Vaingoerekana mutation: kupatsanura, zvinokonzera, mienzaniso

Chii chinonzi vaingoerekana mutation? Kana kutapurirana izwi mumutauro kuwanikwa, zviri muropa zvikanganiso kuitika panguva kukurukurirana yokugara zvinobva munyika uye / kana kwokunze ezvinhu. kunotouraya akadaro kazhinji netsaona. Ivo vakachengeta zvepabonde, uye mune mamwe masero muviri.

Exogenous kunokonzera kunotouraya

Kwatangwa kunotouraya anogona kuitika pasi pokudzora mishonga, mwaranzi, pasi kuitwa mukuru kana yakaderera tembiricha dzakaonda mhepo kana mukuru kumanikidzwa.

Gore negore, paavhareji munhu anodya chimwe mugumi vakafadzwa ionizing nemwaranzi icho chinoumba yepanyama kumashure nemwaranzi. nhamba iyi zvinosanganisira wegamma nemwaranzi kubva pasi paro, mhepo zuva, radioactive okunze, avete pakukora ari goko ukaparadzawo mumhepo. The zvichiguma dose inobvawo pane apo vanhu. A kota ose kwatangwa mutation zvinoitika mhaka iri chinhu ichi.

Ultraviolet nemwaranzi, zvinopesana noruzhinji, anoridza zvishoma basa kukonzera kukuvara DNA, sezvo harigoni pinda zvikuru zvakakwana kupinda mumuviri womunhu. Asi ganda kazhinji chirwere rokurara insolation (melanoma nezvimwe kenza). Zvisinei, chimwe-celled zvinenge uye mavhairasi mutate kana kutarisana chiedza chezuva.

Kukwirira kana akanyanya yakaderera tembiricha inogona kukonzera kuchinja majini zvinhu.

Endogenous kunokonzera kunotouraya

The zvikonzero nokuda izvo kwatangwa mutation zvinogona kuitika, muri endogenous zvikonzero. Izvi zvinosanganisira divi-zvibereko muviri, zvikanganiso panguva kuberekana, kugadzira uye recombination, uye vamwe.

1. Kukundikana kuberekana:
   - kwatangwa kuchinja uye inversions nitrogenous pezvingoro;
   - Usava Kuisa nucleotides DNA polymerases zvikanganiso;
   - makemikari kuzvitsinhanisa pamusoro nucleotides, akadai guanine-cytosine kuti adenine-guanine.
2. vakiridzo mhosho:
   - kunotouraya ari majini anokonzera yokugadzirisa nomumwe zvikamu DNA beach pashure rotonhorera kwavo pasi pokudzora zvimwewo zvinoitika.
3. Nezvinetso recombination:
   - kukundikana Crossover kwacho panguva meiosis uye mitosis mugumisiro kwemvura uye kuwedzera kubva pezvingoro.

Ndivo Pane zvinhu zvichikonzera kwatangwa kunotouraya. The zvinokonzera kukundikana kunogona kuita Activate mutator majini uyewo kutendeuka yakachengeteka makemikari zvakawanda vanoshingaira metabolites chokuita sero musimboti. Uyezve, panewo STRUCTURAL zvikonzero. Izvi zvinosanganisira yokudzokorora. nucleotide sequences pedyo nzvimbo kuchinja redunhu, kuvapo okuwedzera DNA munzvimbo yakafanana iri chivako kuti genome, uyewo chinjwa zvenyaya genome.

pathogenesis kunotouraya

Vaingoerekana mutation kunoitika pamusana matambudziko zvose izvi zvinoita kuti anokanganisa, pamwe chete kana oga pane imwe nguva muupenyu muchitokisi. Pane kudaro kutanga ave zvinofamba kutyora chikamu kuberekesana uye rwaamai DNA tambo. Somugumisiro, kazhinji aumba kubva peptide muzvishwe, izvo havagoni zvakakwana nokusangana kupinda kutevedzana. Pashure achibvisa zvikamu zvisingakoshi DNA cheni chikamu zvishwe anogona vose resected (deletion) uye revatema (duplications, insertions). Vakarangana kuchinjai ngadzirambe dziri zvinotevera Zvinonzi muchitokisi weboka.

Kumhanya uye uwandu kunotouraya vari novimba chikuru maumbirwo DNA. Mamwe masayendisiti anodavira kuti zvachose vose DNA sequences ose mutagenic kana vanoumba Bends.

