Undemocratic hurumende: pfungwa, marudzi. Utongi uye anomanikidza enyika hwoudzvinyiriri

Undemocratic hwoudzvinyiriri vanowira anomanikidza uye udzvinyiriri. Dzinomirira hurumende kwakavakirwa kwoUmambo mudzvinyiriri kana raizotonga voga vapfumi. Munyika dzakadaro, vanhuwo havagoni angatidzvinyirira nezviremera. With asiri democratic hwoudzvinyiriri chokuita nehondo dzakawanda, ugandanga uye dzimwe kutyisa despotism.

Zvinoumba totalitarianism

Chero hurumende dzisiri democratic kuwana vanhu kwaibva simba mamiriro. Munyika yakadaro kudzora mamiriro vagari vakawanda havagoni kupindira munyaya wehurumende. Uyezve, vanhu vasingabvumi ndezvomunhu vepamusoro, vari kunyimwa kodzero norusununguko. Non-democratic hwoudzvinyiriri vari rakakamurwa mhando mbiri - pevatongi uye anomanikidza. Uyewo mumwe zvazvingava, De facto gutsaruzhinji haako. Vose administrative zvekuvaka uye simba kusimbiswa mumaoko weumwe boka revanhu, uye mune zvimwe zviitiko zvakakwana mumwe munhu.

Huru hwaro pamusoro izvo anoisa mashoko pevatongi non-democratic hurumende - mufananidzo mutungamiriri, izvo kazhinji kunounza boka simba (bato, mauto, etc ...). Power vagumirwe inoitwa kusvikira ichangopfuura nokuda chero nzira. Pachinhu pachena kushandiswa kusanganisira mhirizhonga. Panguva iyo hurumende pevatongi iri kuedza kuzviratidza pamutemo. Kuti aite izvi, hurumende idzi vanotsvaka mukanyiwa vatsigirane nokuda anoparadzirwa, pfungwa, zvematongerwo enyika uye kwoupfumi.

Under totalitarianism kunyimwa kwavo veruzhinji nheyo uye rusununguko. anokosha ake munzira dzakawanda ogosudarstvlivaetsya. Utongi Party agara achitsvaka kupinda chero munharaunda zvivako - kubva matunhu neminisiparati nezviremera kuti mifananidzo yeChina. Dzimwe nguva kuedza izvi kunogona kunyange kukanganisa upenyu murume pachake dzapedyo. Kutaura zvazviri, vanhu vose vari hampaat diki muchina huru yakadaro hurongwa. Undemocratic hurumende ruchitsemuka pasi chero mugari vachiedza kuvhiringidza nechouviri ake. Totalitarianism anoita zvinogoneka zvaisarudza kwete chete kuzorwa vanhuwo, asi kuzorwa mudzvanyiriri pedyo. Ndivo zvakakodzera kusimbisa uye kuramba simba, sezvo nguva nenguva unovandudzwa kutya kunoita vamwe ndikunde.

puropaganda

A chaiwo pevatongi vanhu ane unhu dzakawanda. Mupenyu pasi rimwe-party hurongwa rokudzora mapurisa, ari chindingindingi mashoko nokuda nhau. A pevatongi mamiriro hahugoni kuvapo pasina kwakapararira kudzora zvoupfumi upenyu munyika. The dzematongerwe kwehurumende uku, sezvo mutemo, ndizvo utopian. Mutongo vepamusoro inoshandisa masirogani pamusoro exclusivity huru yemberi yevanhu vayo uye rakasiyana nemamwe basa ari mutungamiri National.

Chero hurumende dzisiri democratic kunodiwa kushandisa kwavo anoparadzirwa mufananidzo muvengi pamusoro uyo anorwa. Vanopikisa kungava marudzi vatorwa, democrats, uyewo dzavo vaJudha, kulaks uye vanhuwo zvavo kuti. E. Vavengi uye tupukanana simba akadaro anotsanangura zvose kukundikana kwavo uye munyika chirwere munzanga. zvinotaurwa nevezvematongerwe kwakadaro zvinoita kuti vanounganidzira vanhu kurwisa vavengi asingaoneki uye wechokwadi, kukuvhiringidza kubva matambudziko avo.

