Types uye mazita zvihwitsi (Donongodzo)

Nokuti vanhu vakawanda, zvihwitsi - yaanofarira vaitire kuti anogona kufadza kufarira kwete chete, asiwo kuti afadze uye wedzera simba. zvihwitsi izvi akasiyana-siyana vari kugadzirira emakore akawanda, uye zita zvihwitsi (mazita iyo chinopiwa munyaya) munguva iyoyo zvakawanda zvachinja.
Nyaya ino kutaura chii mhando zvemiti inobata iripo nhasi confectionery mubhizimisi, sei akasiyana uye sei vanonzi.

Pavanowana ikoko?

Sweet inobata, Precursors wedu kufarira zvihwitsi, akada munyika dzakasiyana kubva munguva dzekare. Saka cook muIjipiti yekare akasika kutapira uchi, ndimu nebharisami, Iris midzi, netsanga misi, uye vaRoma - kubva yakabikwa Poppy mbeu, nzungu, uchi uye mbeu sesame uremu. In Russia aida delicacy yaigadzirwa Maple manyuchi, uchi uye molasses.

Candies kuti Dzakafanana nhasi, dzakabudiswa chete XVI remakore muItaly. Izvi imhaka yokuti yave kugadziridzwa maindasitiri kugadzirwa kweshuga, pasina pazviri pasingabviri kuti kubudisa zvihwitsi. Pakutanga zvaifungwa kuti zvakanga yakati simba zvinodhaka, uye yaitengeswa chete Pharmacies. Nokufamba kwenguva, candied mu shuga, vakanga ainzi Chocolates, vakarega kuva mishonga, uye vava nevakawanda zvihwitsi.

Chii?

Shoko "zvihwitsi" unouya mutauro Russian kubva Italian, apo confetto rinoreva "piritsi, zvihwitsi." Pakutanga, zvakanga rakashandiswa Italian vemishonga zita zvidimbu candied muchero - candied michero kutengeswa sezvo mishonga. Vanoumba muzvizhinji - "zvihwitsi" - akazviratidza yakati gare gare XIX remakore, pazvakava akakurumbira Italian carnivals, umo vechikamu kukanda confetti pane imwe - nyepera zvihwitsi yaigadzirwa nesuko.

Nhasi, pasi zvihwitsi inonaka chikanywa achireva zvakasiyana chimiro, pakuonekwa, kunaka uye unaku.

Ndezvipi?

Modern siyana zvihwitsi iguru zvokuti vechingwa vazhinji vava classifications. Nesuwo shamisika zvatinogona kutenga ari chitoro mhando zvihwitsi, mazita hakugoni kusiyana chaizvo vagadziri siyana. Kupfuura mukurumbira uye kudiwa vatengi Russian:

• Caramel. Inoitwa molasses neshuga.
• Lollipops. Mumwe nyore iri kugadzirwa kwezvinhu confectionery zvigadzirwa, zvichibva kubika molasses, shuga kana zviyo manyuchi. The vakawana flavoured sezvamunoita uye kudirwa chaiwo zvitarisiko. The zita mazita zvihwitsi rinotaurwa pazasi.

- Caramel kendi;

- zvihwitsi pamusoro rutanda;

- candies akaputirwa bepa;

- zvinyoronyoro candies - monpase;

- licorice zvihwitsi kana vava;

- ane elongated kana oblong serin'i zvihwitsi. Names uye mapikicha "tsotso" akadaro uye "tsotso" rinotaurwa pazasi.

• Iris, anowanzonzi masuwiti. Zita iri vaikwira aishanda pakutanga XX remakore muSt Petersburg French chikanywa AURAIYA, uyo akaona zvakafanana. zvihwitsi pamwe petals Iris ruva. Vari yaigadzirwa yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa mukaka, ruomba shuga uye ane zvinokosha dzose kushanda muviri vhitamini B _12. "Tuzik", "waKishi-waKishi", "Golden Key", "Dairy Ladybirds" - zvose mazita zvihwitsi ari kweSoviet. List butterscotch zvino, sezvamunoona, yaiva duku.
• Chocolate candies. Zvichienderana zvinodiwa zvinotevera mhando Munokudzwa:

- souffle, akadai "Bird mukaka", iro rinogona kunzi "shiri rinoshamisa", "shiri Bogorodskaya", "wintergreen" uye vamwe;

- rakagochwa nzungu wanika kubva yakapwanyika nzungu akazara shuga, muchero manyuchi kana uchi. Ndivo candies se "rakagochwa nzungu mu chokoreti", "Roasting rungano", "Strawberry vakagocha nzungu" uye vamwe;

- Praline - chocolate zvihwitsi akazadzwa yasvika ne shuga uye koko nzungu hwakakanyiwa bhurandi kana mumwe pakubika, "maruva", "Babaevskie", "Shokonatka", "Juliet";

- liqueur huri mukati stuffing zvihwitsi kubva shuga manyuchi kana liqueur bhurandi "ruomba liqueur", "Chocolate doro", "yebhuruu vherevheti";

- in zvihwitsi pamwe mondo zvekupfakira pasi marongera chocolate riri gobvu bheri kana muchero mondo, "Maharareri", "Southern Night", "nejichidza", "Gulf" uye vamwe;

- "Sweet" kana zvihwitsi pamwe fondant zvekupfakira, zvinobva mukaka, manyuchi, ruomba, shuga, muchero mumakomba, uye dzimwe zvinoriumba, "Mia", "Rakhat", "Spanish Night" uye vamwe;

- truffles - umbozha Chocolates wakatenderera, azadzwa chaiwo French ruomba - ganache. Zvinonzi kubva ruomba, ruomba, chocolate uye zvakasiyana-siyana siyana. The yokunze pamusoro anogona zvinenge zvakazara vanonetseka kana pasi nzungu, kana chitete muvhuruvhuru pamwe Cocoa upfu.

