State Bank. Banks vane mamiriro kukwikwidza

Russian mabhanga ehurumende-anazvo vane dzinonakidza nhoroondo uye chaizvo basa munyika yedu. Ngatione kuti ukama pakati simba chidimbu uye rwezvemabhengi zvekutepfenyura.

Central Bank uye State Bank: pfungwa pamusoro reshiyo

Munyaya yakakurumbira nevezvenhau, mashoko okuti "mashoko Central Bank" uye "State Bank" dzimwe nguva kuzivikanwa. Kudivi rimwe, hapana kukanganisa chaizvo: "CB" - State Bank, hurumende chose anazvo. Kune vamwe, pane zvakasiyana kududzirwa zvakafanana namashoko "nehurumende kubhengi" - ndiyo zvokutenga achiposa sangano, vazhinji iyo (50% migove) muridzi neHurumende (kazhinji mukutarisana hurumende). Dudziro chechipiri inowanzoshandiswa mune Russian wokudhinda uye nhau. Modern makuru mabhanga ne hurumende vapindure - "VTB 24", "mari Bank" ( "Sberbank kweRussia"), "Gazprombank", "Rosselkhozbank". Uyewo, vasiri nehurumende ( "vezvokutengeserana") chichava chikwereti kupfungwa, vazhinji rokutambudzikira iri vaiva ne private vanhu (imwe kana kupfuura).

Nei "Central Bank" anotaurwa neHurumende Bank? Achinyanya nokuti, kufanana nehurumende masangano, inomira pamusoro rokutengesa achiposa masangano, Rinotarisira akabuda mari, anoita National zvemari hurongwa, zvarwo, kugadzirisa matambudziko, kazhinji vasiri purofiti-kugadzira, asi pedyo mashandiro anoita hurumende.

Bank State uye asiri ehurumende: huru misiyano

The ukoshi mugove mamiriro vaiva pamahombekombe - chete yakarongwa kuzivikanwa. mabhanga State-anazvo uye vezvokutengeserana neanokweretesa nemasangano akasiyana mumwe nokuda zvimwe zvinhu zvizhinji - akaita, as a mutemo, tsika mabasa. Zvinotevera vangazivikanwa. State Bank Kazhinji inopa zvikwereti ane interest kudzika kudarika private zvemari masangano. Chikonzero kuti - yakanaka kushanda mamiriro, nebumbiro hurumende.

Commercial establishments ropafadzo dzakadaro hapana anopa, uye kumanikidzwa kudzikamisa nazvo nokuda kufarirwa prices. Hurumende mabhanga nechepazasi mubereko prices pamusoro deposits pane toga masangano, uye izviwo zvinonzwisisika: wokutanga ndivo zvetsika kuvimba kwevanhu, apo yokupedzisira vanomanikidzwa kukwezva kushanda guta. mabhanga State-anazvo, ave mutemo, zvakawanda anonzwisisa pakugadzirwa mutero mutemo pamusoro mortgages yakafanira yekuzvidzivirira (ndiro migumisiro wakatarwa tibatwe zvaipiwa nehurumende).

History: The State Bank of Russian Empire

The kwaita nemabhangi ehurumende-anazvo haina chokuita mugovanisi yaitonga apo hurumende kudzorwa zvose, kusanganisira chikwereti masangano. The rwezvemabhengi Hurongwa, pamwe aitungamirira basa rehurumende kuRussia kwakabvira kare. The kumumvuri yazvino mabhanga ehurumende-anazvo vava kunzi sangano ehurumende-anazvo (yakabuda XVIII remakore). Pakati inozivikanwa - "chikwereti Bank" (nheyo muna 1733), "Bank chikwereti" nokuda kwamachinda uye "Bank kuti Commerce uye vatengesi" (vaviri akazviratidza muna 1754-m). An dzinonakidza ndechokuti zvose masangano matatu tatarisana "zvikwereti dzakaipa" uye akaenda kusauka nokuti asingagoni kuchiripa kwezvikwereti.

