High chiwanikwa simbi: tsanangudzo, mumwe nomoto ano, zvinhu uye Kunyora

Munguva dzazvino rakanyatsojeka zvakaoma kuona kukosha simbi zvigadzirwa vari zvinowanzoshandiswa indasitiri, kuvaka, kugadzira housewares, mhuri kushandiswa. Asi vainyatsotarisirwa zvinofanira yakapambadzirwa steels, pasina iyo vazhinji maindasitiri (muchina-building, petrochemical, simba, zvokudya kubudiswa, kugadzirwa anokosha mazano, chinangwa chikuru chiri kushanda utsinye ezvinhu) aizotadza kuita zvayo zvinokosha mabasa.

The mubvunzo unomuka: chii chiwanikwa simbi, alloys ayo? Chii pane kupatsanura pakati alloying zvinhu? Ndezvipi huru maitiro uye zvivako zviri kumusoro-chiwanikwa simbi? Izvi uye zvimwe nyaya tichaedza napo mhinduro hwakadzama munyaya ino.

Chii chiwanikwa simbi?

Ngatitangei uzive chii simbi. Chiwanikwa simbi - ane chiwanikwa yedare kabhoni, izvo rinoumbwa anokosha zvinhu kukanganisa huru zvemaziso uye panyama zvivako okupedzisira zvibereko metallurgia indasitiri. The zvinhu zviri kuwedzera inokosha chiwanikwa nziyo, akadana dopants. Chrome, nickel, vanadium, manganese, mhangura - boka ravo chikuru.

mhando simbi

Pane kupatsanura pakati alloying okunze, iyo yakavakirwa kwavo chikamu ari chiwanikwa:

• High yakapambadzirwa simbi - 10-50%.
• Srednelegirovannoj - 2.5-10%.
• The pasi chiwanikwa - kusvika 2.5%.

Species: kumusoro-chiwanikwa simbi, alloys

Funga dzinonakidza pfungwa. High yakapambadzirwa simbi uye ayo alloys vanewo kupatsanura. Mumwe nomumwe zvinotevera mhando rinoshandiswa mune zvimwe zvinhu:

• Heat nemishonga kana refractory simbi.
• Ngura nemishonga.

Inobva chikamu kubva alloying chinhu, mhando zvinotevera:

• Chrome Manganese simbi.
• Chrome-nickel.
• Chrome.

Kushandiswa mukuru-chiwanikwa steels

Izvi zvinoshandawo apo resimbi? High-chiwanikwa simbi dzavo alloys zvinokosha zvinoumba kubudisa zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana. Zvinotevera maindasitiri havagoni kuita pasina zvavo kushandisa:

• Chemical.
• Oil indasitiri.
• Zvokuimba ouinjiniya.
• Construction.
• Manufacturing mazano, chinangwa chikuru chiri kushanda munharaunda utsinye (mukuru tembiricha, kunyanyisa).

Kuwedzera alloying zvinhu zvinoita kuti vawane zvimwe zvivako zvokuimba. Naizvozvo, mukuru-chiwanikwa simbi inoshandiswa sezvo inotonhora nemishonga zvinoriumba. Kakawanda izvi zvinoitika muna simbi ouinjiniya indasitiri. Wekumusoro mukurumbira marefu-chiwanikwa austenitic steels, zvinosanganisira yakapambadzirwa zvinoriumba iyo anopindura vanenge 55%, uye vakasara - simbi, chromium (anenge 18%), nickel (8%). Alloying zvinoumba sezvamunoita izvozvi pakutsvaga mberi chinangwa kugadzirwa zvigadzirwa.

Kushandiswa ngura nemishonga simbi

Ngura nemishonga mukuru-chiwanikwa steels zvinoshandiswa gasi mhepo kana alkaline acid. The maitiro Musiyano ndiyo shoma kabhoni kugutsikana - vanenge 0,12%. Uyezve alloying uye chafariz kurapwa kubvumira kuwana chiwanikwa chaiyo inogona kurwisa vanotyaira ezvinhu gasi kana mvura simbi ezvinhu.

Kushandisa steels ane tungsten kana molybdenum pa7% uye Boron anogona kushandira kutonhora kusvika 1100 inegumi. Tungsten uye molybdenum - zvinhu kuti chokuita reinforcer. Kuwedzera oxidation nemishonga mishonga sezvo alloying zvinhu zviri kuwedzera nesilicon kana aruminiyamu. Zvivako kwakadaro kunogona kushandiswa sezvo kudziyisa zvinhu furnace.

