Vakapona kwokuputsika. nyaya chaiyo

Kubvira murume wokutanga akatora mumhepo, aiziva kuwa. Gore negore Summer michina akatonyanya kwakatooma, nani uye njodzi, asi ndege abondera zviitike achiri. Wandisa kurasikirwa noupenyu kuwa mufambi liner hakusi chete neshungu nokuda dzisinganyaradziki hama yevanhu vakaurayiwa, asi rudzi nenjodzi.

Vakapona yendege panguva imwechete vanhu vari kuva vakakurumbira, ari kutaurwa nezvake, uye vanobudisa nhau munyika yose. Izvi zvinoitika nokuti izvi vashoma chaizvo.

Statistics tsaona

Kana isu kutora Nhamba kwokuputsika yose nhoroondo nguva kukura mutakurwi motokari, zvinganzi vakagumisa kuti vari apo neapo. Chance kuti midziyo vachakundikana panguva kutiza, tora-kure kana kumhara akaenzana mamiriyoni 1/8. Izvi zvinoreva kuti munhu anofanira anopfuura 20 000 makore Flights zuva nezuva anongoitika de kuti abate kuti rombo rakaipa kwazvo.

Development Engineer ndege, vamiririri inishuwarenzi uye statisticians vanofarira mubvunzo kana kupona zvinogoneka mutsaona yendege? Mhinduro iri - Zvirokwazvo, vapona mushure kuwa kubva yakakwirira yakadaro kunogona zvavakasangana nazvo.

Kana isu kutora nhamba akaratidza zvinokonzera kudonha unyanzvi, mumwe chikamu zvaizoratidza seizvi:

• kana rokukwidza ndege chinoitika 5% tsaona (kunyanya moto);
• yasimuka - 17% tsaona;
• kukwira vanosvika 8% dzokushungurudzwa;
• apo 6% of muchitiza;
• apo achidzikisa ndege - 3%;
• kusvika chinokonzera 7%;
• kumhara pamusoro ndege - 51%.

Statistics vose rakanyorwawo nyaya liners kuwa inoratidza kuti mukuru ngozi aripo apo kuwedzerazve uye kuwa. Zvichida ndosaka vatakurwi maoko ari vezvikepe chete pashure ivo tongai danho iri kutiza.

Vakapona kwokuputsika anoratidza kakawanda kuti ndege "pakarepo" chinhu chakakanganisika. Kutaura zvazviri, akanga akangwarira statisticians uye vashandi yokutizira vakachengeteka, akacherechedza kuti zvikonzero kamwe nokuputsika mano kana mwenje ndiwo injini - icho kuremara asina kuzivikanwa pasi, ipapo zvikonzero kuwa liners kutanga kutarisa ipapo.

Zvinokonzera ikatsva

Zvinosuruvarisa kutaura izvi, asi chikuru chinokonzera tsaona ndege ndiyo womunhu chikonzero. Michina regai akapamba pachako uye regai incapacitate. Kushaya pfungwa mukereke dzavo, pamwe macheki zuva zvikanganiso uye basa nemaune vezvikepe uye mhepo - izvi zvose kazhinji zvinotungamirira pokuwa mabikirwo.

Zvinoita kurarama yendege kana nyanzvi zvakaipa maita basa ravo? Panyaya iyi, mhinduro ndihungu, nekuti nhasi pane zviitiko apo wakasara vanopfuura 1 munhu.

Statistics ndege ikatsva mu kubva muzana mazwi sezvinotevera:

• mutyairi wendege chikanganiso chinokonzera 50% of nyaya;
• basa zvikanganiso panguva kutiza vashandi kuzivikanwa muna 7% nenjodzi;
• migumisiro ekunze richawira 12%;
• kukundikana mano uye michina zvavo - 22% (chinhu kuti haina kunyatsodzidziswa kuzivikanwa risati kutiza);
• ugandanga uye vamwe (haana kuzivikanwa kunokonzera kudhumhana kana mudenga) - 9%.