chokoreti nhoroondo

Kudiwa nevakawanda zvihwitsi chokoreti akazviratidza kunokwana yakakurumbira aiongorora - Hernando Cortez akazoziva yeAmerica. Ndiye neshamwari dzake vakauyiswa kuna Europe cocoa uye akatanga vokuEurope kuti chokoreti. Monk Benzoni vakabatsira chokwadi chokuti Chocolates akava dzose kushandiswa kuchengetedza hutano Spanish mambo, uye pashure pake uye ake courtiers. Gare gare mufashoni chokoreti zvihwitsi yapararira kune dzimwe nyika, apo simba munhu akavashandisa sezvo mushonga. Kusvika XVII remakore Spain yakabereka chete confectioners chocolate zvihwitsi kubva mairi, uye akatuma zvihwitsi kumatare zhinji youmambo. Nokufamba kwenguva, chakavanzika rokuita chokoreti zvihwitsi chikazikamwa dzimwe nyika, zvisinei, kusvikira pakuguma XVII remakore, ivo vakaitwa namaoko.

Kufanana zvihwitsi akazviratidza muRussia?

Wokutanga confectionery kufekitari pagadzirwe Chocolates yakavhurwa pakupera XVII remakore French chikanywa Chef Davidom Shelli. Kusvikira XIX remakore kuRussia hapana pachake pakuburitswa zvihwitsi uye inobata vakauya kubva kunze kwenyika, kana kugadzirira chaiyo Chef ari dzekubikira mudzimba nechavakuru vakapfuma. The Russian fekitari confectionery yokutanga yakavhurwa muSt Petersburg chete pakati XIX remakore.

Sepakutanga inonzi zvihwitsi?

Sezvambotaurwa, kusvikira XIX remakore, zvihwitsi kana kutorwa kuti nyika yedu kubva kunze kana akaita kumba matunhu uye dzoushe avakuru. Nokuti kugadzirwa kumba mazita rairatidza akapiwa zvihwitsi, pamusoro pezvakaita, kugadzirira nzira, tsika anoshandiswa muchero nemichero. Mubhuku "The New Perfect Russian Confectioner, kana hwakadzama confectionary Dictionary", rakabudiswa panguva pakuguma XVIII remakore muSt Petersburg, vaya kwatiri kusetsa zita zvihwitsi sezvo Strawberry keke uye apirikoti manyoro caramel it, Jasmine candies uye Anise shuga nezvikafu zvishoma Cherry marchpanes Apricots uye candies.

maindasitiri rokuremekedza

Panovhurwa yokutanga Russian confectionery fekitari kwakatungamirira kuti pakutanga ari XX remakore, boka akasiyana akasiyana Chocolates. nguva yakatanga hunodzorwa French Recipes uye mazita zvihwitsi, pakarongwa wakange asina guru kwazvo;

• "KuBaton of Grail";
• "Finshampan";
• "Cream of rizen";
• "Yemashekeri de-D";
• "Cream of nuazon";
• "Maron Praline" uye vamwe.

Nokufamba kwenguva, zita reFrance Chocolates rakashandurirwa mumutauro Russian, uye akaenda sale, yakagadzirirwa maererano Russian girama, "Creamy Venus," "rurimi Sekaiichi", "Leather Maiden", "kabhini". Kunyange zvakadaro, mune zvimwe zviitiko, vakashandisa uye mitauro miviri mazita zvihwitsi, akadai sokuti "rakazara nemaparera kana nemaparera Koriandor". confectioners Russian itsva, akasikwa kubudikidza navo zvihwitsi, kare ainzi muchiRussia uye kazhinji vaishandisa mazita chokuita nezvifananidzo Fair bonde, "Sophie", "Marianne", "The Merry weChirikadzi", "Fisherwoman", "Marsala". Rwakanga rwuchibuda dzino edzidzo, akadai "Mystery." Musi wrapper kuti zvihwitsi wakaiswa nyore dambanemazwi. Asati echimurenga zviitiko 1917 yakabereka chokoreti dzinoti "Mitambo", "Geographical Atlas," "Vanhu kweSiberia" uye vamwe.

zvihwitsi Soviet

Kusvika October Revolution pamusoro 1917, unogona kutenga shuga "Royal Raspberry" kana "chevaux Fyodor Mikhailovich." Akamutevera mazita zvihwitsi achinja zvikuru. Sales, caramel it "murimi mudiki" uye "Red Army," "Hammer nembezo" uye "bhizimisi redu". Zvisinei, Chocolates vari kunyanya ane French title: "Dern Cree", "Miniatures", "Chartreuse," "bergamot", "Peperment" uye vamwe. Hatina pfungwa rethinking mazita kwazvakarerekera zvakadaro, kufanana "Squirrel", "Scamps" uye "tsuro". mazita Soviet of zvihwitsi itsva anoratidza kuitika uye zvayakawana. Saka yakanga anogadzirwa 30s remakore rapfuura. "Rwirai magadzirirwo", "Ivai vakagadzirira", "Sabantuy", "The Milkmaid", "Chelyuskinites," "Magamba kweArctic", "mukundi echando"

Kukunda nzvimbo nomunhu ari 60-ies ose XX remakore rwaioneka nechitarisiko "Space" zvihwitsi uye "Space". Around imwe nguva, zvakava akakurumbira kupinda muzita Chocolates uye chinoshamisa mazita mabhuku kutaurwa: "Snow Maiden", "La Bayadere", "Blue Bird", "Sadko", "Little Red akatasva Washington" uye vamwe.