Unhu Main of simbi

High yakapambadzirwa simbi ine zvivako uye unhu kuti kubvumira kushandisa kukuru kugadzirwa zvigadzirwa. steels vakadaro vane zvinotevera unhu:

• Simba (nokuramba Kupisa kurapwa).
• The ngura nemishonga.
• Kupikiswa deformation kwendangariro.
• Ductility (zvichienzaniswa kabhoni simbi ductility nguva yakawanda).
• Nonmagnetic (simbi inoshandiswa ouinjiniya).
• Elasticity.
• Munyoro.
• Weldability.

Nokuti chokuti nzira zvakasiyana chiwanikwa, ehupfumi siyana vari yapihwa. The mamiriro iri nyore achinja nokuda Kupisa kurapwa uye alloying zvinoriumba. Saka, zvinokwanisika here kuwana ehupfumi hunodiwa gwaro ezvinhu. Somuenzaniso, mukuru-18% chromium simbi angave sechikamu nickel, izvo zvinoita kuti tikwanise kuwana ngura kuzvidzivirira uye chando brittleness.

Welding mukuru-chiwanikwa steels zvinoita kuti vawane zvinhu izvozvo zvinogona kushandiswa kudzi- zvose. Saka, shtamposvarki nzira rinobvumira kushandiswa kwokupedzisira chigadzirwa ari achitsoropodza pasi tembiricha - pasi kubvisa 253 Celsius. Special kugadzira kunoita kuwana nesilicon ferrosilidy kuti anogona kushanda mune simba acids (nitric, phosphoric nevamwe).

High yakapambadzirwa simbi dzakasiyana zvakaoma, mukuru abrasion okufunga. Saka, asidhi nemishonga zvinhu zviri - C15 uye C17, uye chromium, vanadium uye manganese nokuwedzera kusakara kuramba ari chiwanikwa.

Mhando mukuru-chiwanikwa steels kuti chafariz ehupfumi

Pachishandiswa chafariz unhu, pane zvinotevera kupatsanura:

• Platinum (EN42) - rinoshandiswa kuti pagadzirwe electrodes, izvo zvinoshandiswa incandescent mwenje. Izvi imhaka yokuti kuwedzera coefficient kwakafanana kuti regirazi.
• Elinvars (H8N36) - rakanakira yokurinda zvitubu uye zviridzwa. Izvi imhaka yokuti kwakavharwa nenyama modulus iri kugara uye haina kuparadzwa panguva tembiricha -50 kusvika +100 Celsius.
• Invar (I36) - rinoshandiswa nokuda kugadzirwa mitemo, kuyera zvinhu, sezvo rokuwedzera coefficient akaenzana razero.

Kunakidza pfuma ngura kuti simbi (chete mukuru-chiwanikwa Stainless simbi) iri rinobva. Saka musiyano nonmagnetic uye rinobva mhando simbi dzakadaro. Chokutanga rakakamurwa magnetically nyoro uye zvakaoma rinobva subspecies, uye yokupedzisira akaumbwa cobalt, chromium.

Standard: kumusoro-chiwanikwa steels

simbi kudaro simba uye refractory chiwanikwa zvinodiwa nokudzorwa nemirayiro chaiwo, kureva nokuda GOST 5632-72.

Brand mukuru-chiwanikwa steels

Kupfuura mukurumbira uye anonyatsozivikanwa zvinotevera mhando simbi :

• Ferrite: 15H28, 12H17, 08Kh18T1, 15H25T, 08H18Tch, 10H13SYU.
• Martensitic: 15H11MF, 40H9S2, 18H11MNFB, 40H10S2M, 95X18, 25H13N2, 20H17N2, 13H11N2V2MF, 40X13, 20X13, 20H17N2, 13H14N3V2FR.
• Austenitic-martensitic: 07H16N6, 08H17N5M3, 08H17N6T, 09H17N7YU1.
• Austenitic-ferritic: 08H21N6M2T, 08H22N6T, 08H20N14S2, 20H23N13, 12H21N5T, 03H22N6M2.
• Martensitic-ferritic: 12H13, 18H12VMBFR, 14H17N2, 15H12VNMF.
• Austenitic: 05H18N10T, 45H22N4M3, 45H14NMV2M, 10H14G14N4T, 03H18N10T, 08H16N13M2B, 12H18N12T, 03H18N12, 03H16N15M3B, 10H11N23T3MR, 20H23N18, 10H11N20T2R, 12X18H9T, 12H18N9, 20H25N20S2.

Kushandiswa chiwanikwa steels:

• 40X13, 30Ch13 - kushandiswa carburetor tsono, simu kuti motokari, pakuvhiya.
• 12H17 - muchiso mukuru-chiwanikwa simbi, rinoshandiswa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi kicheni nemidziyo zvemumba.
• 20H13, 12H13, 08H13 - kushandiswa kugadzira hydraulic zvivako zvinhu, zvivako anoshanda ari pasi hasha ezvinhu.
• 95X18 - kushandiswa pakugadzira bhora zvakaoma chaizvo.