Caliphate - chii? Arab Caliphate, ayo inotungamirwa uye kuora. The nhoroondo Caliphate

Pakati munyika zvitendero, worugotwe ari Islam, kuberekwa iyo inoreva kuti VII remakore uye chokuita nezita Muporofita Muhammad, kuita mumwechete. Pasi simba raro Hadzhize - mu Western Arabia - nharaunda navo yakaumbwa. Uyezve pfuma nevaMuslim of muArabhia Peninsula, Iraq, Iran uye dzimwe nyika zvakaita kuti kwaita vechiArabhu caliphate - a simba Asian mamiriro. Chakasimudzira vaisanganisira vakakunda nyika.

The Caliphate: chii?

Shoko "caliphate" muna Arabic ane mbiri rinoreva. Iri ndiro zita guru mamiriro akasikwa pashure pokufa Muhammad vateveri vake, uye musoro mutongi mukuru yaiva pasi pesimba kunyika yacho caliphate. Munguva Kuvapo mamiriro dzidzo, kwakaratidzwa yakakwirira azvipire kukura sayenzi uye tsika nemagariro, akaburukira munhau sezvo Golden Age rechiIslam. Conventionally, zviri kuonekwa miganhu makore 632-1258.

Pakafa muprofita Muhammad munhoroondo yacho Caliphate ane nguva nhatu huru. Chokutanga, kwakatanga muna 632, nokuda pakusikwa Kwevakarurama Caliphate, musoro dzaiva zvaizoitawo caliphs mana, kururama akapa zita raro kuHurumende kudzora navo. Makore okutonga kwakaratidzwa anoverengeka yemibairo guru, akadai kupambwa muArabhia Peninsula, kuCaucasus, iyo Levant, uye chikamu chikuru North Africa.

kukakavadzana Religious uye miganhu zvavakawana

The chidzoke of Caliphate hwakada kufanana pakutanga rufu muprofita Muhammad nharo pamusoro amutsive. Somugumisiro vakawanda nharo mutongi mukuru uye mutungamiriri wechitendero akava shamwari yepedyo muvambi Islam - Abu Bakr al-Saddiq. Akatanga kwake aine hondo vakaramba kutenda vakanga vabva dzidziso muprofita Muhammad pakarepo paaizofa uye vakava vateveri muprofita wenhema Musailima. Makumi mana nezviviri weuto ravo vakakundwa panguva Hondo Arkabe.

Tevedzera vakarurama caliphs mberi kukunda uye kuwedzera ndima pasi pavo. Wokupedzisira vavo - Ali Ibn Abhi Talib - akamboitirwa inopandukira vakatsauka kubva huru dzinza Islam - the Kharijites. Izvi kwakaratidza kuguma nesananguro vatongi mukuru, sezvo simba vakabata simba uye vakava caliph Muawiyah I pamagumo ake upenyu akagadza nomunhu mwanakomana wake, uye nokudaro ari hurumende akasimbisa nhaka umambo - anonzi Umayyad Caliphate. Chii?

New, chimiro wechipiri Caliphate

zita raro ichi nguva munhoroondo iri dzechiArab nyika vanosungirwa kuti Umayyad youmambo, yaiva chizvarwa Muawiya I. Mwanakomana wake nhaka simba guru yababa vake, kunyange zvakawanda vakasundidzira miganhu iri Caliphate, kuwana ruzha kukunda zvechiuto muna Afghanistan, kuchamhembe kweIndia uye Caucasus. Hondo dzake dzinondiunganira akapamba kunyange chikamu Spain uye France.

ari Byzantine mambo chete Lev Isavr uye Bulgarian Khan Tervel aigona kumurambidza anokunda tsamwisa uye hwogumisa miganhu kuwedzera. Europe ndiyo ruponeso rwedu kubva Arab vakundi chikwereti zvikurukuru hunoshamisa mukuru VIII remakore Karlu Martelyu. Inotungamirirwa Frank hondo vakakunda gurusvusvu vakapinda nechisimba muna yakakurumbira hondo Poitiers.