Rakajairika kwatangwa kunotouraya

Chii chinonyanya kazhinji wakaratidzwa majini yokunyorera kwatangwa kunotouraya? Mienzaniso ezvinhu akadaro - kurasikirwa nitrogenous bwezvingoro uye deleting amino acids. Zvikurukuru nehanya navo inokurukurwa kuti cytosine residues.

Zvinonzi zvakaratidza kuti nhasi kupfuura hafu vertebrates ane mutation kuti cytosine residues. Pashure deamination methylcytosine ikaita thymine. Tevedzera-up chino anodzokorora kukanganisa kana deletes kana Paarismängud uye mutates kuti chinyorwa itsva.

Chimwe chinokonzera kakawanda kwatangwa kunotouraya anonzi vakawanda pseudogenes. Nokuda kwaizvozvi, mu nedanho meiosis zvinogona kuumbwa dzisakarurama homologous recombination. Izvi zvinoguma kuchinja kwemajini nomunhu majana uye doubling nucleotide sequences.

Polymerase womuenzaniso mutagenesis

Maererano womuenzaniso ichi, kwatangwa kunotouraya dzinokonzerwa anongoitika zvikanganiso mamorekuru, synthesizing DNA. Kokutanga womuenzaniso ichi kwave yapuwa Bresler. Iye akataura kuti kuno- kuitika nokuti kuti mune zvimwe zviitiko, polymerase akaiswa mugomba kutevedzana kwezviitiko nucleotides nekomplimentarnye.

Papera makore, pashure nemiedzo dzakareba uye kuedza, maonero aya anzverwa uye kugamuchirwa munyika sayenzi. Paiva akatobvisa zvimwe mitemo kubvumira masayendisiti kudzora uye yakananga kunotouraya kubudikidza yokuwana ultraviolet chaizvo DNA zvikamu. Saka, Somuenzaniso, akawana kuti pamberi hunenge triplet kazhinji yakavakwa adenine.

Tautomeric womuenzaniso mutagenesis

Imwe dzidziso achitsanangura kwatangwa uye chakagadzirwa mutation akanga dzataurwa nokuda Watson uye Crick (vawana DNA mamiriro). Vakandipa zano kuti mutagenesis kwakavakirwa mano vamwe DNA hwaro vatendeukira kuna tautomeric siyana, kuchinja kubatana nzira zvigadziko.

Zvichitevera racho pfungwa ave achishingaira yakatanga. itsva siyana nucleotides vakanga dzakaonekwa pashure irradiation pamwe ultraviolet chiedza. Izvi zvakapa masayendisiti matsva tsvakurudzo kuita. sayenzi yemazuva ichiri inokurukura basa tautomeric siyana mune vaingoerekana mutagenesis wayo nezvainoita nokuwanda dzakaonekwa kunotouraya.

dzimwe mhando

Vaingoerekana mutation anogona kuva kutyora kuziva DNA polymerase nucleic acids. Poltaevym and said yakajekeswa mashandiro kuti enforces complementarity nhungamiro iri kwetunhu DNA molecules subsidiaries. womuenzaniso ichi isu akabvumira kudzidza mifananidzo kwokuonekwa vaingoerekana mutagenesis. Vaongorori akatsanangura yawanika kuti chikuru chikonzero kuchinja chimiro DNA usage ndiyo asiri dzakafuridzirwa vakaisvoipa yezvinoita.

Vakandipa zano kuti chikonzero zvaikosha kunoitika nokuda deamination kuti DNA. Izvi zvinotisvitsa nokuchinja cytosine kuti thymine kana uracil. Nokuda kunotouraya aya vakaumba peya sawirirana nucleotides. Saka, munguva inotevera kuberekana kunoitika kuchinja (dot yokutsiva nucleobases).

Kupatsanura pakati kunotouraya: kwatangwa

Pane akasiyana classifications kuti kuno- zvichienderana worudzii chokuratidza nhema kwavo core. Pane kupesana nezvounhu kuchinja Gene basa:

- hypomorphic (mutated alleles synthesize zvishoma mapuroteni, asi ivo vari akafanana chepakuvamba);
- amorphous (Gene zvachose ayo shanda);
- antimorfnye (mutated Gene kudzokera chiratidzo icho);
- neomorfnye (pane zvimwe zvitsva).

