Tungsten: Chikumbiro zvivako uye makemikari unhu

Mother Nature akakukomborera vanhu yaibatsira zvine maatomu akafanana. Vamwe vavo zvakavigwa ayo yakadzika, uye huri imwe duku shoma, asi mutengo wavo kunokosha chaizvo. Mumwe akadaro ndiye tungsten. Kushandisa yayo chaiyo zvivako kunokonzerwa.

Provenance

XVIII remakore - remakore ari kuwanikwa periodic table - vakava inokosha munhoroondo simbi iyi.

Kare izvozvo vakafunga kuvapo fuma vanoumba zvicherwa kwemarudzi kuti kuvatadzisa kubvunda akakodzera simbi. Somuenzaniso, tini yave kuwana zvakaoma, kana huri mhangura maatomu akafanana zvakadai. The musiyano pakati utsotso pfungwa uye nemakemikari kutungamirira kuti paumbwe gang furo, izvo akaderedza uwandu gaba goho.

In remakore VIII simbi yakanga sequentially rakazaruka Swedish musayendisiti Scheele uye Spanish Elyuar hama. Zvino somugumisiro kwemakemikari pamusoro oxidation kuti chicherwa matombo - scheelite uye wolframite.

Kha periodic mamiriro okunze maererano mabhomba nhamba 74. A zvisingawanzoitiki refractory simbi pamwe mabhomba kurema 183,84 - ndiko tungsten. Kushandiswa yayo nokuda kujairika ehupfumi kuti anovhura kare muna XX remakore.

Where kutarisa?

Maererano nhamba norudo panyika iye ari "malonaselyayuschim" uye anopindura 28th nzvimbo. Zviri chezvinonhuwira anenge 22 zvicherwa zvakasiyana, asi zvinokosha kuti kwayo kugadzirwa vane 4 chete navo: scheelite (rine 80% trioxide), wolframite, uye ferberite Gyubnera (akaumbwa 75-77% neimwe). The sezvamunoita ores kazhinji rine tsvina mune zvimwe zviitiko anobudiswa pamwe "dzokubudisa" chainge chakagadzirwa nesimbi akadai molybdenum, tini, tantalum nezvakadaro. The deposits pakukura vari China, Kazakhstan, Canada, neUnited States, dzine kuRussia, Portugal, Uzbekistan.

Sei?

Nokuda chaidzo ehupfumi, uyewo pasi kugutsikana mune matombo zvemichina hwokubereka akachena tungsten chose kuoma.

1. Magnetic Kuparadzana, electrostatic kuparadzana kana flotation kuitira rokuvandudza mhangura wevasungwa kusvika 50-60% kubva tungsten oxide.
2. Voga pakati 99% oxide nemakemikari maitiro pamwe alkaline kana acidic reagents uye chokutambudzika wokunatswa zvichiguma precipitate.
3. Kuwanazve simbi Via munhu kabhoni kana rehydrogen, pave unoenderana simbi upfu.
4. Kugadzirwa vara kana upfu sintered compacts.

Chimwe chinokosha zvokukura pakuburitsa simbi zvigadzirwa Paudha simbi. Kwakavakirwa kongiri kuti Nezvakakuyiwa ose refractory nesimbi, kudzvanya kwaizotevera sintering. Saka akanga agadzirira yokuwanda alloys yemazuva ano kukosha kusanganisira tungsten carbide, application iyo kunyanya rinowanikwa maindasitiri kugadzirwa rokutema maturusi uye yakakwirira nesimba nemishonga.

Mumuviri makemikari zvivako

Tungsten - refractory uye weheavy metal yesirivha vhoriyamu zvakatinakira napamahwindo.

• Utsotso pfungwa -? 3422 C.
• Achibika pfungwa -? 5555 C.
• Density - 19,25 g / ^cm3.

Zviri muitisi weChidzidzo Magetsi zvakanaka. Not magnets a. Vamwe zvicherwa (akadai scheelite) fluorescent.

Husingakwanisi kufurirwa acids, kungatikanganisa zvinhu pamatunhu tembiricha runyararo, ngura uye kuchembera. Deactivation rwakashata pesvedzero nouipi mu simbi, kuvandudzika waro kupisa nemishonga, ngura kuzvidzivirira uye kunoitawo kuti rakavimbika tungsten. Kushandiswa kwakadaro simbi-kabhoni alloys wakarurama dzavo processability uye abrasion nemishonga.

