American chitundumuseremusere Falcon 9: zvinhu uye pikicha

June 28, 2015 pa 17:21 (Moscow nguva) Vachitaura pakuparurwa Nzvombo Cape Canaveral akakundikana kamwe vomurova chitundumuseremusere "Falcon 9". Falcon 9 chitundumuseremusere wakagadzirirwa pedyo private kambani US SpaceX, yakavambwa Elon musk.

"Falcon" uye NASA

NASA muna 2008 chibvumirano kambani ndiko kuita kushanda mutakuri chitundumuseremusere "Falcon 9" Dragon uye chitundumusere-musere. Pfungwa pagadzirwe kwakadai keriya chitundumuseremusere iri zvinosiyana chokwadi kuti dzakatevedzana vakundikana anotangazve Space Shuttle. Uye Elon musk ari kuronga kuderedza mari nzvimbo mishoni 10 nguva. Zvisinei, basa racho panguva iyoyo Zvaifungidzirwa kuti ukoshi $ 1,6 billion.

Vakakundikana chitundumuseremusere kanda akaputsa anoverengeka mabasa, wakasiyiwa NASA, kuwedzera goho of ISS chitundumusere-musere Space Shuttle. Falcon 9 chitundumuseremusere akatakura matani 1,8 zviri zvinhu.

Chinangwa chikuru chemusha, iyo aifanira tiite kanda ichi, chaiva muzadze zvokudya nokuda ISS nhengo. Mukuwedzera, chitundumuseremusere uyewo yakatakura kuberekesana nechigumbuso uye International pokusvika Adapter (naIda), yakataurwa Boeing. pokusvika ichi chiteshi yairema 526 makirogiramu vanofanira aivabatsira Dragon chitundumusere-musere yacho kuna ISS. Nokuti zvakafanana zvinangwa Dragon akaedza kununura uye huenderane nokuda spacewalk. Pasina mubvunzo, kufirwa inokosha zvinoumba inokanganisa purogiramu basa nesayenzi muchikepe ISS.

Asi kwete ndizvozvo zvose! Falcon 9 chitundumuseremusere kuputika akauraya 8 satellites boka 1f, kunotangira zvarayirwa Planet Labs. Uye mumwe nomumwe wavo vakatakura matatu Unit CubeSat, wakange kuchengeta Earth iri Manyiminya nzira.

Falcon 9: Magadzirirwo

chitundumuseremusere kuvaka chakagadzirirwa kuti padanho rimwe nerimwe michina yakaiswa avionics uye pamusoro-bhodhi makombiyuta, yakaitirwa kudzora zvose parameters ose kutiza.

avionics All kushandiswa muchikepe chitundumuseremusere, chinoitwa SpaceX. Uyewo, kuwedzera warwo kufamba hurongwa, kuvandudza rakarurama iri muchadenga uchishandisa GPS michina.

Uyezve, nokuti injini imwe akagadzawo varidzi controller, iyo nguva monitors zvose parameters ose injini. Mumwe controller ane nhatu processor zviumbu kuvandudza maitiro rakavimbika.

Falcon 9 zviviri-pachikuva chitundumuseremusere, uye ichi shanduro kwapfuura shanduro mbiri:

• 9 shanduro v1.0;
• 9 shanduro v1.1.

Kusiyana chechipiri shanduro yokutanga pakuti asimbiswa kupfuura rakanatswa injini. Uye kusiyaniswa nzvimbo yavo muinjini ezasi pachikuva.

Kunyange zvazvo vose shanduro injini vanomhanya pamusoro eparafini oxidizer emura okisijeni, asi chitundumuseremusere Falcon 9 v1.1 kare yakadzikiswa kuti matani 4,85 pakati payload, apo shtatovskih chombo "Falcon 9" v1.0 - chete 3, 4 m.

In Shanduro iyi pakureba 1,1 - 68,4 metres ane kutanga uremu matani 506.

Kuti tinzwisise zviruva izvi - Russian chitundumuseremusere "Purotoni-M" mupfupi 10 metres (58.2 m), kutanga uremu zvakawanda - matani 705. Asi "Purotoni-M" mu muchadenga payload matani 6,74.

NASA chikumbiro, mari kushanda Nezvorukodzi 9 ndiro $ mamiriyoni 60, vari "Purotoni-M", nhamba iri $ mamiriyoni 30 yepamusorosoro.

Saka danho rokutanga?

Falcon 9 chitundumuseremusere vatanga NASA pamwe Mapedhi maviri. Ivo dziri imwe Florida, vaviri muCalifornia. Uyewo, basa riri kuitwa kuti akudziridze zviviri Mapedhi.

SpaceX kambani kubvira 2013, ari kushanda pakusikwa ruzivo kuti reusable zvinoumba Falcon 9 v1.1. The kuedza kutanga kuponesa Nezvorukodzi 9 yakaitwa January 2015. Maererano nokumwe kufungidzira Danho zvakanga kunyika kunharaunda zvinoyangarara papuratifomu. Asi mamiriro okunze akaipa mugungwa haabvumirwi kunhonga pavaipfuura chitundumuseremusere.

Uye zuva, izvi kuedza havana kubudirira. Hapana mumwe chinonyengera asina akauya kambani kuitira kuti aponese chechetere.

nyanzvi pfungwa

Kunyange zvazvo vezvenhau akandomuzivisa kuti wokupedzisira anobudirira kushanda Nezvorukodzi 9 (December 2015) akaita kuti zvibvire kuti kuramba dzakaderera pavaipfuura chitundumuseremusere, asi nyanzvi chokwadi kushandiswa ramangwana wokutanga pechikuva. Nyanzvi dzinodavira kuti, akapiwa tembiricha iri inodziya-up sezvo chitundumuseremusere muviri pakutanga uye panguva dzinza, pashure ndima yayo kuburikidza muchadenga anoramba zvishomanene mukana kunenge kushandiswa chitundumuseremusere maatomu akafanana.