Kubva zvikonzero izvi, kunze ekunze, zvimwe zvose - mabasa evanhu. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti njodzi aigona kunge kudziviswa, uye zviitiko vanhu yokupukunyuka mutsaona vaiva yekudyidzana yepamusoro. Kana isu kutora nokuongorora kwakaitwa kunotambudza pakukura okupedzisira 30 apfuura, mhaka vavo:

• DC-8 yakawira Newfoundland muna 1985 kuwedzera nokuda kurasikirwa nokukurumidza, achiuraya vanhu 250;
• kuwa "747" muna 1985 wokuJapan anokonzerwa murombo kugadziriswa, mugumisiro - 520 vakaurayiwa;
• IL-76, anotevera kubva Kazakhstan kuna Saudi Arabia akawira kuIndia muna 1996, kubva mid-mhepo kudhumhana ne "Boeing", mugumisiro - 349 vakafa;
• IL-76 rawa muna Iran muna 2003 nemhaka matambudziko pasi varombo maonero, achiuraya vanhu 275;
• 224, hapana vakapona mutsaona "Kogalymavia" muna October 2015, akabatana Nhamba akasuwa: chikonzero - a zvichibvira nemagandanga.

Zviri kure vose guru mutsaona, kwakaitika kubvira 1985 kusvika 2015, asi kunyange ivo zviri pachena kuti havana chikonzero kazhinji akava kuregeredza dzevanhu kana kutenda yakaipa. List vachapona mutsaona vanhu kunge yakareba kana mutoro yokutizira vakachengeteka nyanzvi anoteererwa zvakanaka basa rayo, asi vatakurwi zvokuita kuti varambe vari vapenyu.

Zvokuita mutsaona yendege

Zvakaratidza kuti pane mitemo kuti chaizvoizvo kubatsira vanhu vari kwokuputsika ari liner kuti varambe vachirarama. Mirayiridzo inokosha kupa mutariri pamberi kutiza. Zvinosuruvarisa vakawanda vatakurwi musateerera kwavari, uye kunyange zvakawanda haana ingashandiswa uchidzidzira. Pakati nyore zano chiri kurovererwa;

• kupinda panguva yasimuka uye kumhara (Zvakanakisa yose ndege nani kupinda);
• kuziva apo upenyu Mabhachi uye sei kushandisa okisijeni chifukidzo;
• panjodzi, usabva panzvimbo yako, uye zvakatonyanya kudaro usaedza kupinda penhumbi mupanda kuponesa zvavo;
• pfungwa uye tora kwechokwadi mamiriro pamberi kudhumhana pamusoro ndege pamwe pasi kana mvura (kufonyora musoro wake pamabvi ake, kufukidza ake).

Kuwedzera mitemo nyore izvi, pane zvakabuda inoverengeka vanachiremba vari zvashata ezvinhu kuti vanhu vakapona mutsaona, anoshandiswa intuitively uye haana kukanganiswa.

Vazhinji vatakurwi vanourawa mushure mutsaona uye moto, sezvo vasingagoni panguva kubuda pairi. Kuti izvi zvisaitike, zvinokosha kuziva pachine:

• somunhu unfastened chigaro mabhandi;
• chaiyo kutungamirira goho (kunyanya kana utsi ari kabhini);
• Vhunduka - zviri 100% rufu.

Somuenzaniso, Dzhordzh Lemson, nepo muna 1985 mumwe mukomana ane makore 17 okuberekwa, vakapona chete nekuti panguva kudhumhana iri ndege umo akanga achibhururuka pamwe nababa vake, vake cheya akakandwa kubva mufambi mupanda. Kana mukomana haana vakasungira uye chakatsindirwa musoro wake mabvi ake, uye pashure kuwa havagoni nokukurumidza patsanura uye kumhanya shure yakachengeteka kure, angadai akafa, uyewo asara vanhu 70.

