20th Congress of Party uye kukosha kwayo. Nikity Hruscheva mushumo "unhu Kapoka zvayo Consequences"

Nikita Sergeevich Hruschev inoramba chimwe chezvinhu enigmatic uye nharo manhamba munhoroondo Russian. Ndipo apo chakaitika vanonzi "nyungudika" mu ukama capitalist nyika, asi, panguva imwe chete, iyo nyika hwaiva pangozi hondo yenyukireya. Akauya kuna simba, kunyange achidiwa Stalin, asi pashure pokufa wokupedzisira doused pamwe madhaka kubva kumusoro kusvika kutsoka, wakati verenga mashoko ari kunamatwa unhu uye nemigumisiro yayo.

I. V. Stalin, kana chii chinorehwa "pachena unhu"

Uchifunga nyaya yakadaro kunzwisisa imwe, iyo inoratidza matambudziko mashoko pamusoro mugumisiro mumwe chete pamusoro zvemukati uye kwokunze kukura wenyika, mubvunzo unomuka, chii munhu uyu? Munyika yanhasi zvinonzi vaidavira kuti chimwe munhu anogona kuchinja kukura yose uye nzanga yose zvayo. Zvisinei, kana mimwe siyana simba zvinova zvinoita, kunyanya kana kuti munhu ane dzakakwirira nesarudzo unhu kuti kubvumira kuti pfungwa dzavo, kureva, "Omerera mutsetse yavo."

Kutanga kubva 20s, panotangira Hurumende yeSoviet nedambudziko simba unhu - I. V. Stalin. Akakwanisa kubata kwayo kuedza kuchinja chaizvo zvakanaka paumbwe utongi hwechiKomonisiti. All simba mune iyi yaiva mumaoko utungamiri webato, uye ndiyo hutungamiri rakanga "pasi Hood" kubva Stalin pachake. Kweanenge 30 makore Soviet kudzora nguva akakwanisa akanyatsosiyana kuchinja zvematongerwo enyika, zvoupfumi uye zvemagariro mabhora munyika. Zvinofanira kubvumwa, akanga yakawanda. Asi ichi zvikuru yakanga yakanaka chokwadi kwete chete. Kwave anotyisa, utsinye utsinye, izvo zvakaoma kuwana sechikonzero.

Nikita Khrushchev kunaka zvinhu zvose izvi hwake ezvematongerwo enyika kufumura zvose: "ake" uye "kunze", saka kuti kare anofadzwa kwazvo uye maoko. Panguva imwe cheteyo Soviet Union rwave zvikuru kukuvadza mukati nyika.

Sezvo rufu Stalin kwave nemakore anopfuura 60. nguva Izvi inokwana kuti asarudze nzvimbo yaro munhoroondo yenyika sezvo yokutungamirira. Time anoramba kubuda siyana "ndeechokwadi marara" uye anoramba chinonyanya kukosha - zvipo.

Nhasi, kune vanyori venhau vanonyora pamusoro okukunda nomupiro Stalin kukura uye kukwirira, akaurayiwa mumoto nehondo yevagari vemo, nyika Russian mamiriro. Saka, nguva rokuongorora Stalin chaiye sezvo paruzhinji unhu. Kana unoyeuka Peter I, kuti vakanga kuitika kana mhosva kwete duku, asi nhoroondo yacho ari gamba renyika, vyvevshim Russia iri nyika yakati sandara. Chokwadi, mumakore apfuura, Stalin akanga kuva gamba, asi iwe unofanira kuenda vamwe narini nguva.

kuparadzwa kworudzi

20th Congress veboka raiva rimwe zvenguva pfupi munhau zvikuru enyika uye pfungwa dzakawanda kukanganisa zvinhu zvose munzanga - nemasimba ngazvive, uye vagari vanhuwo. Zvakatungamirira inokosha kuchinja kupfuura mamiriro - USSR. Asi kuti aiva pafungidziro kwomushumo uno munhoroondo?

The nyika yakanga izere pazvose. The vaisagona pindira kunyange zvinhu chero mugari. Uye kunyange munhu akabata yakakwirira pachena hofisi, asingagoni kuva norunyararo hwake uye basa, uyewo mhuri yake.

