Industry in China. Industry and Agriculture of China

Kukurumidza kukura bhizimisi iri China akatanga muna 1978. Ndipo apo hurumende dzakatanga vanoshingaira dzika norupo zveupfumi kuchinja. Chokutanga, havana hanya inokosha reorientation kuti Export maindasitiri, kukwezva vatorwa mubhizimisi nokusika zvoupfumi munyika dzine wakanaka mutero uye pamutemo okunze. Somugumisiro, munguva yedu, nyika iyi ndiyo imwe yenyika vatungamiri pagadzirwe anenge mapoka ose chigadzirwa.

A nhoroondo yezviri kukura indasitiri mu China

Sezvo kushamisa sezvo zvinganzwika, asi kusvikira remakore nemakore maviri, China aiva Semi-feudal hurumende hurongwa pamwe undeveloped zvoupfumi uye kugadzirwa. Maererano kwemaindasitiri, izvozvo lagged shure dzakabudirira munyika kwemakore anopfuura zana, uye akaita chete sechinhu chinokosha uye agrarian nemanda. Zvinhu zvakatanga kuchinja pashure 1949, apo China akaziviswa. Pashure vakabata ari pfupi kwemaindasitiri bhizimisi uye kurima mu China akatanga kukura nokukurumidza. An uchapupu hwakajeka izvi zvinogona kunzi yokuti munyika mumakore pfuurei mashanu akazviratidza mabhizimisi matsva anenge zviuru 370. Vhoriyamu okuwana panguva iyi yakawedzera 39 nguva. Nhasi, nyika iri kutungamirira chinzvimbo munyika kwenhamba mafekitari. Her indasitiri yose panguva iyi dzaimirirwa maindasitiri 360 akasiyana. Nokuda chaizvo yakakwirira dziine kukura, hurumende dzimwe nguva kunyange kumanikidzwa chokumurambidza. Izvi zvinoitwa kudzivisa inotevera dambudziko uye ukapisa murwi ari pose upfumi. The Nzvimbo pakukura China kwakaita indasitiri iri pfungwa kunyanya kumahombekombe enyika okumabvazuva. Izvi zvinosanganisira Liaoning, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Guangdong, Shandong nevamwe.

Extraction negasi uye mafuta

The nyika Anozvirumbidza munhu zvakanaka akapfuma subsoil. Pasinei neizvi, kubudiswa indasitiri China yakatanga nani zvikuru pane mugodhi. Chero zvakanga, ukuru negasi reserves yakawanikwa kumaodzanyemba uye nechokumabvazuva kumatunhu nyika, vaongorori vanofungidzira kuti vanopfuura zviuru 4 bhiriyoni matani. Muna nhasi, vari kuongorora asingasviki 4% wavo. Kana oiri, zvino chinoita chimwe-cheshanu kugadzirwa mafuta uye simba pfuma kuMiddle Kingdom. Matura endarama dema, izvo zvakapa 16% kubva ekisipoti zvakaoma, pane matani anenge mabhiriyoni 64. Parizvino munyika mune 32 makambani kuti dzidzira mukurima mafuta. The Kudeuka vemo mafekitari nokuda kwayo kubudiswa dziri mumaruwa Tsaidam Yuymen, Dagan uye Shandong.

chiedza indasitiri

Kare pre-echimurenga nguva, chiedza maindasitiri mu China akabatanidzwa aitungamirira basa iri maumbirwo upfumi hwayo. Zvakakosha chaizvo kuti kukura nyika nzvimbo iyi inogara nhasi. Zvechokwadi, zvokudya uye Whitehead Textile Mazinga chakaita kuti vanenge 21% vose maindasitiri zvigadzirwa kugadzirwa munyika. Mukusarudza makambani kuti pave nayo, vakapararira munyika. Zvokudya indasitiri chinonyanya dzakabudirira dziri kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero China. Kuchamhembe-vokumadokero nharaunda dziri kunyanya makambani kuti dzidzira mune zvipfuwo kugadzirwa uye kubudiswa donje. North-mabvazuva kambani kunyanya aidaro bepa, Dairy uye shuga mirayiridzo maindasitiri akadai chiedza bhizimisi iri China. Kazhinji, ari mamiriro, pane micheka makambani pamusoro 23 zviuru, apo kugadzirwa yakatsvuka zvinhu uye kubudiswa nenzira yakajeka chinangwa dzinoratidzwa uyewo vanenge 65 zviuru emakambani yaigadzira zvokudya. Usakanganwa izvi zvose, uye kugadzirwa bepa. Kunyange hakusi chinzvimbo sezvo yapfuura sectors vaviri, asi achiri anobatsira chaizvo pakuita kukura nyika.