Sezvo zviitiko vakapukunyuka ikatsva, kana munhu asingadi nehana uye kuziva zvokuita, ipapo une mukana wose kuti vapone. Exploring mienzaniso matambudziko akadaro, vatsvakurudzi vakasvika pakugumisa kuti vazhinji vatakurwi, pane kuti vabude ndege, vakamirira munhu kana mirayiridzo. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, vose vanechokuita vakachengeteka zvavo pacharo.

mamiriro ezvinhu ane ngozi

Nepo zvingaita sokuti vakapukunyuka ikatsva vatakurwi - zviri chete rombo, chokwadi hachisi. Sezvinoratidzwa nemasayendisiti kubva kuEngland, akadzidza kupfuura 2,000 zviitiko kununurwa mutsaona zvakadaro, vanhu ava kwakabatsira kwete sezvineiwo, asi akananga ruzivo uye chiito ndinoiitawo zvishoma nemhanza.

Zvakaratidza kuti pane ndege munzvimbo ine ngozi uye kunzvimbo dzakachengeteka, sezvinoratidzwa nokupukunyuka nhamba:

• Somuenzaniso, avo vanogara munzvimbo yokutanga shanu pemitsara mumhino ndege, mukana yokupona ndiyo 65%;
• zviri kunyange yepamusoro vaya vagere mitsara izvi pamusoro dzokunze zvigaro (67%), asi kwete pedyo mahwindo (58%);
• vane mufambi nendege muswe, pane 53% yokupona kana naivowo vagere rokutanga shanu mitsara iri zvashata mbudo;
• vanhu vakapona mutsaona uye vakanga vagere pakati kabhini, vari apo neapo.

Kunze ngozi munyika dzine vari kabhini, unoitawo basa rinokosha ndege pacharo. Somuenzaniso, nhamba dzinoratidza kuti 73% vose njodzi ndege rwakavapo ndege duku, akaverenga kusvika pazvigaro 30. Zvinouraya pokuwa rimwe-injini kana mundege duku iri 68%, izvo zvinoratidza kuti mukana yokupona vatakurwi uye vatyairi motokari kwakadaro kwakangofanana chishamiso.

mumwe chete mhedziso - vanofanira kubhururuka ndege huru Makambani hwakavimbika. Kunenge kuti chete chakarurama kusarudza motokari uye nzvimbo nayo achaponesa upenyu munguva yenjodzi, asi mikana kupona kuti vanhu vayo zvichava zvikuru, uye vanunuri vari kwokuputsika hombe airliner hamukumbiri "hapachina vakapona ikatsva," asi kuhwuponesa.

The kwazvo mamiriro ezvinhu

Chinonetsa uye ngozi chikamu tsaona iri kudhumhana yacho ndege pamwe pasi kana mvura. Kamwe ichi chakaitika, vanhu chete maminitsi 1.5-2 kugara mupenyu. Rakanga nenguva ino, unofanira kusangana kuti patsanura, kuwana nzira uye kusvetuka kure sezvinobvira.

Nengozi huru upenyu ndiwo moto uye anozadza zvokunyaradza carbon monoxide, iyo inosimbisa akapona mutsaona yendege mukadzi. Larisa Savitskaya akapukunyuka pashure ndege kudhumhana umo iye aifamba nemurume wake, pamwe chete bhomba. Burns pamusoro pakutanga moto, akakwanisa pfungwa uye kutora pachigaro zvakarurama mamiriro, izvo zvakaponesa upenyu hwake apo akanga 8 maminitsi akawira kubvira kukwirira 5200 m.

kumhara Its "kupfavisa" mapazi miti, asi, kunyange pashure pokunge vapona kuwa yakadaro, aifanira kutsungirira sezvo kuvhunduka kukuru kubva mukukuvara ake, uye kuti chokwadi chokuti vanunuri havana kukurumidza kutsvaka downed ndege, chivimbo chokuti hapana akapona.

"Itai vanhu vakapona mutsaona ikoko?" - mubvunzo uyu tinofanira kuva panzvimbo yokutanga vaya vari kuita ezvinhu akafanana. Larissa kwemazuva maviri takamirira rubatsiro ane pakakuvara pakati remuromo musana uye musoro kukuvara. Iye oga apinda Guinness bhuku kaviri mumwe uye chiitiko chete:

• nguva yokutanga sezvo kupukunyuka pashure kudonha kubva nekukwirira vanopfuura 5 km;
• wechipiri - sei kuti Wekumusoro shomanana muripo nokuda zvichiguma kukuvadza - 75 chete rubles.

