Mamiriro hurumende: pfungwa. Political mamiriro neChikomonisiti

Pfungwa ehurumende hurumende ndechimwe chezvinhu dzichipesana vemazuva sayenzi enyika. Nezvemarapirwo nhamba kiyi misimboti Implementation simba simba muhurumende uye muenzaniso chepamutemo kukoshesa mubhizimisi kukura, kuva chikonzero zvikuru gakava. Maererano chii? Seiko masayendisiti nzira kuziva hunhu okuti chokuita nokushanda kwenhengo zvematongerwo enyika, havasi Nenyaya Iyi pamwe tsika?

tsananguro

Chii chinogona kupa tsanangudzo rokuti "pachena nzira"? Vakawanda masayendisiti enyika ano vanokurondedzera sezvo chine mazano nokuda kuzadziswa simba. Vamwe vanotsvakurudza vanosarudza kuparadzanisa pfungwa "mamiriro muoti" enyika, vamwe vanoti mashoko maviri. Zvisinei, vose vanofanira tichaona kusiyanisa panowanika dzakadai chimiro wehurumende uye hurumende. The kuziviswa kwemashoko vaiona mashoko ari chikanganiso. Sei? Hurumende ehurumende akasiyana chimiro kweguyo zvematongerwo enyika nehurumende?

Mode uye chimiro ehurumende midziyo: mutaro pakati pfungwa

zvino funga, chii chinokosha musiyano pakati vatatu mazwi (mamiriro panguva kuti pfungwa wehurumende uye enyika hwoudzvinyiriri dzinogona kubatanidzwa). Kutaura zvazviri, zvose zvitatu - the Chiitiko zvakafanana kurongeka. Naizvozvo panenyongano kushandisa kwavo, mumwe rusununguko muna dudziro. Dzimwe nguva pane Somuenzaniso, shoko akadai "rudzi wehurumende utongi", kunyange, chaizvoizvo, kushandisa hazvisi zvikuru zvechokwadi mashoko zvidavado.

Imwe nzira kana mumwe, vose vatatu mananara - hurumende, hurumende uye hurumende - munguva zvigadziriswe pakati kuitika simba. Asi kana, chaizvoizvo, hurumende enyika - Ndivo misimboti kuti hurumende uye hurumende - chokwadi, Zviridzwa anoratidza hwokuita kushanda masangano ezvematongerwo enyika. Nemaziso kuronda mutsauko uchatibatsira uye kupatsanura emarudzi zvose kubatsira.

marudzi modes

Modern Masayendisiti enyika kusiyanisa marudzi anotevera chikuru ehurumende neChikomonisiti: gutsaruzhinji, anomanikidza uye udzvinyiriri. Nzira dzekuziva iyo munhu anogona kuona nezvezvisikwa enyika ino, asi siyana zvakasimba zvichienderana chikoro masayendisiti. Asi kana ukaedza kuziva mukuru, Vachatarirawo akafanana.

Nokuti kweutongi democratic kunoratidzwa zvinotevera: Kuwanikwa pachena kushandisa bumbiro, nheyo kupatsanurwa kwemasimba kupinda mapazi akawanda, multi-nebato hurongwa, nesananguro vehurumende panguva dzakasiyana-siyana mumatunhu, zvaidiwa dzevanhu dzinokosha uye rusununguko murume uye mugari, Kuwanikwa paruzhinji zvinhu oga kukura, mabhizimisi rusununguko.

Ndezvipi zviratidzo ane utongi hwechiKomonisiti? Nenyanzvi avo zvinosanganisira zvinotevera: kusavapo akawanda ezvinhu, kushoma chorusununguko mubhizimisi, political kusenza, kushaya mari kuti kutaura voruzhinji uye voruzhinji, hurumende yechiKomonisiti, bumbiro rakagamuchirwa pasina kutora chikamu kwevanhu, kana zvisiri aripo, hapana kupatsanurwa kwemasimba.