Somuenzaniso, zvematongerwo mamiriro hurumende iri USSR kunoramba akatendeukira nyaya vavengi kunze uye mukati panhengo vomunyika Soviet. MuSoviet Union nguva dzakasiyana pamwe bourgeoisie vakarwa, netsiva, siyana zvipukanana mukurima, vasori uye vavengi vakawanda vokune dzimwe nyika. Its "ichatonga zvine mbiri" utongi nzanga iri USSR kwakasvikwa 1930s.

ndiro rine chokwadi dzidziso

The rinoita simba iri kuisa kumanikidzwa vavengi vavo pfungwa, akasimba kudiwa rimwe bato hurongwa. chete kunoita kuti vabvise chero nhaurirano. Power anotora chimiro kutwasuka, apo vanhu "vapasi" kunyatsochengeta embody rakatevera General bato mutsetse. In chimiro chepiramidhi pane veboka vaNazi muGermany. Hitler aida kunobatsira kuti aigona kushandisa pfungwa Führer. VaNazi havana kubvuma chero nzira inozviitira. Vakanga utsinye akabata vavengi vake. On vakatorera enyika munda hurumende itsva yava nyore kuti aite vadzore.

Udzvinyiriri - ichi unongova Pfungwa chirongwa. Despots anogona kutsanangura ayo wokuti nesayenzi dzidziso (sezvo vaKomonisiti kutaura pamusoro kirasi kurwisana), kana kuti mitemo yezvinhu zvakasikwa (sezvo vaNazi vakati, anotsanangura inokosha kukosha yeGermany). Utongi anoparadzirwa kunowanzoguma dzidzo enyika, varaidzo uye vakawanda zviito. Ndivo German torchlight mudungwe. Uye nhasi zvakafanana kuri mumashoko kwakawanda kuNorth Korea uye carnivals muna Cuba.

nemagariro negwaro

Classic okudzvinyirira hurumende - kweutongi iri akaisa chose kuti tsika uye hwokushandisa nayo nokuda kwezvinangwa zvavo. In pevatongi nyika zvakajairika akakura mapurani uye zvivako vatungamiri. Cinema nemabhuku inoitirwa kuimba Imperial murayiro. Mumabasa akadaro haagoni pfungwa kuva kutsoropodzwa aripo kurongeka. Mumabhuku uye mabhaisikopu chete unoratidza zvose zvakanaka, uye vimbiso "upenyu kwava nani, upenyu akava merrier" maari kunokosha.

Chinotyisa ari batanidza ino nguva dzose unoshanda pedyo pamwe chete kukwidziridzwa. Pasina pfungwa make-kukwira nayo anorasikirwa ayo muhombe kukanganisa vanhu. Panguva iyoyowo, uye kukwidziridzwa pachayo haina kukwanisa zvakazara kukanganisa vagari pasina nguva mafungu zvougandanga. Utongi enyika hurumende ehurumende kazhinji anosanganisa pfungwa mbiri idzi. Panyaya iyi, zvinoitwa kutyisidzira zvazova chombo anoparadzirwa.

Violence uye kuwedzera

Totalitarianism hahugoni kuvapo pasina Vezvemitemo kwavo kutonga pamusoro zvose zvinobatanidzwa vanhu. With chokushandisa ichi, hurumende kuronga imwe kudzora pamusoro pavanhu. Under pedyo cherechedzo ndiye zvose kubva mauto uye dzidzo unyanzvi. Kunyange kufarira munhoroondo murume anoziva Gestapo, NKVD, neStasi uye yavo yokushanda nzira. Kwavari, rave inozivikanwa nechisimba uye zvachose kutarisira vanhu. In kwavo zvombo zvaioneka zviratidzo nehurumende undemocratic: muchivande kusungwa, kurwadziswa, mujeri refu. Somuenzaniso, muna USSR matema fanera uye pamusiwo akava chiratidzo yose pre-hondo panguva. "Nokuti kudzivirira" kutya kunogona kuendeswa kunyange vakavimbika vakawanda.

