Varanda vanhuwo zvavo nzendo dzavo unhu

Apo Russian chevaux Ivan Third masimba rezita pakusava zvainanga "kuunganidza nyika Russian" kumativi Moscow, maererano kusunungurwa kubva khans of Horde. On dzakabatanidzwa nyika kunodiwa kumisa nzira yokushandisa kwavo, izvo zvakazoita kuva munharaunda kunyika gavhuna hurongwa. Maererano naye, nyika mamiriro hwakatamisirwa Muranda kwenguva pfupi kushandiswa kana kuti upenyu somubayiro basa uye rine mari. Saka akaumba Local mauto. On nyika richangobva yakagadzirwa landlords kusvika 1497 vaishanda vachiri varimi vashoma yokuzvidira, vaigona kufamba kubva mumwe "mushandirwi" mumwe miganhu, kuita nokuchengeta nokuda kushandisa redzimba uye nyika uyewo kupa zvose zvikwereti.

Agriculture haakonzeri kakawanda masangano

Ipapo kusvikira 1497. uranda vanhuwo zvavo? Mumatanho zvekurima kutenderera haana kuti pave tichishingaira kufamba varimi kubva mumwe chikamu chimwe. Izvi imhaka yokuti inodiwa urongwa musha mutsva, mutsva kurovedza nzvimbo pasi nezvirimwa, kusikwa kuchengeterwa romugove kokutanga. Naizvozvo, nokuzvidira miduku yokuruwa munguva nguva vanosiyana kuchinja uye akatamira, chokwadi, kwete kakawanda, asi aiva nekodzero kuita. Tillers ivhu muzana remakore rechi15 kwakasarudzwa kuti ive novoprihodtsev uye starozhiltsev. Okutanga vaizowana makomborero ake feudal tenzi (kukwezva manpower mune zvokurima), uye wechipiri kuzviuru nemitero hakusi guru chaizvo, sezvo aishanda nguva dzose, uye vakanga vakawanda mubereko. Vanhuwo zvavo vaigona kushanda sechikamu chirimwa (yendiro) kana mubereko (masirivha).

Tichasunungurwa kugona chete anenge yechando

kuti uranda vanhuwo zvavo sei? The zvokukura izvi akatambanudza kwemazana emakore anoverengeka. Zvose zvakachinja kuitwa Ivan wechitatu mitemo - Sudebnik, iyo inoti kuti Kutama kubva imwe hondo mumwe murimi zvaaikwanisa pashure basa papurazi, panguva St. George paZuva uye vhiki pamberi kana pashure kuripwa chete "vakwegura." Ndinofanira kutaura kuti kwemakore mutambo musande - George ari Martyr Great - vakapemberera mazuva akasiyana. Maererano nekarenda yekare, nhasi chichaitwa musi November 26, muna 16-17 emakore, zvakanzi inopembererwa musi December 6, uye mumazuva edu - 9 December. Sudebnik zvakare anosarudza uwandu "vakwegura", waiva mumwe rubles kubva mumhuri iri musango, uye polrublya kubva kumapurazi rakamiswa mumasango, muchifarira muridzi. Panguva iyoyowo, muripo uyu wakaiswa kwemakore mana, kuti, kana murimi akararama uye akashanda gore, yakanga kubhadhara kota mari kutsunga Sudebnik.

Zvechadenga chikuru nzendo uranda vanhuwo zvavo

Mwanakomana uye nhaka Ivan III, Vasily rechitatu, akawedzera Muscovy kubudikidza kuwedzera Ryazan, Novgorod-Seversky uye Starodub kwavabati. Kudai zvinoshingaira dzinotsanagura centralization simba, vakanga vaine kurerutsa simba boyars uye kukura munyika kwamachinda, ari matunhu akanga munhu kushanda. Izvi Muitiro yakawedzera panguva yaitonga Ivan IV (the Anotyisa), uyo muna Sudebnik ake 1550 akasimbisa kodzero landlords kuti vanhuwo zvavo chete muna St. George Day, apo kuderedza kodzero vanhuwo zvavo uye varanda, uye kumutsa "wekare" vaviri yakarova jackpot. Zvokukura uranda vanhuwo zvavo vari Russia vaiva mumwe pashure pomumwe.