Ndezvipi zvinoitwa ane utongi anomanikidza? Maererano vanhuwo dudziro, kuvapo kwayo inogona wakaiswa, kana zviremera munyika iri kusimbiswa mumaoko imwe munhu kana rimwe duku boka, sezvinoita mutemo, asingadi kuratidza mafungiro uye zvinokosheswa vagari kurarama munyika. Vamwe vaongorori vezvematongerwo enyika vanodavira kuti anomanikidza simba muoti inogona wakaiswa panyaya of jure munyika kune masangano maviri anotigonesa kuti kutaura pamusoro pamberi zvegutsaruzhinji zvenhengo asi De facto neHurumende chaitwa zvikurukuru pamusoro pevatongi dzemitemo.

Chokwadi, apa nzira haagoni kunzi dzoga. Cherechedzawo kuti vari tichishandisa zvizere kuratidza hunhu ano zvematongerwo enyika. Kana yakawanda yokunyatsoongorora kare, unogona kuwana mamwe zviratidzo hweruzhinji, totalitarianism kana authoritarianism. Hatigoni kutaura kuti izvi zvinodiwa kuramba pachena kukamura uchishandisa uye munguva yemberi iri pedyo.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti aidavira kuti nevanhu, anomanikidza uye utongi hwoudzvinyiriri, mune tsika, zvakaoma kuti isa ayo chaiyoiyo muchimiro pakati pemasayendisiti. The zvakafanorongwa kupatsanura zvikurukuru yokungotaura. Mwari akaronga kuti vawane zvimwe nhungamiro kukubatsira kuona nevamwe zviga kushanda nesimba rezvematongerwo enyika munyika State. Ndiko, achienzanisa gadziriro eHurumende vaviri inoti inogona conditionally ndiani wavo zvikuru democratic uye izvo vakawanda udzvinyiriri. Zvisinei, pane zvinenge zvirokwazvo zvakawanda democratic kana udzvinyiriri nyika. Naizvozvo, kupatsanura enyika enyika munyika dzakasiyana vari hama chaizvo mune zvematongerwe ano akapoteredza uye enhoroondo zvose.

Mhando siyana ehurumende

Zvaakanga kunotsanangurwa huru mhando enyika hwoudzvinyiriri funga kupatsanura siyana ehurumende, pakutanga kwezvose, kunzwisisa musiyano pakati okuti. Sezvatakamboreva kumusoro, chimiro wehurumende - ndivo zviga kushanda nesimba. Form mamiriro enyika uye hurumende - rinoshanda chishandiso Implementation kuMudzidzisi nemasimba parutivi mutongo masangano. Mazuva sainzi enyika ndiyo inonyanya kupatsanura zvinotevera siyana hurumende:

- unitary;

- batana;

Muchimiro nyika yokutanga iri Consolidated, centralized enyika Unit, kwete rakakamurwa administrative munzvimbo, vane masimba kuchikosha. Mienzaniso yakawanda unitary inoti: France, UK, Finland.

Federal inoti, akavapindurawo, vakarongwa panheyo nouchapupu decentralization simba rezvematongerwo enyika. The nyika rinoumbwa zvikuru akasiyana vanotongwa Federation (sezvinoitwa Russia), inoti (US, Mexico), nyika (mu Germany), etc. Nerimwe yaiona-miganhu dzakabatana vangava pachako bhajeti wayo, zvematongerwo enyika, uye kunyange bumbiro.

In sainzi enyika akabata maonero kuti nzvimbo zviduku ehurumende vanosarudza kuronga echitendero chavo enyika pamusoro unitary dzemitemo. Avo vane nharaunda voluminous, gravitate kuti batana format. Russia - nyika pakati chechipiri. Uyewo vamwe vazhinji vane nzvimbo huru, dzakadai USA, Brazil.

Mhando siyana ehurumende

Chii chakafanana hurumende, utongi enyika, takadzidza. Unofanirawo kufunga nevamwe zvinhu chinhu akadai ane "chehurumende". Mazuva sainzi enyika zviri kugamuchirwa kuti govera dzakasiyana zvinotevera:

- umambo;

- Republic;

Chokutanga, akavapindurawo, iri Classified kupinda Mhedziso uye mubumbiro (dzeparamende) umambo. Republic angava weNyika, zvemitemo kana yakavhenganiswa mhando. Umambo - mufananidzo hurumende iyo mukuru simba rezvematongerwe enyika nhaka kubva mambo mumwe. Muna Republic enyika anokosha zvikoro zviri inoumbwa dzakakurumbira vhoti. Pakadaro, kana pane zvinokosha umambo democratic okunze (semuenzaniso, inotungamirwa kwemitemo miviri kunoitika kuburikidza vagari rwekutaura), zvinonzi kuzivikanwa yepamutemo kana Paramende. Kana kwete, Mhedziso.