rinorema indasitiri

Saizvozvowo, dzimwe sectors hwenyika, asi nokukurumidza Virtual inoremerwa bhizimisi mu China. For makambani kushandisa shure kwenguva kuwedzera kare mashoma apfuura kwave dzinoratidzwa kuderera mukurima Mavhoriyamu. Panguva iyoyowo, maererano vaongorori vakawanda munyika, ane hapana chokuita risanyatsobuda uye Pricing. Chokwadi chokuti nyika yava zvakawandisa chinzvimbo, iro pamusoro colour kuti tava kuderera kuparadzwa, kwete chete munyika asiwo pasi pose, unongofanira kuva kutema. Mari-zvinobudirira zvikuru, sezvo tsika chinoratidza kuti kwakaita nhasi ari indasitiri vari madiki. Nyanzvi vanoti kuti izvi hazvigoni kugara refu, saka kumusika ndechechokwadi kuti redistributed munguva yemberi iri pedyo, pashure izvo vanenge 5% makambani ari indasitiri ino vachaenda kusauka kana nyura ne makuru yemakambani.

ouinjiniya

Kusvikira pakati zana apfuura airidza hapana basa kukura upfumi China vake. Munyika indasitiri iri anenge asina kugadzirwa michina ane rokuti zvikamu, ndege, nematarakita anofamba, motokari uye zvichingodaro. Kutaura zvazviri, zvokuimba ouinjiniya pashure pokuchinja muna 1949 akasikwa idzva China. Chete panguva yokutanga Five-Year Plan munyika yakanga yakavakwa kupfuura 60 miti (chetatu chazvo rakavakwa kunokwana kutsigirwa kubva Soviet Union). Somugumisiro, iye zvino zvinhu zvachinja zvikuru. Iye zvino, indasitiri unobereka vanopfuura zviuru 53 zvigadzirwa uye zvakazara asangana dzomunyika zvinodiwa nehurumende. Nokuti chikuru ouinjiniya nzvimbo dziri Beijing, Shenyang, Shanghai uye Tianjin.

simbi

Sezvataurwa pamusoro apa, nyika akafuma kwazvo zviwanikwa. Nokuda kukura ichi zviri zvikuru uye simbi bhizimisi mu China. Zvinenge ose enyika kana zvionera nharaunda umo emakambani ane ferrous simbi, uwandu rinopfuura chiratidzo 1.5 zviuru. Hurumende unobereka zvinopfuura chiuru mhando simbi, kusanganisira alloys nokuda avhiyesheni indasitiri, dzinoratidzwa yakakwirira Kupisa nemishonga, uye mukuru-mugiredhi pamwe zvakafanorongwa unhu. Huru drawback, izvo kwese kuti makambani akawanda ari mumunda uyu, akava hwakanyatsorwisa pasi waishandiswa pamwero kugadzirwa uye murombo vakwanise pamwe yazvino. Uyezve, vanenge 70% akaitwa dzakadaro vakawanda havana vakapakata kurapwa zvivako. Kana vasiri ferrous simbi, zvinhu nokuda kwayo kukura chinogona zvakanaka se zvakanaka sezvo ari muura panyika pane mupfumi deposits dzemhangura, manganese, zingi, sirivha, nendarama, kutungamirira uye nezvimwe ores zhinji. Panguva iyoyo zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti makumi emakore mashomanana apfuura, achishingaira dzakabudirira mugodhi chete vamwe vavo, uye iye akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze kukura chaotically, pasina kuchengetwa chepuraimari vakachengeteka mitemo.

