Rocket pakuparurwa muchadenga. Top chombo chinonyengera. Tanga intercontinental ballistic chombo

Kubvira kare, vanhu vari kutendeukira pazvinovaratidza denga nechinangwa kunzwisisa maumbirwo zvakasikwa, kudzidza mitemo yayo, kuti azive nzvimbo mitumbi. Hatigoni kutaura kuti zivo Wepasi yokumusoro mhepo uye kunyange zvakawanda pamusoro muchadenga kune imwe nguva iri rwevanhu akanga simba kwazvo. Asi kuti zvose zvakachinja muna XX remakore, kana kwezvinhu mberi akatanga kuenda mberi, saka kutaura, kubudikidza kusvetuka uye miganhu. The nebudiriro nzvimbo bhizimisi uye rocketry takurukura zvizere munyaya ino.

piyona

The kanda rokutanga Yuri Gagarin mungarava akachinja nhoroondo yedu, unogovera kuva asingaverengeki. April 12, 1961 Russian wokutanga mukuru panyika nendege muchadenga nzvimbo.

chikepe Space kwakatangwa kubva Baikonur panguva inenge yechitatu mangwanani Moscow nguva. Somugumisiro, mashoko chitundumuseremusere vakatakura kamwe munyika uye akaita vakaronga kumhara pa 10:55, pedyo nomusha Smelovka riri Saratov mudunhu. Anobudirira kanda raiva korona refu uye okunyatsoshanda ane chikwata mainjiniya uye dzimwe nyanzvi Soviet Union.

nzvimbo chinonyengera

vanhu vashoma vanoziva, asi asati Gagarin kutiza muchadenga of USSR akaita R-7 chombo pakuparurwa muna 1957. Nokuda nyika iyi matare dzakakundwa pfungwa nzvimbo nhangemutange muUnited States. Uyewo, vokuAmerica akatumira chitundumuseremusere kupinda Vacuum January 31, 1958. Kanda kwakaitika US Cape Canaveral.

Izvi zvakateverwa chombo chinonyengera muJapan (1970), China (1970), Great Britain (1971), India (1980), Israel (1988), Russia (1992), Ukraine (1995), Iran (2009 gore), North Korea (2012), South Korea (2013).

kutanga Features

The chitundumuseremusere iri muchadenga yaifanira pamwe yepasisa zvinogoneka simba rakawanda. Zvikuru Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri panyaya kutaridza chitundumuseremusere nokukurumidza vaiona spaceports dzakadaro: European Kourou, Brazilian Alcantara uye zvinoyangarara Sea Launch, iyo inokwanisa nezvekutanga zvakananga kubva pano neequator mutsetse.

Nei zvakanakisisa chombo chinonyengera kuitika kubva neequator? Izvi imhaka Pakadaro, muchina pakarepo kuwana nokumhanya kwavo mamita rwokufamba 465 / s ari easterly negwara. Izvi huwandu inokonzerwa vachishandisa kutenderera redu. Ndosaka vakawanda vari trajectory kuti chombo kanda zvinoratidzwa akananga kumabvazuva. Zvagara anogona chete kunzi Israeri sezvo kumabvazuva nayo pamuganhu pamwe zvikuru venga inoti uye saka vanofanira kushandisa kunotangira avo negwara (kumavirira).

nhoroondo mashoko

Space zvemichina rave kushandiswa Third Reich, uyo akarishandisa semukana circumvent Chibvumirano Versailles. Kunyange asati Second World War, vokuGermany yakatanga "V-2". Tanga zvombo izvi mhando akanga akatakurwa kuzorwisana Antwerp uye London. Zvakanga iye aiva wokutanga rinorema aigarira chitundumuseremusere panyika.

Nguva yaratidza kuti "V-2" pakupedzisira akava zvakaipa chirongwa tichitarisa zvechiuto uye nezvoupfumi. Zvisinei, munhoroondo kukosha kwayo iri pakuti, rutendo kwaari rehondo US uye Soviet Union nyanzvi vakakwanisa kusimbisa yakakwirira zvinogona chitundumuseremusere michina, izvo hunooneka chinetso kuziva uye gamha chitundumuseremusere pacharo panguva yayo kutiza. Uye nekuda pashure kukunda vaNazi muGermany vakanga aivigirwa zvose zvokutengeserana zvakavanzika uye magwaro chamuita kuti pakutanga Space Race pakati neSoviet uye Western nyika.