The vemutungamiri zvokuvhoterwa chinokosha yakawanda nesimba kusimbiswa maoko musoro wehurumende (chemhando muhofisi varikutonga bazi). Kazhinji, ari kusarudzwa akakurumbira vhoti zvakananga. Russia - nyika iyo, maererano enyika dzakawanda, kusanganisira President zvemo.

In chinoda dzeparamende masimba anokosha ari zvatinoita simba enyika hunopiwa mune zvemitemo uye mumiririri ezvirevo. Mienzaniso munyika dzakadaro - Germany, Austria. Vanewo purezidhendi, uyo ari pamutemo musoro nevarikutonga bazi, asi masimba ayo duku non-nevaya chinowanika Paramende.

Pane imwe chokuratidza kusiyanisa pfungwa pamusoro wenyika uye reparamende chinoda. Kunosanganisira kwete zvokuti padanho simba kusimbiswa mumaoko wenyika, kana Paramende sechinhu mashandiro pakati paumbwe Institute of pemasimba epamusoro Executive (somunhu mutemo, avo vari nyasha hurumende). Mumakore wenyika chinoda kazhinji akaumbwa zvakananga Kupinda wenyika uye pahwaro ake nemaonero panyaya vashandi uye musangano nyaya. The muenzaniso kukosha yeparamende iri basa zvemitemo simba.

Kana zvakasiyana zvokuvhoterwa chehurumende mitemo uye Executive simba miviri vari ndezvomuzana zvakafanana. Inonzwisisika dzekuziva kusarudza kwavo uremu rakaoma govera. Asi sezvo ari kutonga, vari anoparadzirwa pamapazi siyana ehurumende, kiyi nokuti mamiriro - bhajeti, mauto, zvemagariro, zvebhizimisi. The spachiana zvinogona kuratidzwa kudiwa mberi harmonization mu mitemo zvisarudzo pakati pamatavi siyana muhurumende. Panyaya iyi, zvinonzi vaidavira kuti kana munhu kana rimwe Republican chehurumende hakuwaniki wakachena chimiro. Kureva, hazvinei kuti chinokosha vaiva purezidhendi wacho masimba, pfungwa dzayo chokuita utariri munyika, imwe nzira kana imwe, achava kunoenderana Paramende mafungiro. Uyewo zvemitemo simba inonzi kupinda simba mamwe mabasa zvemitemo, sezvinoita mutemo, vanobvumirana Executive hurongwa.

The reshiyo muoti, mudziyo nezvimiro uye ushe

Zvino mafaro. Sei mhando ehurumende neChikomonisiti, anoumba mudziyo uye bhodhi? Pane zvimwe ukama pakati mifananidzo yavo siyana? The unequivocal mhinduro yemibvunzo iyi haigoni kupiwa. Chikonzero.

Yeuka zviratidzo ane utongi hwechiFascist, kushaya akawanda ezvinhu, kushoma kudzidza rusununguko, kusenza, etc. Funga nezvomuenzaniso mumwe mashoma rinoti ano masayendisiti enyika vanowanzopedzisira chevatatu sezvo utongi. Uyu China. Zvechokwadi, pane iri kutongwa mumwe chete bato - the Communist, saka madiro vashomanana, kusenza simba (kunyanya kuoneka pane nyaya hurumende chipingaidzo ari paIndaneti nzvimbo, iyo inotaurwa kwenguva nenguva kurambidzwa Western network).