Pakupera ari XVIII remakore paiva mabhanga ehurumende-anazvo, achitora deposits (Dépôts and Consignations), pane muitiro guru kuunganidza tichiregeredza deposits. Muna 1786 nayo akasimbisa "State nyika kubhengi", apo akatanga kushanda prototypes anhasi zvirongwa mogeji. Wokutanga mari kuchinjirwa iri Russian hwacho akazviratidza pakutanga XIX remakore. Vakatanga mumwe "National Commercial Bank". In pezana remakore chikwereti masangano nokushingaira privatized, mugove hurumende kunoderedza kuvapo mavari. Pakazosvika ramakumi remakore, mamiriro nemabhangi dzinenge gumi vakasara kuRussia, vakavhura kumativi 50 masangano zvemari, vanoverengeka zana mari yakawiriranwa rubatsiro nzanga, zviuru shamwari duku. Mushure 1917 chimurenga, ezvinhu zvikwereti masangano kwave kuchiita chikuru kugadzirisa.

History: Hurumende rwezvemabhengi wemuTesitamende USSR

The Bolsheviks wakarondedzera chete chindingindingi simba iri rwezvemabhengi. Commercial anomukweretesa masangano akanga nationalized. Mukusarudza sangano zvemari munyika yakanga iri "Vanhu Bank of RSFSR" vachazvidavirira Commissariat, basa dzimwe masangano rairambidzwa. Mumakore mashoma makore zviremera zveSoviet kutanga mbiri zvikoro kupa vamwe rusununguko, asi pakupera 20-ies basa ravo kutotadzisa yava subspecies norudzi kuronga. The "State Bank of USSR", mune gadziriro webato mutsetse kuratidza kuzvidzora pamusoro issuance yemutoo wezvikwereti, kubvuma deposits.

Pakati pezana remakore rechi20 zviri USSR kwakashanda vakasvimha zvikwereti masangano. Mukuru akanga "State Bank", "Construction Bank", "VTB", uyewo mari mubhengi. Mumakore perestroika, paiva zvemari kwemauto makambani - "ICB", "Zhilsotsbank", "Agroprom" uye "mari Bank". It akasikwa kubudikidza chikwereti sangano basa yokumwe dzaishandiswa kwema - "Vnesheconombank". Pakazosvika mangwanani '90s paiva mitemo akasika munhu rwezvemabhengi gadziriro iri pedyo mazuva ano.

History: Hurumende-vaiva Banks Russia nhasi

Mutemo "On Banks uye Banking Activity of Russian Federation", vakatanga pashure pokuwa USSR, akawana kuti pane "Central Bank", rine "nemari Bank", uyewo akazvimirira zvokutengeserana establishments. Ekupedzisira aigona kushanda maererano rezenisi iri Central Bank, aiva nekodzero kuisa kwavo kufarira rates kuti mari kwema. Kuwanda nemasangano kwakadaro yakawedzera kusvetuka uye miganhu, vakaonekwa mashoma zana rimwe gore. The zvemari kugadzikana "nemabhangi muchikurumidza" izvi zvakanga zvisina kunaka kwazvo, vakawanda vakanga vashatisa. Akatsiga zvikuru, zvisinei, akanga Russian mabhanga ehurumende anazvo.

History: huru mamiriro kumahombekombe nyika

"Sberbank" - kubhengi ehurumende anazvo, runoonekwa vaitungamirira kambani kuRussia, yave papi pacharo somunhu sangano rine nhoroondo anopfuura hafu remakore: muna 1841 kupfurikidza nechirevo naMambo Nicholas I, kwaiva mari Banks Russia. basa ravo rakanga "akasimudzira" pakati vagari ehurumende, vakaudzwa, chii vari zvakanakira deposits. Munguva pamberi yechimurenga nemasangano aya mamiriyoni akawanda yakapiwa passbooks, pane zviuru zvakawanda nemari mabhanga. Pasinei zvakaoma kutendeuka mumakore okutanga mugovanisi kuvakwa, mahofisi vakabatsira upfumi munyika. Kunyanya muHondo Yenyika II, apo vagari aigona Ruble kubatsira mberi, uye pashure - kudzorera wakaparadzwa upfumi.

Mari mabhanga dzaiwanika pamberi kuchinja zvinhu rwezvemabhengi wemuTesitamende mukupera '80s - ndipo apo paiva chikwereti sangano ane yaizivikanwa zita - "nemari Bank", hurumende, pasinei pamusika dzinoitwa kugadzirisa. ATMs kuoneka. Kunonyanya kukonzerwa dzakabudirira panguva yaitonga Soviet Union kwezvivako, "Sberbank kweRussia" rava anotungamirira chikwereti masangano munyika.