Muitiro ndege

Tanga nzvimbo chitundumuseremusere nhasi rinopa goho rayo muchadenga paNyika. Kuita izvozvo, kuti chitundumusere-musere vachada yakadereresa zvinoita kukwirira kukwanisa kusvika wokutanga yepasi pose velocity ari chinjikira mirayiridzo (7,9 km / s). Kana nhamba iyi yakasvika, ipapo chombo anova rakagadzirwa nevanhu Satellite nyika yedu. Kana pakukurumidza idukusa yakati kukosha, kunoguma trajectory ari ballistic chombo kuonekwa.

Kuti vabudirire kukosha wokutanga yepasi pose velocity ari boosters vaishandisa multi-Danho musimboti. The chaizvo chete chitundumuseremusere anotora kure kubva yakarongerwa musha installation.

Mutungamiriri munyika 2015

Muna 2015, kushanda muchadenga zvitundumuseremusere kubva munharaunda Russia akabudirira chaizvo. Gore rakapera iri Russian Federation pavaiita 26 chinonyengera kuti chitundumusere-musere, izvo akabvumira naye kutora isiyo nzvimbo yokutanga munyika. On Russia chakaita kuti 30% vose nzvimbo chinonyengera munyika. Chikuru nezvekutanga Mapedhi vaiva Baikonur uye Plesetzk.

chombo

Munyika yanhasi, pfungwa rwakabhadharwa kuna inonzi uto ballistic zvombo. Mumwe nemumwe wavo kunosanganisira huru zvikamu zviviri:

• Inowedzera mugove;
• Battle musoro, izvo, chaizvoizvo, uye uparadzire.

Chokutanga izvi inowanzozivikanwa hunomiririrwa peya kana triplet kuti multi-tani hofori matanho, akazara zvakakwana mafuta. zvinhu izvi inotumirwa kwakarurama parutivi musoro chitundumuseremusere ugozvipa runodiwa kumhanyisa.

Zvinofanira kuva kucherechedzwa kuti kushanda intercontinental ballistic zvombo - zvichiitika yakaoma uye kunoda kushanda. A trajectory of ndege ichipfuura zvakaturikidzaniswa kuderedzwa muchadenga satellites, pamwe zvishomanana kunonoka panguva ino sandara, ipapo rigone kufamba munzira elliptical nzira, zvakananga kuti varove kunangwa.

Kakawanda kushanda ane intercontinental ballistic chombo rinoitwa zvenyukireya Ngarava dzepasi pemvura. Muenzaniso unoshamisa ndiye chikepe Russian "Borey", kuva mukirasi ballistic chombo yepasi pemvura vorudzi rwechina. Uyewo, ballistic zvombo zvinokandwa , "Ohio" vakapakata American Ngarava dzepasi pemvura.

Zvisinei, intercontinental zvombo vanogona inobva mune dzimwe nzvimbo:

• pasi mira launchers;
• mu silos;
• Mobile zvivako akadai vhiri;
• pamusoro njanji launchers.

Nhasi musi ballistic zvombo vakatasva yakasimba kana mvura injini dzakakwirira Kubika zvinoriumba. Zvombo izvi mhando kuuya kunzvimbo musha wavo vari akagadzirira ezvinhu uye anogona kuchengetwa muhondo akagadzirira yose izwi basa ravo. The kanda kunoitika munhu ari kure vachishandisa redhiyo kana waya makwara. Muitiro uchigadzirira vomurova kunoda maminitsi mashoma.

In mhedziso, ndinoda kutaura kuti chero ano zvombo - a chigadzirwa pamusoro zvakasikwa uye dzigadziridzwe iyo inoshandisa akawandisa vanhu, kutanga magadzirirwo mainjiniya uye anopera pachinzvimbo chevatatu uye faira mauto uye mapurisa kuita Nokuraramisa zviumbu okumisa takamuka. Izvi zvinoita rakavimbika mhepo nhovo nyika.