Asi kwete ndizvozvo zvose. Reusable, mamwe masangano - iri achiwana vanofamba Pamativi, uye zvaida huwandu mafuta. Uye ichi, uyewo, akazoita payload anosvika 30%.

Hwakavimbika chitundumuseremusere?

Kubva 2010 kusvika 2013 rakaitirwa kunotangira shanu, mana iyo - zvachose zvakajairika nzira.

Asi kushanda Nezvorukodzi 9 October 2012, kwave kuchizivikanwa nenyanzvi se "aoma kubudirira". Ipapo chitundumuseremusere "Falcon 9" kekutanga akatumira ISS midziyo pamusoro rori Dragon. Asi Kunyange zvazvo kwakabva Orbcomm-G2 Satellite kupinda geostationary muchadenga akundikana pamusana Satellite raiiswa munzvimbo yakaderera muchadenga pane kurongwa.

Mugumisiro ichi "aoma kubudirira" Operation placheven. Orbcomm-G2 akagara pairi kwenguva refu uye 12 October wegore iroro, yakapiswa pasina zvikasawanirwa mumhepo.

In ichi ruremekedzo zvinofadza sezvo SpaceX kutsanangura kukundikana. Maererano nenyanzvi, paiva breakage ganda ane fairing vomuzana padanho injini.

Zvinokonzera njodzi

Added kutendeseka uye kuputika Nezvorukodzi 9 chitundumuseremusere muna June 2015 akanga ari kutiza kwenguva - 2 maminitsi mumasekonzi 19. Pangosvika chombo asvika hypersonic hwechiFascist, paiva kuputika, uye pashure 8 nemasekonzi Nezvorukodzi 9 akaputsa zvidimbu. NASA vaishanda pamwe SpaceX akaita yakatanga feya zvinokonzera njodzi.

Musoro SpaceX kambani aisa mberi yayo Bhaibheri. Maererano nepfungwa dzake, tsaona yacho somugumisiro zvakawandisa kumanikidzwa vari Matangi pamwe oxidant panguva rokumusoro pachikuva. Izvi zvakaitika panguva apo Danho rokutanga asati kuparadzaniswa.

dzimwe tsaona

Chokwadi, tsaona iri nzvimbo indasitiri - kwete zvakadai husiri nyore kuwana. Somuenzaniso, muna US gore rino, paiva tsaona nhatu (kufungisisa njodzi, izvo akatambura kanda motokari Falcon 9).

Muna October 2014, mushure pakuparurwa kubva spaceport pana Wallops Island, paiva kuwedzera private keriya chitundumuseremusere Antares. It aitarisirwa kuti zvichaita muchadenga kuti ISS rori Cygnus (vaviri anogadzirwa pachishandiswa Orbital Sciences).

Uyewo 2014, yakadonha mumwe ngarava SpaceShipTwo. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti zvichava kuurayiwa suborbital nzvimbo ndege. Uye kubudirira kambani Virgin Galactic achiri kuedza kubvisa zvinokonzera kwokuputsika.

Kushanda mutakuri chitundumuseremusere "Purotoni-M" wokutanga akatora nzvimbo musi waApril 7, 2001. Ipapo chitundumuseremusere pamwe rokumusoro Danho "kamhepo-M" rave zvinobudirira akaiswa mu muchadenga Satellite "Ekran-M". On chombo chinoita zvokukandwa kudzora mamiriro akagadzawo kwakavandudzwa shanduro, iyo nani kuidzwa propellant kuburikidza heptyl, iyo inozivikanwa kuti muchetura vanhu uye zvakatipoteredza. Uyewo, nyika itsva kuchawedzera mukanyiwa ari payload kuti muchadenga.

Kubvira ipapo, yave 90 paanounza kuti "Purotoni-M", asi chete 80 vavo zvachose dzose. The kukonzera zvashata ezvinhu kukonzerwa Kukundikana yokumusoro danho.

Pasina mubvunzo, nhamba dzakadaro havasi kubudirira chokukomborerwa kuti zvombo pamwe akapfuma nhoroondo yakadaro. Chero zvazvingava, Nezvorukodzi 9 chitundumuseremusere kuputika kuchabatsira kunyatsonzwisisa zvinokanganiswa ayo uye kuvapinza nhoroondo unotevera startup.

Chii chakazoitika?

Panguva iyoyo, murwire nhumbi kuti ISS rehurumende:

• Russian "Progress";
• Japanese HTV;
• Dragon;
• Cygnus.

NASA Large anotarisira pamusoro Dragon somunhu chikwata kuti anogona kudzoka nhumbi kubva ISS Panyika. The chibvumirano ne ichi kambani yakapiwa 2017, uye ari yaizotongwa 15 kunotangira.

Yekupedzisira nguva booster Falcon 9 pamwe Workers Dragon Transport yakabudirira akapedza ayo basa December 22, 2015

NASA asingakahadziki nazvo kuti tsaona pamwe Nezvorukodzi 9 hakutadzisi pakusika aigarira chitundumusere-musere. SpaceX kambani anoda vomurova ponderous Falcon Heavy chitundumuseremusere pasi chirongwa ichi. kanda ichi anokwanisa kukwikwidzana uye Russian "Purotoni", uye European Ariane 5.

The tsaona, izvo akatambura US chitundumuseremusere Falcon 9, akaratidza kamwe zvakare kuti hapana angati kubva njodzi apo nzvimbo kudziongorora.