The kugadzirisa hana masoja ari runyararo akamira

Kutanga nguva chokuita Umayyad Caliphate, dzinoratidzwa nokuti nzvimbo navaArabhu iri dzatorwa vakanga unflattering: upenyu afanane mamiriro ezvinhu muchiuto mumusasa, riri kuramba ezvinhu vakamuka. Chikonzero chaiva Kushingaira mumwe wavabati iyoyo Umar I. Pamusana kwaari, Islam vo kuwana kereke ngwizhingwi zvokunamata.

The chidzoke of Arab Caliphate chamuita kuti vakawanda munzanga boka wevarwi nemazvo - vanhu vane basa bedzi kwaiva kutora chikamu mune danidziro yokukunda. Kuti pfungwa dzavo hauna kuvakwa kuti rugare nzira, vaisabvumirwa kutora nyika uye kuwana ndakagara. Pakazopera imba youmambo mufananidzo yachinja nenzira dzakawanda. The kurambidzwa wakazvikudza, uye vakava varidzi, vakawanda zuro wacho varwi Islam akasarudza upenyu Varidzi mhosva.

Abbasid Caliphate

Fair kutaura kuti kana panguva Kwevakarurama Caliphate vatongi ayo ose, simba enyika ayo kukosha akasvimha simba vezvitendero, asi zvino atora hukuru chinzvimbo. Maererano ukuru wayo enyika uye zvetsika pavapenyu kwekubwinya mukuru munhoroondo East chakakodzera akawana Abbasid caliphate.

Chii - anoziva mazuva ano ruzhinji vaMuslim. Memories naye kusvikira nhasi kunosimbisa kwavo mweya. Abbasids - imba youmambo vatongi kuti akapa vanhu vake renyeredzi yose penya vezvematongerwo. Pakati pavo paiva vehondo, uye mari, uye wechokwadi connoisseurs vanoitisana ounyanzvi.

Caliph - the vaichengetedza vadetembi uye nyanzvi

Zvinofungidzirwa kuti reArab Caliphate pasi Aroni al-Rashid - uye mumwe chakajeka vamiririri raitonga youmambo - sezvarwakasvikira yakakwirira kubudirira kwayo. yokutungamirira ichi, akaburuka munhau somunhu vaichengetedza renyanzvi, vadetembi nevanyori. Zvisinei, achipedzera pachake kukura mumudzimu avatungamirira kuti mamiriro, kuti Caliph aiva Mudzviti zvakaipa uye zvachose maturo wavarwi. Zviya, mufananidzo waro immortalized mu post-remakore muunganidzwa yokuMabvazuva dzechembere "Chiuru uye Mumwe neusiku."

"The yendarama zera dzechiArab tsika" - imwe epithet kuti zvakanakisisa vakakodzerwa nayo akatungamirira Aroni al-Rashid Caliphate. Chii inogona kunzwisiswa zvakazara nokungoverenga stratification of Old Persian, Indian, muAsiria, Babylonian uye chikamu netsika dzechiGiriki vakabatsira kutanga pfungwa yesayenzi paitonga ari mudzidzisi East. Zvose zvakanaka kuti akasikwa rokusika pfungwa zvenyika yekare, akakwanisa sangana, zvichiita ichi anokosha hwaro nokuda mutauro weArabic. Ndokusaka hwedu hwezuva nezuva inosanganisira okuti "Arab tsika", "Arab unyanzvi" uye zvichingodaro.