Panguva Civil War, uye muna 20-ies ose XX remakore, zviremera zveSoviet akaparadza tsika mukana yose kamwe zvikuru dzakabudirira vanhu. Mumakore iwayo paiva rudzi wamazvirokwazvo netsika yeRussian wehurumende. Kwamachinda yakanga yaparadzwa seboka. Vafundisi kurambidzwa - bara, akasungirirwa, kusvikira vafa, vevane gumi, mazana ezviuru munyika. Enterprise, sezvo maitiro unhu munhu, akanga vachiparadzwa mu chipande - the bourgeoisie uye vanhuwo zvavo vakapfuma vakanga vanzi nezvibhakera, vakatora zvevanhu "upfumi." Vakapiwa panguva tsitsi Chiso chinopenya kwazvo kuti proletariat. mugove cheshumba yacho zvedzidzo zvinogona, izvo vakabata Russian umambo, "nechikepe" kusvikira kuMadokero. Vanyori Russian uye masayendisiti akawana nyika yavo yechipiri "ipapo" kunze, kure dzvuku kutya. Stalin, somumwe pamusoro vakuru hurumende itsva, akanga anobatanidzwa munyaya iyi, saka XX Congress of CPSU kwaiva kuratidzwa chokwadi kuti zviri kuitika munyika.

The ichikosha pamusoro Stalin, "Stalinism"

The Pamusana pamusoro zviitiko aiva mukuru avhareji vanhu. Uye kwete chete maererano nezvinhu, asi tsika uye pfungwa. The kushorwa kumugumo 30s havana kutaura - nayo chete kwaisava ikoko. vagari vose rezvipfuwo musoro Kururama rakasarudzwa nzira Kugadzirwa Communist Party. Vagari mavari kuuraya chero kusava nechokwadi pamusoro ukoshi nezvaaiita. Paiva utongi sanyorwa patafura zvekuti munhu tositi "nokuda Stalin", uye zvose vakamutevera. Humor aiva nengozi kunyange kufungidzira chinhu icho iwe unogona "tora", aitenge. With maererano izvi, zvinokwanisika kuti akurumidze anecdote pamusoro mazuva iwayo;

"Gara, vatatu vari kamera.

- Sei kuisa?

- chinosekesa akaudza. Uye iwe?

- I akateerera anecdote.

- Shamwari, uye iwe uri pamusoro pano?

- Nokuti simbe! Raiva boka, ndakanzwa imwe anecdote. Ndakaenda kumba uye akafunga: kushuma kana kwete kushuma. Simbe, kwete yakashuma. Uye ndiani asina usimbe. "

Izvi, Chokwadi, imwe anecdote. Asi sezvo vanoti, chikamu chiduku chete aitamba ari ose chinosekesa ipapo. Nepo mamiriyoni evanhu vari mumisasa. Kana asiri ose, anenge ose mhuri varasikirwa mumwe kubva kunhengo dzavo. Asi hapana munhu haana kuudza munhu pamusoro pazvo. Zvakanga ngozi kushamisa muromo wake kamwe zvakare. 20th Congress webato yaiva pfungwa pazviri, paiva mukana panokurukurwa zvakaipa, kunyanya Stalin.

On maonero aingova huru paitonga Stalin chivakwa - zvokurima, indasitiri yakatanga nokukurumidza. Kwose kwose akaturikwa mapepa nezviso vanofara vagari Soviet uye netariro zvinoda kushanda.

Kubva navamwe nyika Soviet Union akanga aparadzana - mashoko blockade, dzimwe nhepfenyuro hwevanhu kwete akarova nokuda kwokushaya rake pfupi-wave maredhiyo. Vamwe vezvenhau vari pasi dzematongerwe uye mashoko azere.

Kuongororwa Stalinism haana kuzviratidza pasina - zvakanga kutaura, asi wokutanga uyo akazvitanga, haana Khrushchev, zvakanga Beria, asi haana kunzwa chinhu. Nikita wake "kurova".

"Pospelov Commission"

Nikita kare kugadzirira Congress iyi. Ake shoma mubereko kuti dzakawanda wenyaya uye nemishumo mamwe masoja avo. Iye aifarira mumwe chete mubvunzo - mushumo Stalin unhu chitendero. Kuti aite izvi, Khrushchev yakawanda vachigadzirira basa. Chokutanga, akanyengetedza vose vekambani kudikanwa kunyatsoongorora mhosva "mutungamiri." Uchiteverwa rinokosha boka rakanga hwasimbiswa, gare gare unonzi "Commission Pospelov."