Utongi uye anomanikidza hurumende kazhinji uderedze miganhu kuwedzera kune vavakidzani vayo. Somuenzaniso, kodzero-bapiro neChikomonisiti wokuItaly uye Germany, kwaiva yose pfungwa pamusoro "chinokosha" nzvimbo kuzowedzera uye kubudirira rwacho. Ndakasiya pfungwa iyi yakazonyorwa se "nyika chimurenga," kubatsira proletarians dzimwe nyika, uye zvichingodaro. D.

authoritarianism

Famous aiongorora Huan Lints achidonongodza chikuru zvechadenga ane utongi anomanikidza. Izvi kukamurwa pluralism, kushaya yakajeka kutungamirira dzematongerwe uye yakaderera pamwero vanhu chokuita muupenyu enyika. Achitaura nyore, kuti authoritarianism anganzi runyoro muchimiro totalitarianism. Mhando dzose izvi vasiri gutsaruzhinji hwoudzvinyiriri, asi pamwe kunosiyana inosiyana remoteness kubva democratic utungamiriri dzemitemo.

Zvose zvinoitwa authoritarianism kiyi chaizvo kushaya pluralism. Sidedness akagamuchira maonero angawanika kungotaura of facto, sezvo vanogona wakaiswa murau. Kurambidzwa zvikurukuru kukanganisa guru kufarira mapoka uye neshamwari enyika. Papepa, vanogona kuva Blurred chaizvo. Somuenzaniso, authoritarianism anobvuma kuvapo "yakazvimirira" nehurumende kumapati, izvo chaizvoizvo muri chidzoyi, kana kusava nematuro kuti kukanganisa yomugariro wacho. Kuvapo surrogates yakadaro - nzira pave chemasanganiswa muoti. Anogona kuva democratic showcase, asi zvose zvayo dzomukati zvigadziriswe anoshanda maererano mukuru mutsetse, rinorondedzerwa pamusoro uye unexceptional.

Kazhinji authoritarianism kunongova achipindira ibwe munzira kuenda totalitarianism. State simba zvinobva ezvinhu ehurumende nemasangano. Totalitarianism hazvigoni kuvakwa usiku hwose. Kuti pave nehurongwa hwakadai, zvinotora nguva (kubva akawanda makore emakore). Kana hurumende akatanga okupedzisira "crackdown", ipapo pane imwe nguva izvozvo vacharamba anomanikidza. Zvisinei, sezvo zviri pamutemo nenzvimbo pevatongi zvirevo zvichava zvakawanda kurasikirwa izvi nzwisisa zvinhu.

spachiana hwoudzvinyiriri

Kana ane anomanikidza hurongwa hurumende inogona kusiya vakasara veruzhinji kana zvimwe zvinhu zvayo. Zvisinei, zvinopesana ichi inokosha enyika hwoudzvinyiriri pfungwa yakadaro kuvimba chete yayo akanyatsorongwa uye vakaparadzana zvavo vanogara. Ivo pachavo uye kuzvitonga kudzorwa. Kana vagari uye kumbira pfungwa dzavo (semuenzaniso, muchimiro plebiscites), zvino Zvaitika "zvechipameso" uye chete kuti vadzvinyirire kare kugadzikana. Anomanikidza mamiriro asingadi vanounganidzwa nevanhu (kusiyana munhu pevatongi hurongwa), sezvo pasina munhu akasimba dzematongerwe uye kwakapararira kutya vanhu ava vachange tichikufunga vachibuda kuzorwa yaivapo.

Chiizve kwakasiyana chaizvo democratic uye nevasiri democratic hwechiKomonisiti? Uye pose pane nesarudzo ezvinhu, asi ayo ezvinhu iwayo zvakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, US hurumende enyika kunobva zvachose kuda vagari vari anomanikidza ino sarudzo vari unyengeri. Kunyanyisa hurumende simba anogona kushandisa administrative zvinhu kuitira kuti vawane zvandinenge zvinoguma referenda. Uye wenyika kana dzeparamende musarudzo, iye vachiwanzoshandisa kukwesha enyika munda, vanhu kana vanopiwa mukana kuvhota kuti "zvakanaka" aikwikwidza. Panyaya iyi, musarudzo unhu zvinochengeterwa externally.

Kana anomanikidza dzematongerwe kuzvida zvinogona kutsiviwa nokutonga chitendero, tsika uye tsika. With izvi zviitiko nzira inoita pacharo pamutemo. The kumikidzo tsika, nezvavasingadi yokuchinja, Rumhangapanga - ichi zvose maitire chero nyika iyi mhando.