Asi zvinozivikanwa kupatsanura iyo rinokamukana kunotouraya zvose maererano shanduka marongerwo. anokudzwa:

1. Genomic kunotouraya. Izvi zvinosanganisira polyploidy, kureva paumbwe genome ane katatu uye iine okutodza, uye aneuploidy - nhamba okutodza mune genome hakusi vakawanda vari haploid.
2. Chromosomal mutation. Pane zvinokosha kugadzirisa zvidimbu okutodza. Kusiyanisa kurasikirwa mashoko (deletion), ayo doubling (kuburitsa mufananidzo), kuchinja dzidziso pamusoro nucleotide sequences (inversion), uyewo kuchinjwa nzvimbo pamusoro okutodza dzimwe nzvimbo (translocation).
3. Genetic mutation. Rakajairika kunotouraya. The DNA cheni anotsiviwa anongoitika nitrogenous zvigadziko akawanda.

Zvakaipira kunotouraya

Kwatangwa kunotouraya - kunokonzera zvirwere mapundu kuchengetwa, dysfunction zvomukati uye nyama kwevanhu uye mhuka. Kana sero mutated riri guru zvipuka zvine masero akawanda, kakawanda ichaparadzwa kushanda apoptosis (nemasero anotsiva anenge afa). The muviri anodzora muitiro kuchengetedza kuvabereki zvinhu, uye achibatsirwa dziviriro yezvirwere mumuviri akaora kuparadza inobvira zvaparadzwa masero ose.

Mune imwe nyaya ezviuru T-lymphocytes havana nguva kuziva njodzi chivako, uye anopa clone masero uyewo ane mutated Gene. Sero conglomerate ane kare mamwe mabasa, inobereka zvine chepfu uye kukanganisa mukuru mamiriro muviri.

Kana pasina mutation kwakaitika muna somatic uye nembeu sero, kuchinja kuchaita kuonekwa nevana. Vanoratidza vachiberekwa abnormalities zvomukati, deformities, metabolic zvirwere, uye zvirwere okuchengetera zvinhu.

Kwatangwa kunotouraya: ukoshi

Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kare zvaiita maturo kunotouraya angabatsira kuchinjira kumamiriro ezvinhu matsva oupenyu. Uyu mutation chiyereso rwokuzvarwa vakasarudzwa. Animals, shiri uye tumbuyu vane kamafurashi dziberekane chaienzanirana nzvimbo dzokugara kuzvidzivirira pazvikara. Asi kana kuchinja dzinogarisana, ipapo vachishandisa mutation hunhu anoedza kuchengetedza kwemarudzi kubva kutsakatika. Pasi ezvinhu itsva zvinorarama kurarama nekufambisa kugona ichi vamwe.

The mutation munogona non-basa nzvimbo genome, uye ipapo kuona kuchinja ari phenotype kuchengetwa. Nekuwana "breakage" Zvinogoneka chete pachishandiswa zvidzidzo yakananga. Zvakakodzera kudzidza kwakabva chokuita mhando dzemhuka uye kugadzirira kwavo nemagene mepu.

The chinetso kwatangwa kunotouraya

Mune forties remakore rapfuura pakava dzidziso kuti mutation kunokonzerwa chete nezvinenge zvaitika uye kuti avabatsire kuchinja. Kuti mumuedze dzidziso iyi, pakaitwa bvunzo uye reps nzira yakazokudziridzwa.

The nzira ndechokuti vashomanana chete mhando mabhakitiriya vari kuifukidza pamusoro chubhu uye pashure kusonanidzwa mishonga vanoverengeka vakanga pazviri. Part zvigare akapona, uye vakanga zvaitambidzwa itsva kwezvakatipoteredza. Kuenzanisa siyana utachiona sepombi yakaratidza kuti kurwisa akasimuka nomuzvarirwo kuti kuonana nomunhu mushonga, uye pashure pacho.

Kudzokorora nzira yakanga kuti fleecy jira hwakatamisirwa tupukanana tusingaoneki, uye ipapo akatamisira panguva imwe chete mukati runyararo akawanda akachena. New dzaiva cultured uye kubatwa mushonga unorwisa. Somugumisiro, utachiona siyana akapukunyuka sepombi akaronga pane zvikamu zvakayenzana svikiro.