Komisheni akataura nyaya rokuchinjwa zvisiri pamutemo mhosva vagari USSR paitonga Stalin midziyo. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvapupu zviitiko aiva musungwa Boris Rhodes. Under Stalin, aiva dzendege kuti kukosha nyaya yacho MGB, uye aiva pakati pamusoro vatambi vari pezvakaitwa chokuita "enyika", iyo kwakaitika 40s. Mashoko ake akasimbisa pamusoro vanhu vavo uye, kunyanya, vashandi dzebato uye vashandi vehurumende kutya Stalin vake. Uye akaramba basa racho generalissimo, asi chero zvakadaro hapana zvimwe nenhamba enyika. Khrushchev kamwe nayo yaidiwa. Kunyange zvazvo akanga achinyatsoziva kuti zvose mukuru webato machinda uye vatungamiriri mubatanidzwa chinoda ndivo anokonzera chiitiko, hapana shoma Stalin. Pashure pezvose, vakanga vachiita "mwero" uye nyaya mutungamiri kutambira "mitemo" itsva dzose kusungwa.

Kugadzirira XX Congress

Preparation of mushumo Khrushchev panguva XX Congress of CPSU haana kutora nzvimbo zvakanaka. Kamwe neshungu gakava panyaya tinyatsonzwisisa Stalin pachake. Molotov akaramba akavimbika kuna aichimbova mutungamiriri, iye nharo kuti "pasinei zvose, Stalin ndiye continuer kuti chikonzero Lenin yechokwadi", akawana rutsigiro kubva Voroshilov uye Kaganovich. Saburov uye Mikoyan nekusiyana, chaaipomerwa Anti nokukurumidza maonero uye, Chikurukuru, chiito. Khrushchev mafungiro akasiyana. Aidavira kuti Stalin akanga atengeswa gutsaruzhinji, asi zvose zvaaiita Zvaiitirwa yomusango, ufuza. Haasi Marxist, vaiti Khrushchev, reVasande Vose, kuti zviri mumunhu, akaparadza vachida zvavo zvose vakakundwa.

"Pospelov Commission" agadzirira pfupiso mushumo mwedzi vaiona Stalin aizobatsira 1935-1940 gg. Pane monstrous avo utsinye mifananidzo. date All kwave kutsigirwa magwaro zvakachengetedzwa, saka isu vaipfuura zvinogutsa. Kunyanya, nhamba yataurwa vanopfuura mamiriyoni 1,5. Man zvasungirwa 1937-38., About 700 zviuru vavo apfurwa! Pane rinopawo Nhamba pamusoro pokuparadzwa Party uye utungamiriri neSoviet. Zvose akapendwa zvakananga Sub-zvinhu kuratidza zvizere mufananidzo zvinhu munyika pamwe maererano kuti kusungwa, udzvanyiriri uye vaiurayiwa.

February 9, 1956, t. E. Vhiki risati ratanga reCongress, mushumo akanunurwa kuti Presidium of Central Committee. The Imba vakakatyamadzwa nezvaakanzwa, uye mubvunzo akamutswa pamusoro kudiwa kuverenga kwakadaro. 20th Party Congress zvisinei vakanga zvishoma kubata pamusoro makore Stalin basa raMwari, sezvo zvikazooneka, vainyatsotarisirwa akanga pfungwa paari.

Zuva kugungano, kureva. E. February 13, kwakasarudzwa kubata musangano toga, iyo achanunura mushumo Khrushchev. Chete 18 rugwaro kutaura rakagadzirwa ne Pospelov uye Aristov, asi Nikita Sergeyevich haana zvakazara kugamuchira, saka dzokororo rakatanga. Zuva rakatevera, Khrushchev akadana stenographer uye zvokutaurira shanduro yake mushumo. Shanduro iyi yaiva musanganiswa mashoko, "Pospelov Commission" uye pachedu zvikonzero uye zvichiratidza Khrushchev.

20th Party Congress

Musi reCongress 14,02 - 02.25.1956. Dzinenge vhiki mbiri vakapfuura ichi chiitiko dzakaitika, chete akaita rokupedzisira rake historiallinen - 25 February. Ndipo apo Khrushchev kuverenga mashoko ake akakurumbira muchivande. Asi ngatirege zvose kuitira. Chiitiko 20 Bato Congress inogona huviri dzisakarurama zvikamu.

Wokutanga chaiva misangano yavose 19. Chikamu ichi hakuna kusiyana nevamwe reCongress mubato akabata. Kazhinji, mushumo mutauri nomumwe akatanga kurumbidza basa Communist Party, ipapo vakatevera mushumo. Ndinofanira kutaura, zvose mishumo vaiva nechivimbo muna mutinhimira pamwe kuratidzwa zvikuru zvakanaka rinomutsa mabasa mumunda webato uye kumatunhu. Zvaiita kuti bato iri kushanda flawlessly. Zvisinei, kutaura zvazviri, kubvira muna 1952 zvakava kuonekwa dzakakomba kukundikana uye kukanganisa.