The junta zvechiuto uye udzvinyiriri

Authoritarianism - mukuru pfungwa. Nokuti zvinobvira kutakura-siyana kudzora enyika. Kazhinji dzino zviso muchiuto-bureaucratic mamiriro, iyo yakavakirwa rechiuto udzvinyiriri. Nokuti hurumende yakadaro dzinoratidzwa tisina dzidziso. Mutongo mubatanidzwa ndiyo sungano nemauto uye bureaucrats. US utongi enyika, kufanana nemamwe democratic nyika ipi, imwe nzira kana imwe kunofambidzana nemapoka simba izvi. Zvisinei, mune hurongwa kudzorwa hweruzhinji, kana muchiuto kana bureaucrats vakabata hukuru neropafadzo chinzvimbo.

The chikuru Chinangwa anomanikidza hurumende-pamusoro apa - kupwanya zvinoshingaira vakawanda, kusanganisira tsika, kwemadzinza uye kwezvitendero vashoma. Vanogona kukuisa ngozi kuna navadzvanyiriri, nekuti vane nani nokuzvidzora sangano pane dzimwe vagere munyika. Muchiuto anomanikidza mamiriro namagwatidziro zvose vari dzinounzwa maererano muchiuto vakuru. Izvi zvinogona kuva udzvinyiriri mumwe munhu, uye uto junta raiumbwa mutongo vepamusoro (dzakadaro junta muGreece muna 1967-1974.).

Corporate authoritarianism

Munyika yemakambani marongedzero asiri democratic hwoudzvinyiriri vanowanzotevedzera chindingindingi vamiririrwe musimba mamwe mapoka mubereko. Ezvinhu akadaro inomuka munyika umo kukura kwoupfumi yasvika richabudirira, uye kambani anofarira kupindira muupenyu enyika. Corporate authoritarianism - iri imwe nzvimbo pakati mumwe-party utongi uye vanobudisa bato.

Shoma kumiririrwa zvido zvinoita nyore kudzoreka. Hurumende, kwakavakirwa imwe evanhu layer anogona kubvuta simba, panguva iyoyowo kupa Handouts kumapoka mumwe kana kupfuura. Ezvinhu akadaro hwaivapo muPortugal muna 1932-1968 gg. kana Salazar.

The kwemarudzi uye ichitongwa authoritarianism

A yakasiyana chimiro authoritarianism yakabuda munzvimbo yechipiri yezana XX remakore, apo vakawanda dzaitongwa munyika (kunyanya mu Africa) yawana rusununguko kubva dzavo masimba dzayaitonga. Muvanhu dzakadaro, hwaponeswa uye yakaderera pamwero vanhu akadini. Ndokusaka post-dzayaitonga authoritarianism pane yakavakwa "vapasi". nzvimbo Key vawana vepamusoro, ine vashoma zveupfumi kupfuma.

Rutsigiro neChikomonisiti akadaro kwava masirogani munyika rusununguko, iyo dwarfs zvimwe zvinetso zvemukati. Nokuda zvekufungidzira rusununguko pachinhu aimbova yemo vakawanda akagadzirira kupa vakuru chero hurumende levers. Mamiriro muvanhu izvi, tsika anoramba zvakasimba, izvozvo anotambura uduku zvakaoma uye kurwisana navo nevavakidzani.

A yoga chimiro authoritarianism anganzi inonzi rudzi kana dzinza hweruzhinji. hurumende iyi ine zvakawanda zviri akasununguka mamiriro. Rine mashoko nesarudzo muitiro, asi sarudzo vanobvumirwa chete veimwe dzinza strata, apo vamwe vagere munyika chakakandwa mugungwa zvematongerwo enyika. Nzvimbo Rogue kana wakaiswa of jure kana of facto. Inside ropafadzo Mapoka vakachengeta zvakafanana zvemakwikwi hweruzhinji. Zvisinei, boka raivapo kusaruramisira vemarudzi kunowanika evanhu makakatanwa. Mhosva reshiyo anodzokororwa nechisimba weHurumende wayo administrative zviwanikwa. The kupfuura glaring Muenzaniso kwemarudzi gutsaruzhinji - ichangobva hurumende iri South Africa, uko rusaruraganda chainyanya mutemo.