Non-vakasununguka tillers vaiva Russia kubvira kare

About menials vanofanira kutaura mashoko mashoma voga. chinzvimbo ichi haina kuzvisunungura pachake murume iripo kubvira panguva Rus Ancient zvemisoro kusvikira 1723. Muranda Muranda chaiko (muranda akabatwa muhondo inonzi "Chelyadyn" uye akanga yakaipisisa nzvimbo hama kuti muranda). Varanda vakawira zvakare munguva yehondo, somugumisiro mhosva (muchinda aigona kutora varanda kupinda munhu akaita umhondi pamwe kuba, dzimba uye bhiza-kuba), mu insolvency mu kubhadhara zvikwereti kana zvisiri akasununguka akaberekwa nevabereki.

Muranda aigona kuva rokuzvipira, kana munhu akaroora asiri isina munhu wakazvitengesa (kweinenge 0.5 Hryvnia, asi pamberi pezvapupu), akashanda se mutariri kana Tiuna (zvaibvira zvimwe ukama mukupera nyaya). With muridzi varanda vakanga vakasununguka kuita chinhu, kusanganisira vaitengesa kuuraya panguva iyoyowo kuva maererano nezvavaizoita kumapati rechitatu. Varanda mubheka, apo vachakukumikidzai, kusanganisira pasi. Naizvozvo tinogona kutaura kuti uranda vanhuwo zvavo, matanho iyo chokuita 15-16 emakore, chokwadi, kwakavakirwa dzakabudirira netsika muranda hurongwa.

A rushoma Kurambidzwa yezwi

Nguva pfupi asati afa (muna 1581) Ivan Grozny yapa rairambidzwa kuchinjwa tillers I V Yurev Day, kuitisa mukuru Verengai yenyika uye rokuongorora panosvika uye unhu management pamusoro payo. Yaiva imwe chiitiko kuti akakonzera mberi uranda vanhuwo zvavo. Zvisinei, zvokukura Kugadzirwa uranda wegadziriro, iri anonzi kuti nguva iyi sezvo Anotyisa, uye mambo Fyodor Ivanovich, uyo unoita chirevo yakadaro wakabudiswa 1592.

Vatsigiri yokurambidzwa Anotyisa anoratidza kuti ratification 1592 asati ane anotaura 'rambidzwa (hazvitenderwi) zhizha ", apo vatsigiri Fedor vanodavira kuti ndiyo kusavapo anotaura" Makore wakarambidzwa' ari mapepa pashure 1592 kunoratidza kuti kurambidzwa wakatangwa muna 1592-1593 biennium. Kujeka panyaya iyi haisi kudaro kure. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti abolition St. George Day haana kuita nharaunda yose Russia - kumaodzanyemba vanhuwo zvavo vaigona kufamba kubva imwe hondo mumwe refu zvakakwana.

Complete uranda varimi

The chikuru zvokukura uranda vanhuwo zvavo muzana remakore rechi16 haana kugumisa pamusoro-dzataurwa mabasa. Muna 1597 wakatangwa chirevo pamusoro nguva muganhu makore, iyo yakasimbiswa kuti anotiza murimi mudiki anogona kudzokera aimbova muridzi kwemakore 5 years. Kana ichi izwi imhaka zvinofa uye aimbova muridzi haana nyaya fomu kuferefeta, ari neakapukunyuka yakaramba iri nzvimbo itsva. Sezvo ndege kwainzi chero chekubva kudzoka inoitwa pfuma yose uye mhuri.

Fixed makore zvishoma akadzima pasi Boris Godunov

Zvokukura pamutemo uranda vanhuwo zvavo vasare 1597 panyaya kwete chete murimi, kunyange nomudzimai wake nevana, vanova "ngadzirambe" nyika. Makore gumi pashure kuitwa nemitemo nguva muganhu nguva (1607) zvinhu waitwa vashandi dzokumaruwa hwaderera kubva Vasilii Shuyskom chirevo kuwedzera kuongorora makore gumi nemashanu, ayo yekudyidzana anowedzera kodzero Varidzi pamusoro basa vanhuwo zvavo. bepa ichi vakaedza kuratidza kusiri pamutemo kudzimwa nguva muganhu makore munguva yaitonga Boris Godunov, uyo akaita zvichemo, zvichida nokuda nzara muna 1601-1602 gore.

Chii kupedzisa nzendo dzose uranda vanhuwo zvavo? Muchidimbu - kwakakwana abolition nguva muganhu makore mutikitivha basa uye vapoteri nokusingaperi. Izvi zvakaitika pasi chevaux Alexei Mikhailovich, uye akanga formalized Council Code 1649. Chete pashure anopfuura mazana maviri nemakore, muna 1861, serfdom kuti ubviswe uye varimi Russian achagamuchira hama rusununguko.