In nokururama, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti, kunze nokurumbidza bato uye vaimbova mutungamiri Iosifa Stalina, vamwe vakurukuri akaratidza kutsoropodzwa. Zvikurukuru, Anastas Mikoyan zvinoodza tinyatsonzwisisa Stalin kuti "Short Course" uye mabhuku, richivhenekera nhoroondo Great October Revolution uye hondo yevagari kwakatevedzana uye nhoroondo Hurumende yeSoviet. Ndinofanira kutaura, mashoko akadai haritsigiri pane congresses, uye hapana zvinoshamisa pakuti Mikoyan haana kuwana rutsigiro pakati vevaivapo. Rizivikanwe academician Pankratova Hunotaurawo kuti chokwadi pamusoro falsification zvenhoroondo.

Closed chechikamu uye "mashoko akavanzika" Khrushchev

Chikamu reCongress rechipiri akaratidza yenhamo kuti kukura USSR uye munzanga weSoviet. Tava akati kuti zvikamu zviviri Congress mishoma - chaizvo. Chikamu chokutanga rwakatora mazuva 11 uye hapana zvakawanda kana zvishoma chinokosha hazvina kuitika. Chikamu chechipiri akatora nzvimbo pazuva rokupedzisira zuva reCongress. Nikita Khrushchev kuverenga "mashoko akavanzika", iro akatanga muhoro vachingotya wekutsumwaira uye yakadzama kuvhunduka. Iye debunked ngano Stalin unhu chitendero , uye vakamuita mukuru uye chete muparanzvongo nevazhinji repressions uye dzimwe mhosva pamusoro makore ake garei simba, kureva. E. For zvose makore 30. Hazvishamisi, kwakasarudzwa rokugovera pamwe gakava uye kukurukurwa mushumo - paruvanze maiva yomumvuri runyararo pamushumo, uye pashure pake hakuna kuombera, izvo zvaishamisa kuti zviitiko zvakadaro.

Yakavimbika kuziva chaizvo Khrushchev akaudza gungano, apo haana kupiwa mukana. Akadhindwa chinyorwa aburuka kwatiri, zvinonzi rakapepetwa, uye makaseti matepi akarekodhwa panguva ino nguva haisati kuwanikwa zvichigere. Asi akapiwa chokwadi improvisation, mushumo "unhu Kapoka ayo Consequences" zvingasiyana kubva murugwaro, iyo yakatanga muna kurema kwenyu kuzviwana.

Mugumisiro uye veruzhinji kufarira "mushumo chakavanzika"

Woongorora mugumisiro kutaura Khrushchev panguva rechi20 guruundano zvakaoma chaizvo. Vanhu vanowanzoda "pumped" kubvira mumwe kunyanyisa kune mumwe. Kusvikira February 25, 1956, Stalin aiva "mifananidzo", kunyange pfungwa kukundikana kwake sezvo wezvematongerwe enyika worega, uye kunyange zvakawanda saka musi zvichibvira utsinye vakaita nazvo. izvi zvose akaudza 20 Party Congress. Its nhoroondo kukosha kwaiva nezvimwewo. Ungangove, kunyange Khrushchev haana pfungwa chii vachatitaka Zvaakanyora.

Vagari yakakamurwa iri kuongorora nyaya muzvikamu zviviri - mumwe akaita "nokuda", uye akapa kuramba kushanda mirayiridzo iyi, chechipiri akaita zvikuru pamusoro vanotsoropodza mutungamiriri nguva dzose uye nendudzi.

The Central Committee akatanga kugamuchira tsamba manotsi, apo akanga aronga kuramba basa debunking ari "ngano Stalin." Paiva vakaparadzana vaitaura kuti bato neimwe nhengo kutaura, pamwe maererano kuti nyaya iyi.

Sezvo vakawanda vakadzidza pamusoro nomushumo uyu? The ndechokuti rekukwazisa apera rechi20 Congress of Communist Party, akatanga pamwero mukuru chirongwa kuti vanhu Mapato ose vane chinyorwa kutaura Khrushchev vake.

Pashure paizvozvo, kwaiva mibvunzo pamusoro legality yokuwana muviri Stalin pedyo Lenin. Paiva vaitaura kuti rokuchinjwa vakaomesa kuipandukira, Trotsky, Bukharin, Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rakovsky. Kunze kwavari, kwaiva zviuru zvizhinji inopa pamusoro kudzoka zvakanaka zita mhosva zvisakafanira vemo Soviet.