Kukura wezvokutengeserana

In chaizvo uye panguva imwecheteyo akarayira mamiriro, unova Abbasid caliphate, yekudyidzana vakawedzera kudiwa zvibereko dzakavakidzana. Izvi zvakakonzerwa wemauto kuwedzera mitemo achirarama. Peace panguva iyoyo ukama nevavakidzani vayo vakabvumira kutanga navo ita mutengano. Zvishoma nezvishoma denderedzwa zvoupfumi neshamwari ikakura, uye akauya kunyange munyika dziri rebei kure. Zvose izvi kupiwa riwedzere kuti pakuzadzisa rwokugadzira, unyanzvi uye wekushandisa.

Pokuwa caliphate

In yechipiri yezana IX remakore, pashure pokufa Aroni al-Rashid, muupenyu enyika zviri Caliphate akasarudzwa urongwa, izvo pakupedzisira zvakatungamirira ayo disintegration. Kunyange mugore 833 yaiva simba mutongi Mu'tasim Turkic akaumba vomuMuzinda waMambo. Kwemakore, akava enyika simba zvokuti caliphs achitonga vakauya kwaari ari ukama uye akapotsa vakarasikirwa kodzero kuti kuzvitonga sarudzo.

To iyi runobva, uye kukura kwakaita National kuziva pakati pasi Persian Caliphate, chakanga chikonzero zvavo separatist pfungwa, izvo akazova chikonzero spalling Iran. The zvachose disintegration pamusoro caliphate uye wakakurumidza nokuda kuparadzana nayo kumavirira Egypt uye Siria. The kwakaderera nechepakati simba rakapiwa mukana huchiti ayo vanoti rusununguko uye vanoverengeka dzimwe ndima vomuzana kudzorwa.

Kuwedzera chitendero kumanikidzwa

Vakarasikirwa vaimbova simba ravo pamusoro caliphs akaedza kutsvaga rutsigiro nevafundisi uye vakatendeka kushandisa ayo simba pavanhu vakawanda. Vatongi, kutangira Al-Mutawakkil (Makore 847), ayo political chikuru mutsetse vakaita pakurwisa kwose kuparadzana.

In ezvinhu vakashaisa kuchera chiremera kuhurumende, vakatanga kuva kutambudzwa vanoshingaira uzivi dzechitendero uye mapazi ose sayenzi, kusanganisira masvomhu. The nyika yave zvishoma nezvishoma kunyura mugomba rakadzikadzika obscurantism. Arab Caliphate uye kuora ayo aiva muenzaniso wakajeka kunobatsira sei matambudziko sayenzi uye vakasununguka kufunga kukura ehurumende, uye sei nezvakwakaipira Vachitsvaka.

Pakuguma Nguva Arab Caliphate

Muzana X remakore pokudzora Turkish vemauto uye ndiwo madzishe kuMesopotamia iri saka awedzera kuti simba caliphs of Abbasid youmambo muna Baghdad wokutanga akava machinda duku, chete nyaradzo kuti achaita mamwe mazita okuremekedza yekare. Zvokuti, kuti akanga akwidziridza kuWestern Persian Shiite hwedzinza Buyid akaunganidza mauto zvakakwana akakunda Baghdad uye chaizvoizvo nemitemo mairi kwemakore zana, ukuwo aizviti vatongi vaiva vamiririri Abbasids. Kunyadziswa Greater nokuda kwokuzvikudza kwavo vasingagoni kuva.

Muna 1036 yose Asia wasvika panguva yakaoma chaizvo - the Seljuk vokuTurkey vakatanga kusingaenzaniswi panguva hasha mishandirapamwe, iyo yakava mhaka kuparadza munyika yose budiriro Muslim zhinji. Muna 1055 vakanga agogodza vachibva Baghdad akatonga ipapo Buyid uye yakasimbiswa utongi hwavo. Asi simba ravo yakaguma sapakutanga of XIII remakore nharaunda yose kamwe simba Arab caliphate wakabatwa zvisingaverengeki gurusvusvu Genghis Khan. The eMongolia pakupedzisira akaparadza zvose kubudirira netsika dzokuMabvazuva nokuda yapfuura remakore. Arab Caliphate uye disintegration zvino vava chete mapeji enhau.