No zvishoma kukanganisa upenyu hwevanhu ari kudhumhana pakati ndege nemvura pamusoro, kunyange zvazvo vanhu vakawanda ungwaru kudavira kuti anogona rungai kuwa. dzokusaziva kwakadaro mitemo zvepakutanga pakati wefizikisi kwaizourayisa vanhu vazhinji.

Inodonha mugungwa

Kana ndege uri pakutambudzika pamusoro pegungwa, kwete isingawanzowanikwi chakajairika, asi nhamba yevanofa apo vanhu vanoramba kwakatekeshera zvinoshamisa yakakwirira, kunyange pane vakapona ikatsva mumvura.

Izvi zvinoitika nokuda kwezvikonzero zvinoverengeka:

• Chokutanga, vanhu kazhinji tidzikame nekuti havagoni kuwana uye kupfeka upenyu bhachi;
• chechipiri, vachiri mangwanani vaaise simba, uye mune inflated mamiriro, rinovatadzisa kwete chete kufamba, asiwo kushambira kubva kabhini, kana kwakauya mvura;
• Chechitatu, havazivi kuti matambudziko ari ndege iri mvura, yakaenzana kuti kurwisana ne chesamende pamusoro, uye haagoni makamuisa kugamuchira kununura chinzvimbo.

Kunze apo mutyairi anoita njodzi kumhara pamusoro mvura, donhwe mugungwa anongova ngozi sapasi, achisimbisa yega akapona mutsaona musikana.

Bakari aiva nemakore 12 apo iye naamai vake nendege achibva Paris kuna Yemen. By haana kuratidza zvikonzero ndege yakadonha mugungwa, 14 km kubva echitsuwa chacho Big Comoros. Kubva matambudziko mvura zvakanzi bvamburwa, uye musikana ndokuwira mumvura. Aiva rombo kuti pamusoro pemvura liner vakasara, mumwe iro akanga akamirira kwemaawa 14, kusvikira vakanonga pedo kupfuura chikepe hove.

History of vasikana vakaenda munyika, sezvo zviri mumwe wevaya mienzaniso apo, zvichida, paizova zvakawanda vakapukunyuka, podospey kubatsirwa nguva. Hypothermia uye nguva aipfeka upenyu Mabhachi chakauraya vamwe.

Uyu haasi muenzaniso rokupedzisira, apo chete akapona mutsaona aifanira kurwira upenyu hwake nokuda haitsigirwi pasi.

Kuwa muna musango

Kunyange kune mienzaniso apo ikatsva anzwirwe matavi, nhamba vakapona panguva vatakurwi uye vashandi nhengo haana refu. Achiri anobatsira guru ndero sei murume achiita panguva njodzi.

Muenzaniso nyaya German wokuchikoro-makore 17 vaifamba naye amai Lima kuna Pukallpa (Peru) pamberi Christmas 1971. Kutaura zvazviri, kwaiva nhunzi duku, yaiva inosuruvarisa nemhaka yokuti ndege rakarova mhirizhonga munguva mabhanan'ana.

Kubva mheni pasi kubva mhepo motokari hurongwa, moto yakatanga muna kabhini. Julian Cap - chete akapona mutsaona yendege mumwe mufambi panguva ndege iyi. Panguva kukwira pamusoro 6400 M panguva ndege vakauya kure vose mapapiro, uye ipapo vakapinda muchikepe tailspin yakatanga isaparara chidimbu chimwe.

Mukadzi anoponeswa chokwadi kuti dzakasungirwa uye kununura mamiriro wokurera kana nhamba zvigaro pamwe chete chigaro chacho "vakandirwa kunze" ari bhodhi. Munguva kuwa kwaro pamwechete zvimedu kubva mukati zvayaitenderera paguyo rimwe mhepo yakasimba, izvo zvakazoita kuti vasanyanye raiiswa uye kuwa mumatenhere ari Amazon nemasango.