Tikafunga dissimilar

In mashoko chehurumende, China - Republic. Izvi zvinooneka kunyange pamutemo zita nyika - zvevanhu Republic. The political mamiriro, saka pane mashandiro naro zviremera kusarudzwa nevanhu. Uyezve, tinogona kutaura kuti muna China pane anomanikidza mamiriro hwechiKomonisiti. Pasinei chokwadi kuti simba iri kusimbiswa mumaoko Communist Party, vanhu zvinodiwa, maererano vakawanda vezvematongerwo enyika, anounzwa vhoriyamu yakakwana. Zvakaratidza kuti China, sokunge zvinganzwika sezvinoshamisa, - a Democratic Republic pasi pevatongi hwechiKomonisiti.

Mune zvinoumba chimiro prc they hurumende - a unitary mamiriro. Izvi pasinei munharaunda yakakura, kuvapo kumaguta makuru-maguta, havasi muduku panyaya vemo uye kwemashoko guru zvoupfumi - Beijing. Above tinoona kuti yeUnited mazano ari maitiro sezvo nguva inoti pamwe nzvimbo huru. Maererano China, mutemo uyu haashandi.

Zvisinei, vamwe vaongorori vezvematongerwo enyika vanodavira kuti China - anosiiwa ushe. Kureva, kazhinji, kana hurumende political anomanikidza uye udzvinyiriri, kuti Implementation kuti Republican dzemitemo munyika achava zvakaoma chaizvo. Uyewo, ari yegutsaruzhinji, kusarudzwa masangano uye mumiririri chinosara kana ukatevera dzidziso iyi zvakanyatsorurama. Izvi zvinoitwa kunyanya nokuda rakawedzera makwikwi yezvematongetwo. Pane mapato kuti kupa zvirongwa zvakasiyana, uye kuwira simba vanotsigira pedyo zvikuru vemo. Democratic Republic, maererano nepfungwa iyi, unofanira hazvo kuva multi-nebato, havana kudzora hurumende uye kupa yose siyana kodzero nemhando dzerusununguko.

Political utongi uye mabhizimisi

Funga chimwe dzinonakidza chinotaurwa pamusoro ukama zvematongerwo hurumende uye mabhizimisi mikana. Above tinoona kuti mumwe zvinhu hweruzhinji - kuvapo munyika yacho masangano rusununguko vachida. Ndezvipi zvinodiwa? Kutanga, zviri zvishoma pane zvipingamupinyi vari zvoushumiri yokunyoresa emakambani matsva. Ichi pasi mutero mutoro. Ndiro shoma nehurumende murau.

Zvinoita kugadzirisa zvinodiwa kuti chienderane mashoko mubhizimisi runyararo munyika ano kuti vanoonekwa kwese kunoitika democracies - the US, France, Germany? Mune dzimwe nzira, Chokwadi, hungu. Zvisinei, kana tiri kutora zvakakurumbira munyika kuera vazvisarudzire zvebhizimisi, zvinova pachena kuti ari kutungamirira kwavo Hong Kong uye Singapore. Wokutanga wehurumende of jure chikamu "utongi" China. Vechipiri nevezvematongerwo enyika kuti kunyatsotevera anofungidzirwa kuti utongi. Zvikurukuru, izvozvo chokwadi hakusi multi-nebato - nokushorwa ndiko, asi kukanganisa kwayo pamusoro pesimba kushoma. Singapore aizivikanwawo nemitemo yakasimba chaizvo yokudzora pachena zvoupenyu hwavo.

Saka, political (state) modes havasi kuona ukuru rusununguko Entrepreneurship. Kunyange, maererano vanhuwo maonero uye kuitika tsika dzakawanda dzenyika, mumwe ukama pakati nenhungamiro utungamiriri uye bhizimisi zvakatipoteredza uchiripo.

Political hurumende uye kodzero

Political (state) neChikomonisiti zvingasiyana, sezvo kare tinoona, kuti nzira kuti ari Implementation kodzero dzomunhu uye mugari. Under totalitarianism, kana ukatevera vanhuwo yokungotaura pfungwa, padanho rutsigiro pamutemo dererei pane vari hweruzhinji. Zvisinei, vakawanda panguva masayendisiti enyika vanosarudza kutaura kuti tinyatsonzwisisa kuMudzidzisi zvinhu nokungwarira. Sei?

