterrestrial nzvimbo kwaidiwa kuvaka self contained nzvimbo suit. Izvi itai vagadziri of USSR uye USA.

VokuAmerica pasi chirongwa wayo nzvimbo "Gemini" kuumba shanduro itsva masutu G3C, G4C, uye g5c. Wechipiri wavo yakanyorerwa spacewalks. Pasinei chokwadi kuti zvose US spacesuits kwakanga kwakabatana kune onboard upenyu-rutsigiro gadziriro, kuzvicheka-ine chikwata yakavakwa mavari. Kana zvakakodzera, kwaizova inokwana pfuma kutsigira asitironati upenyu mukati hafu yeawa.

The suit G4C 03.06.1965 rakabudiswa noruvazhe American Edvard Uayt. Zvisinei, akanga asiri piyona. Kwemwedzi miviri nehafu usati pedyo chikepe akafamba nzvimbo Alexei Mazura. Yokutizira ichi kare, mainjiniya Soviet akakudziridza dzokupfeka "Berkut". Zvaisiyana NC-1 nokuvapo rechipiri containment. Mukuwedzera, sutu aiva Zaplechny mukwende, vakapakata okisijeni sepombi, uye ngowani yake midzi firita.

Paaiva napadare munhu zvakabatana munhu-mita nomwe chikepe tambo, sezvo chikamu chaiva damping mudziyo, zvemagetsi waya, simbi waya uye hosipaipi amburenzi yakachena zvitengeswa. Historic kunze extraterrestrial nzvimbo kwakaitika musi 18.03.1965, Alexei Mazura aiva kunze chitundumusere-musere kwemaminitsi 23. 41 chik.

The masutu nokuti ubanguranyika Romwedzi

Pashure Kugadzirwa paNyika muchadenga murume vakamhanya. Uye chinangwa chake chokutanga chaiva kuitisa mishoni kumwedzi. Asi ichi vaifanira chinokosha zvionera nzvimbo masutu, iyo yaizova kunze chikepe kuti maawa mashoma. Zvakasikwa vokuAmerica panguva "Apollo" chirongwa kukura. masutu izvi zvinopa kudzivirira muchadenga kunoongorora kubva zuva overheating uye kubva micrometeorites. The Shanduro yokutanga yakatanga spacesuits womudenga inonzi A5L. Gare gare, zvisinei, rakachengetedzwa akavandudzika. The shanduro itsva A6L inopiwa kupisa kuputira bhachi. Version A7L akanga fireproof musimboti.

Lunar spacesuits chinhu chinokosha multi-layered zvokupfeka, akanga kusanduka majoini dzakagadzirwa rabha. Hand cuffs uye chipika vari zvindori simbi kuti kungonzwa rakanamwa magiravhusi nengowani. Buttoned masutu vachishandisa wehunyambiri zipi vasonanidza kubva panosangana makumbo pamutsipa.

VokuAmerica netsoka pamusoro Moon 21.07.1969, iyo Panguva ndege iyi, akawana kushandiswa masutu A7L.

Tiri kuenda kumwedzi uye cosmonauts neSoviet. Nokuti ichi Mishoni kusika spacesuits "Merlin." Waiva Semi-vanachandagwinyira shanduro sutu, aiva musana musuo chaiwo. The asitironati aifanira kukwira mariri, akapfeka saizvozvo giya. Ini ugopfiga musuo kubva mukati. Nokuti chinangwa ichi kwave akapa divi mhikuriso uye kunzwisisa zano tambo. Mukati sutu rakanga, uye upenyu-rutsigiro hurongwa. Zvinosuruvarisa, kushanya pamusoro Moon pedyo cosmonauts eSoviet uye vakakundikana. Asi zvakagadzirirwa zvienderane Flights yakadaro yakanga dzakwidzwa kushandiswa kukura mamwe yokutevedzera.

Equipment nokuti Newest zvikepe

kushanda "Soyuz" Kutanga muna 1967, Soviet Union yakatanga. Ndivo motokari akagadzirirwa pakusika orbital zvechitima. Nguva Akapedzerwa kwavari muchadenga kunoongorora dzose kwakawedzera.

"Union" akaitwa suit "Hawk" kubhururuka zvikepe. kusiyana kwayo kubva "Berkut" kwakaitika muupenyu rutsigiro hurongwa magadzirirwo. Uchibatsirwa kwayo riparadzirwe zvinofema kunovhengana akaita mukati sutu. Pano, zviri vakachenesa pamusoro utachiona uye carbon dioxide uye ipapo haachandidi.

The itsva kununura suit "Sokol-K" raishandiswa panguva kutiza "Soyuz-12" muna September 1973, zvakawanda yepamusoro yemashoko anodzivirira zvipfeko kutengwa kunyange rokutengesa vamiririri mu China. Zvinofadza kuti kana iwe mhanya aigarira chitundumusere-musere "Shanchzhou" muchadenga kunoongorora zviri mairi vakapfeka giya, zviri kwazvo nowenyika reRussia mharidzo.

Nokuti spacewalk vagadziri Soviet ndakasika nenzvimbo suit "Orlan". Zviri yakazvimirira Semi-vanachandagwinyira giya, akafanana womudenga "gyrfalcon". Ndokuisa pamusoro payo unobva pasuo kumashure. Asi, kusiyana "Krechet", "Gondo" akanga nokudenga. maoko ake pamwechete makumbo nyore akararamawo runodiwa kukwirira.

The spacesuits "Orlan" iri kubhururuka kwete cosmonauts chete Russian. Zvichitevera muenzaniso midziyo vokuChina vakaita "Feitian" zvavo. Mavari, vakabuda vakapinda noruvazhe.

The masutu nezveramangwana

To musi, NASA ari kuva nzvimbo chirongwa chitsva. Izvi zvinosanganisira Vols asteroids, mwedzi, uye rwendo kuna Mars. Ndokusaka vakaramba kukura okunatsiridza zvitsva kuna masutu, izvo ramangwana achafanira kubatanidza vose hwakanaka kushanda masutu uye kununura michina. On chii musiyano wezvinyorwa achamira Developers, zvichiri kuzivikanwa.

Zvimwe richava yakaoma zvakaoma dzokurwa inodzivirira munhu ose akaipa Kufurirwa nevamwe, zvichida, michina yemazuva kubvumira kuti pave zvakasikwa goko, runako kuti achaongwa ne ramangwana hadzi muchadenga kunoongorora.