Migumisiro "kumhara" raiva yakaputsika bondo, scrapes nemakakuvara, asi iye akanga vaitarisira bvunzo yakatokura. Riri 500 km kubva Lima, pakati nomusango, vasingazivi mugwagwa, musikana vakapona mutsaona akamanikidzwa kurwira upenyu hwake munzvimbo yausingazivi.

mazuva sezvo vakawanda 9 akaburukira rwizi, vachitya kuenda kure naye, kuti arege kurasikirwa kwavo kunobva mvura. Kudya michero uye zvirimwa aiona uye chinangwa, musikana akauya yokupakira mugove vehove, izvo akamutora kuchipatara.

Kana Julian akasiyiwa kumirira rubatsiro pedyo ndege rawa, Ungangove, ungadai. Nokuti zviitiko izvi rokuItari mushamarari akanga filmed dzomufirimu "Miracles vachiri kuitika," uyo gare gare akaponesa upenyu musikana Soviet Larissa Savitskaya, akamirira maviri mazuva vanunuri.

Nhengo vapenyu taita

Quite kashoma kunzwa kuti vaunoshanda nhengo vakapona kuwa ndege. Zvichida vakabatikana aponese kana vanhu vari nguva ino muchikamu kwazvo "vanotambudzika" ari ndege, asi ichokwadi.

Asi pane mienzaniso mutariri, rakapona ikatsva, ndiro chete ruponeso. Vesna Vulovic muna 1972 yaiva nemakore 22 chete okuberekwa, mumakore anotevera voos Copenhagen kuna Zagreb reYugoslavia Airlines ndege yakatanga mudenga kubudikidza nokuputika gandanga bhomba.

Iyi inogona kunzi kune "chishamiso" nokuti Spring akakwanisa kurarama ari pakati imba yemapuranga kuwa kubva nekukwirira vanopfuura 10 km. Chip Machine, pazviri, akawira miti nesinou, izvo mitigated zvikuru nokurohwa.

Chechipiri "chishamiso" raiva kuti paakanga ane chavanoziva ezvinhu, yakawana murimi kubva mumusha yaiva pedyo uye vakadzinga kuchipatara. Mutariri, vakapona ikatsva iri kuwa kubva yakakwirira yakadaro, anenge mwedzi akanga ari pakoma, uye ipapo mumwe mwedzi 16 kurwira mukana famba uye kurarama upenyu.

Vesna Vulovic aiva Guinness chinyorwa mabhuku sezvo munhu akaita achikwakuka pasina parachuti kubva kukwirira 10 km. Pane asiri murume akashinga, uyo dzavo yesarudzo anosarudza kunda ayo mugumisiro.

Kuwa Russian aircraft muIjipiti

Chimwe chezvinhu zvenzara nyaya matsutso 2015 kwaiva kwokuputsika muIjipiti. Nhasi, "pane vachapona" - haisi nyaya inonyanya kukosha dambudziko iri. Kana zvakanga runyerekupe pakutanga kuti havasi vose 224 vanhu vakaurayiwa, asi zvino chinosuruvarisa.

Nhasi vanhu anofarira mhaka rufu ane airliner, uye kuti ave nechokwadi chokuti ichi havazorwarizve kuitika aircraft Russian.

Zvakakwana shanduro dzakasiyana-siyana zvakaitika Airbus A321 vakasimuka kuRussia uye dzimwe nhau. Kutora kure pasina kunonoka liner maminitsi 23 pashure kutora kubvisa yakanyangarika kubva radar controllers kuti asingazivikanwi zvikonzero.

Imwe shanduro, wadii kuwana vakapona ikatsva muIjipiti, ndiye kuputika nebhomba riri mundege. Ndege vakagura mudenga, saka mikana vakanga kushanda hapana vanhu.

Zviremera Egyptian vanoti kuvapo mabhomba kwezvakatipoteredza ngwanda yakawanikwa. Data izvi dzakabudiswa navo pashure nyanzvi kubva US, England uye Russia vakasvika yakasiyana mhedziso.