Pane zvazvisingarambiki mienzaniso kwemitemo - the US, Germany, UK. By chii zvigadziriswe munyika idzi kwave kubudirira zvakakodzera chatingatevedzera nevezvematongerwo enyika? Maererano vazhinji vezvematongerwo enyika, izvi zvakakwanisika nemhaka pakuonekwa (uye kwete pakarepo, asi mukufamba kufambira mberi) akatanga yakazvimirira edzimhosva. Ndiko, kuvapo wevakadzidza zvenhengo izvo zvinofanira mu pfungwa asarudzira inogara hurongwa kuzadziswa dzevanhu uye kodzero dzevanhu, hazvina kukwana. Kuva tsika, kugamuchirwa munyika sepokutangira maitiro.

Mienzaniso yepamutemo mamiriro pamusoro apa, zvingaratidza kuvapo tsika yakadaro inoti izvi. Uyewo, maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, munyika idzodzo umo basa midziyo munhoroondo akapoteredza hapasi kureva rusununguko chairwo, hurumende vachamanikidzwa nekure kushaya anodiwa nehasha mutemo tsika. Uye zvingaita kunze kuoneka sezvo kuzvidza dzevanhu. Kunyange chokwadi hurumende iri kuedza kupa pavo, asi haikwanise kugovera zvakakodzera basa dzamavanze nemhaka yokusava kwavo rusununguko.

The political utongi muRussia

Chii chakafanana enyika (state) hurumende muRussia? Ndiyo nyaya tibvunze kuti kusimba zvashata gakava. Tichaedza kubata pamusoro shoma pfungwa maonero pamusoro payo.

Pano pane shanduko iyo yepamusoro maitiro ehurumende yehurumende muRussia haana kumbosangana nehutano hunokosha hunoenderana nehurumende. Pakanga pane nguva dzoumambo hwemhedziso pasi peMambo, hutongi huri pasi peU.SR. Nokudaro, pasinei nokuti Russia Federation ine kodzero yakagamuchirwa yakagadzirwa uye nzira dzerusarudzo dzomutungamiri wenyika, simba rekuita munyika yedu rinonyatsoenderana nevanotonga kana hutano hwezvemhirizhonga. Mapato anopikisa, maererano nemaonero aya, kunyange zvazvo aripo muRussia, asi, nokuda kwekumanikidzwa kwemasimba emasimba, haagoni kuita basa rinokosha mune zvematongerwo enyika. Bhizimisi muRussia, maererano nevatsigiri veiyi pfungwa, haigoni kuratidzirwa sekusununguka: huwandu hwemitero yakakosha zvakanyanya, kunyanya mune zvimwe zvebasa rehupfumi, kubhadhara kwebhizimisi nguva refu, uwandu hwematongerwo enyika huri pamusoro.

Pane imwe pfungwa yekuona. Maererano nezvo, mazuva ano Russia inzvimbo yakazara yehurumende. Kukundikana kwemapato anopikisana, kana tikatarisa migumisiro yesarudzo dzeparamende dzangobva kuitwa, hazvibatanidzi kuenderana nekudarika kwebasa ravo, asi kune chokwadi chokuti vagari vemo havana kugovana chinangwa chezvirongwa zvavanopa.

Zviremera zvakakosha zvevatengesi zvinotsanangurwa nehuwandu hwemagariro evanhu ezvebhizimisi uye zvakanyanya kure pasi tsika dzevanhu vanoita mubhizinesi ravo. Makambani mazhinji kwazvo anoedza, pakutanga kwezvose, kuti awane chimwe chinhu kwavari, nenzira dzose kunyengedza vatengi, vashandi, vatengi. Nokudaro kudikanwa kwakakosha kwemitemo mune zvinoenderana nehurumende kupindira. Asi, maererano nevanyori vane tariro, nekukura kwepakati pemakwikwi muhurumende yeRussia, hurumende yehurumende ichaderedza. Kuchinja mitemo yakaoma, mitengo yemisika ichauya. Izvo zvikwama zvinosarudza kutamba mitambo isina kutendeseka, basa rekushaya hanya nehutano, zvinongorasikirwa nemakwikwi.