Kushandiswa nemabhangi ehurumende-vaiva nokuti upfumi

Socialist nguva shure kwedu, zvino nyika yedu iri kuvaka capitalist upfumi. Zvaizoratidza sokuti hazvina basa izvo hurumende mabhanga, muridzi vamwe mugove wenhaka. Ikoko, vari Zvisinei, pakati nezvoupfumi nemaonero, hazvina kudaro. Chokwadi chokuti zvinodiwa private mabhanga, sezvinoita mutemo, havasi uwirirane yenyika: ekupedzisira zvinoratidza kuti mari pezvakaitwa vasiri zvakare makaremerwa upfumi uye vanhu kugamuchira zvakakwana basa nokuda kwezvikwereti uye deposits. Commercial mabhanga, akavapindurawo, nehanya purofiti uye munzanga basa mukunzwisisa kwavo rinosvava kupinda necheseri. Vanofarira fanning mitengo, izvo zvinoita kudiwa mari, yepamusoro mubereko rates, nokuwedzera inflow kuti dzokufungidzira guta kupinda nemabhengi. Munyika upfumi uye nzanga kugadzikana panguva iyoyowo angaperekedzwa nematambudziko. Hauzi kufarira hurumende uye hazvina zvakakodzera kuti vanhu vakawanda. Naizvozvo, kuti achengetedze nokugarika munyika inoda Russian ehurumende mabhanga. Kuvapo kwakadaro haambozvipikisi misimboti musika upfumi: pemahombekombe ehurumende anazvo kuita basa rinokosha iri dzakabudirira dzokuMadokero.

The akaipa Basa nemabhangi ehurumende-vaiva nokuti upfumi

Pane pfungwa iyo kuchiri kureva zvimwe kukuvadza kubva mabasa ehurumende mabhanga, reNational zvoupfumi. Makore mashomanana apfuura, nyanzvi waongorora kuti rwezvemabhengi mugadziriro dzakawanda dhazeni nyika panyaya yacho ukama pakati basa ehurumende nemabhengi bhajeti dhefisiti (kureva, pachiyero pachena chikwereti). Zvakaitika kuti zviremera 'kwemitoro pamusoro yokumwe zvikwereti repasi munyika umo chikwereti masangano vakawanda private.

Where mabhanga ne hurumende vapindure vakaita aitungamirira basa iri hurumende chikwereti, paavhareji, pamusana 45% kubva GDP. Munyika dzaitongwa zvokutengeserana masangano zvemari, nokubatira pamusoro dzimwe zvikwereti pasi 7%. Zvisinei, The bhajeti dhefisiti, zviri zvishoma yepamusoro rinoti apo hunodzorwa private achiposa masangano, asi kwete zvakawanda - anenge 0,4% kubva GDP.

State mabhanga kunze: reGermany ruzivo

Germany - a nyika apo mamiriro nemabhangi vari chaizvo yakasiyana mune tsika zvinhu zvavo voga, pasinei nokuti chechipiri mhando nemasangano - ruzhinji. Huru basa mumaoko nemabhengi nehurumende-anazvo German - anokweretesa chirongwa kuti inoshandawo yose upfumi hwenyika. In nemabhengi nehurumende-anazvo German anogona ngaateme chikwereti nani anoyevedza bhizimisi vari: dziine sezvakarayirwa 1.5-2% pa annum. Zvinofadza kuti makambani vatorwa vanogona kuverenga pamusoro izvi mamiriro, iwe chete kuratidza mbiri urongwa kuti chirongwa anokwanisa kuumba sizeable nhamba mabasa uye kuchabatsira upfumi German.

Kune mabhanga ehurumende anazvo German, sokunge zvinganzwika naka, zvikwereti pasina mubereko, uye kunyange avo anogona, pasi zvimwe zvinhu, kwete kudzoka. All izvi zvinoratidza kuti panoparadzana mutsetse pakati worudzii "ehurumende Bank" uye zvikwereti nesangano pachake ari dzakabudirira capitalist Germany zvakawanda raidudzwa kupfuura Russia.