Mechanical uye kwesayenzi zvivako

Tungsten - zvikukutu, vafuke simbi. Its pokuoma iri 488 HB, tensile simba - 1130-1375 Mpa. Kana chando, kwete epurasitiki. ? Pamusangano tembiricha kuti 1600 C kunowedzera ductility kumhedziso abvume mamiriro kufurirwa kurapwa: nokuchengetedza achifinyamisa, richiswedera. Zvinozivikanwa kuti 1 kg ari simbi neshinda anobvumira kuti zvachose urefu 3 km.

Machine zvakaoma nokuda kunyanyisa noukukutu uye brittleness. Drilling, akatendeuka, azvikuya volframokobaltovye akashandisa carbide zvinhu zvinoberekwa upfu simbi. Nezvahwo, panguva yakaderera aimhanya, uye Mamiriro ezvinhu anechekuita kubva kumhanya simbi Ezvemutauro chiwanikwa kuti tungsten. Standard nokuveza zvinotaurwa hazvisi kushanda, sezvo midziyo nokukurumidza kusakara uye kupatsanurwa tungsten makatsemuka. nzira akadaro:

1. Chemical kurapwa uye impregnation pamusoro pemvura layer kusanganisira kushandiswa esirivha chinangwa ichi.
2. Muchidziisa, pose vachishandisa yamavira, gasi womoto, magetsi kuti 0.2 A. The bvumidzwa tembiricha panguva iyo pane kuwedzera ductility uye, naizvozvo kwakavandudzwa nokuveza, -? 300-450 C.
3. Kucheka tungsten vachishandisa fusible zvinhu.

Kurodza nokurumanya ari advantageously kuitwa tichibatsirwa nedhaimani uye CBN Ezvemutauro, dzinenge - corundum.

Welding of refractory simbi rinoitwa kunyanya pasi Zvakaitwa yemagetsi chinhu chakakombama, tungsten kana kabhoni electrode mu inert gasi kana mvura ezvinhu kudzivirirwa. Zvinogonekawo kuti kushandisa nemishonga nomoto.

Ino chaiyo makemikari chaikosha ane unhu izvo kusiyanisa kwayo zvachose uremu. Saka, Somuenzaniso, zviri dzinoratidzwa yakakwirira nokupisa nemishonga uye vanopfeka nemishonga, izvozvo anovandudza uye vakatema zvivako zviri doped tungsten steels, uye yakakwirira utsotso tembiricha anobvumira kweShanduro filament mwenje uye electrodes kuti nomoto.

kunyoresa

Husiri nyore kuwana, mavambo uye kukosha chikonzero yakafara kushandiswa yazvino nesimbi rinonzi Tungsten - tungsten. Properties uye mafomu kupembedza kwemitengo yezvinhu uye kudiwa. High utsotso tembiricha zviratidzo, zvakaoma, simba, kupisa kurwisa nemishonga makemikari kurwisa uye ngura, uye vanopfeka nemishonga rokutema zvinhu - kuti ayo nemakadhi huru. Shandisa nyaya:

1. filament.
2. Alloying steels kuti vawane mukuru-nokukurumidza, vanopfeka nemishonga, kupisa nemishonga uye nokupisa nemishonga simbi-kabhoni alloys, izvo kuwana chikumbiro kuti kugadzirwa drills nezvimwe zvokushandisa, zvibhakera, namatsime shizha namatsime, imwe njanji.
3. Kugadzirwa "upfu" alloys yakasimba kureva sechinhu zvikurukuru kupfeka nemishonga nokuveza, kuchera kana zvenzara Ezvemutauro.
4. Electrodes nokuti TIG uye nemishonga nomoto.
5. Nhema zvakawanda nokuti X-ray uye redhiyo engineering, siyana rwokugadzira mwenje.
6. Special luminous pendi.
7. Wire uye pagondobwe makemikari indasitiri.
8. Various dzinobatsira zvinhu zviduku Somuenzaniso, jig hove.

Kuwedzera kukurumbira zvakasiyana alloys, izvo zvinosanganisira tungsten. Munda nokushandisa zvinhu zvakadai dzimwe nguva zvakashamisa - kubva rinorema engineering chiedza okugadziridza indasitiri apo micheka anogadzirwa chaizvo ehupfumi (semuenzaniso, moto).

Ichiita mabasa akawanda zvinhu havapo. Ose anozivikanwa chaikosha uye akatanga alloys vari kuzivikanwa kwavo yokusiyana uye kudiwa dzimwe muupenyu uye nemaindasitiri. Zvisinei, vamwe vane zvakananga ehupfumi kuti zvibvire kwemasayendisiti kare unfeasible. imwe simbi kwakadaro tungsten. Kushandiswa Its hakusi kwose kwose sezvo kuti simbi, asi mumwe nomumwe pachake zvinobatsira chaizvo uye zvakakodzera vanhu.