Kwega asiri abvume zvakabuda nyanzvi - ndiko kusada weIjipiti kurasikirwa vangangozova vatengi panguva nzvimbo mwaka uye kubhadhara muripo "Kogalymavia" boka nokuda kwokuputsika ndege wayo airspace. Dai kwaiva vakapona ikatsva muIjipiti, vachateerera kuripwa nokuti zvinokanganisa.

Zvinofanira kutarisirwa kuuya kubvumirana mativi maviri, asi kutarisa munhoroondo aeronautics, tinogona kutaura kuti ndege chete murege voga mudenga uye radar hazvirevi kunyangarika. Final mhedziso asi, asi dzakawanda pachena chii chakaita ikatsva muIjipiti nhasi. Pane vachapona, mhinduro yemubvunzo uyu nyore - "kwete."

zvakanaka nhamba

Kuziva akangwarira masayendisiti vanoda kuverenga uye kuyera zvose, hapana mubvunzo kuti vakanga akadzidzawo mubvunzo, nei asina kupukunyuka kwokuputsika vanhu.

Chikonzero ndechokuti chaizvoizvo banal kupfuura - chete yevanhu chinhu. Kana isu kutora nhamba achinje zvinokonzera kwokuputsika kubvira 1908, zvichava seizvi:

• panguva pakuvapo ndege kubva 1908 kusvika 1929. 50% abondera chakaita nokuti zvekushandisa matambudziko, 30% - pamusoro okunze, 10% - 10% uye moto - mutyairi kukanganisa,
• yechipiri yezana remakore rechi20 zvikepe akauya neimwe nhamba - 24% vane ukama michina, 25% - kupomera ekunze, mutyairi kukanganisa - 37%, moto - 7%, uye kurwisa ndiwo chete 5%;
• Tarisiro nokuti remakore rechi21 rave zvachose - 45% - muparanzvongo kwevanhu chinhu 13% - ekunze, 32% - zvinetso unyanzvi, moto - 3%, uye kurwiswa kugara 4% nyaya.

Saka kuchinja zvinokonzera mhepo tsaona mumhepo kwemakore 100. Kunyange zvakadaro, nhasi ndiro zvikuru vaiita zvokufamba nokuti kwokuputsika kuitika ane ndingangokuvara 0,00001%. Uyezve, pane kuwedzera zviitiko apo Kupona haasi mumwe munhu ari ikatsva, uye yakawanda chikamu vatakurwi.

Somuenzaniso, 4 vanhu vakapona mutsaona, kwakaitika muJapan muna 1985, maminitsi 12 pashure kutora-kubvisa ndege depressurization kwakaitika aft mupanda. Vezvikepe akakwanisa kubata motokari mumhepo maminitsi 32, pashure iyo bhodhi yakadonha 100 chete kubva guru Japan. Yakataurwa vakapona anonunurwa chingakosha kupfuura, nokuti vanhu vakakumbira kubatsirwa, asi nguva asvika vanunuri vasiri kumhanya-mhanya, paiva 520 vanhu vakafa. Vari vakauraya uye maronda subcooling akatiwanira kana akadonha.

Zvinosuruvarisa, mashoko pamusoro vakaponeswa havasi dzinoenderana chokwadi. Saka yakanga, kana kuudzwa kuti vanhu vana vakapona mutsaona yeEgipita. Muchiitiko chino, unogona chete kunzwira tsitsi vanhu akawana tariro chishamiso, asi zvino zvakare nayo vakarasika.

The Russian avhiyesheni nhoroondo uye pane mienzaniso apo vatakurwi akanga akafa mutsaona yacho liner. Saka, vanhu vakapona mutsaona, "Kogalymavia" muna 2011 apo ndege moto, iyo chete taxied pamusoro runway, akanzwisisa richakunda tikiti. Pakati 116 vatakurwi uye 6 rikarira nhengo vakaurayiwa, vanhu vatatu chete, kuti Tu-154 nomoto.