The ropa zviitiko Tbilisi

Pokumbozvidya vaiva zviitiko Tbilisi, iyo nokuda kwounyanzvi 20 Party Congress. Year 1956 akauya dambudziko kune vokuGeorgia vanhu. Nikita Sergeyevich aifanira kunzwisisa chii kungaita naye mashoko hanya. Georgia aiva kumusha Stalin vake. Panguva aiva nesimba, aiva simba kuti akatanga kunzi demigod uye akava anonamatwa. Panzira, kusvikira nhasi kwaari Georgia ndicho chatinonyanya nemusoro. Mushumo Secret akanga verenga panopera February 1956, uye muna March vakatanga vakawanda kwezvematongerwe.

Khrushchev aigona kutumira Georgia ruzivo vanosimudzira, vaizova unogona kuva vose "kodzero" kutsanangura uye azivise voruzhinji. Asi Khrushchev haana kurifarira - akatuma kuri masimba. Izvi - yakawanda ropa rinoteurwa. Uye kusvikira nhasi Georgia Khrushchev akarangarira shoko akaipa.

Nhoroondo ukoshi

Mushumo Khrushchev akanga vakavhengana zvabuda. Chekutanga, waiva pakutanga democratization muhurumende - yakarambidza udzvanyiriri uye anotyisa ari mubato hondo. Asi, panguva iyoyowo, hurumende haadi kupa vanhu yakawanda rusununguko chiito. Zvichakadai, vechidiki, sezvo vakawanda mberi chikamu vanhu, kunzwisisa zviitiko mune zvematongerwo enyika, zvakasiyana. Iye anotenda kuti apo cheni kare, yasvika rusununguko rwechokwadi.

Asi kwaiva kukanganisa. Khrushchev aida kudzokera zvose shure, sipidhi chirongwa de-Stalinization, asi vakanga vanyanyononoka, uye ikozvino aifanira kuchinja kuti zviri kuitika, vechiduku akananga hweruzhinji.

The zveutungamiri bato uyewo haana kuchinja - inoramba chete, asi vachiri kuda napo ari makuru Stalin uye Beria mhosva, nokudaro nokufumura mabasa avo ari chiedza kupfuura priglyadnom.

Congress chisarudzo musi mukuru kusimudzira "mushumo chakavanzika" Khrushchev kwakatungamirira kuchinja, asi kunyange pamusoro vatungamiriri havana kunzwisisa migumisiro ichi achatungamirira. Somugumisiro inofanira kuparadzwa mamiriro ezvinhu zvakasikwa ruenzano vanhu.

"Nyungudika"

The yechipiri yezana okuma50 - pakati 60-ies of XX remakore akauya National munhoroondo sezvo nguva Khrushchev nyungudika. Iyi ndiyo nguva yokuramba Soviet Union kubva totalitarianism kuti chinhu chakatodzana hweruzhinji. Kwakavandudza ukama capitalist nyika, asi "keteni simbi" zvava permeable. Under Khrushchev, international vechidiki mutambo yakarongwa muMoscow.

kutambudzwa Vashandi dzebato dzakavharwa, vazhinji vevaya mhosva pasi Stalin vakanga rehabilitated. A shoma vapore akazotevera vaiva pasi vanhuwo vagari. Panguva iyo kwaiva kururamiswa kuti vanhu vatengesi, izvo zvinosanganisira Chechens, Ingush, vokuGermany nevamwe vazhinji.

Vanhuwo zvavo vakasunungurwa kubva "muuranda ari mupurazi rehurumende" akanga aderedzwa workweek. Vanhu akarikunda ramangwana, waiva uchitikurudzira pesvedzero inobatsira upfumi. Munyika vakatanga kushingaira kuvakwa yokugara nzvimbo. Nanhasi, hapana kuRussia uye dzimwe nyika dzaiumba Union reguta, umo kupfuura rimwe "Khrushchev".

20 Bato Congress aiva chiitiko kwete chete vnutrisovetskogo scale, asiwo dzakawanda. Nokuti mharidzo pane Congress iyi, Khrushchev kwakaita waingova - Hungarian zviitiko, kuponda muna Tbilisi uye Novocherkassk, kunamata West, ake pachake achishingaira mubasa utongi zviito paitonga Stalin, boorish uye zvakaipa mafungiro kurutivi intelligentsia. Mumakore perestroika, pane kunyange panyaya kuti rebury Nikita Sergeyevich mujinga ari Kremlin rusvingo. Chokwadi, akava munhu nyika somugumisiro mumwe akakurumbira matauriro. Zvakafanana pashure Churchill kwakaita Fulton matauriro, akazivisa kutanga "Hondo Yemashoko," uye pakarepo akava anokosha munyika zvematongerwo enyika.