motokari kugadzirwa

Basa rinokosha kuti upfumi munyika anoita motokari bhizimisi mu China. Kubudirira mutemo vakadzinganiswa hurumende munzvimbo iyi yakakwirira chaizvo. Chokutanga, hazvina inoratidzwa kuti Hurumende yakabudirira dzakabudirira pamwe zhinji achitungamirira motokari makambani. Sezvo nhasi hweKudenga oga rinopa vanenge vose mumhuri kudiwa nemotokari. Nokudaro imupota kwavo hakurevi kusapfuudza pachiyero 10%. Izvi kunonyanya kukonzerwa ndechokuti hurumende asingadi kuedza motorization vokuparidzira (pachavo muchina ane chete 1% of population). A nhamba kwemitero, mabasa uye kuomesa kwakaita kuti chokwadi chokuti motokari chinhu muumbozha.

kuvaka indasitiri

Kure ari wokupedzisira panzvimbo tichitarisa kukura ndiko China ivakwe indasitiri. Izvi hazvishamisi, nokuti munyika mune vanu matura gypsum, graphite, Goldstone, yepamusoro ivhu, asbestos, reraimu uye Mika. The kupfuura wandisa yamarudzi ose zvokuvakisa ndiyo kugadzirwa esimende, iyo hunogadzwa kuchamhembe-rokumabvazuva munharaunda yacho. Vazhinji makambani kuti pagadzirwe zvedongo usina kukonekita iri kusimbiswa Boshan, Jiangxi, Shenyang uye Urumqi, uye zvidhina mafekitari - kwete kure Beijing. The mutaundi inozivikanwa kwayo simba Sichuan asbestos makambani.

mushonga indasitiri

Pasinei guru matura gasi, marasha uye phosphates, muna China kwenguva refu nguva haana kuteerera maindasitiri mazhinji. Vamwe vavo nyore kuzodzosera akasikwa mushure chimurenga. Yakanga asingasiyi, uye makemikari bhizimisi iri China. In yokutanga hafu mashanu remakore rapfuura, paiva 33 mikuru nemakambani kuti dzidzira munzvimbo iyi. Panguva iyoyo vari yakadaro pfupi kuwanda zvigadzirwa yawedzera zvakapetwa kagumi, kuti chiratidzo 900. madunhurirwa. Kudeuka makemikari emakambani iri Nanjing, Shanghai, Harbin, Shenyang uye Jilin.

kurima

The inoramba ichiwedzera yevanhu kunotungamirira kuwedzera zvokudya zvinodyiwa. Panyaya iyi, hurumende China rinoti chokutanga inonzi mberi vanoshingaira kukura maindasitiri zvakadai sezvokudya kubudiswa uye kurima mu China. The nyika ine mutemo-zvose kumativi rutsigiro miduku yokuruwa kuitira kuvandudza its padanho upenyu uye kuwedzera zvibereko zvirimwa. Zvikurukuru, varimi vari anosunungurwa kubva mitero zvokurimwa, mitero iri kugadzirwa, vachiurayira nezvimwe kubhadhara. Uyezve, vagari vari kuita bhizimisi ichi, akapa ose dzinopiwa, anopa, zvakanaka zvikwereti uye kunyange rubatsiro chisingapembedzwi. Anenge mumatunhu ose ari zvemitemo pachiyero, hurumende runovimbisa kutenga zvirimwa kubva kuvarimi. Dzinenge mashoko akakodzera mupiro omunzvimbo Breeders masayendisiti, uyo akakwanisa kuunza zvinoverengeka zvirimwa goho, kakawanda kupfuura kuti tsika mhando.

mhedziso

Nyaya iyi ipfupiso chete zvikuru maindasitiri mu China. Pasina mubvunzo, hweKudenga Empire yabudirira zvikuru kubudirira dzimwe nzvimbo upfumi basa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kukura mashoko uye zvipenyu ano, Pharmaceuticals, tsvina firimu, kukurukurirana, kuvandudzwa Michina kombiyuta, kugadzira zvinyorwa itsva simba, zvinoderedza kwezvakatipoteredza kusvibiswa nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda.