Rocket launchers - kubva "Katyusha" kuti "Whirlwind"

The kwezvapupu ano chitundumuseremusere launchers anogona kunzi zvombo kubva China. Anoshongwa anogona kufukidza chinhambwe 1,6 km muchirega ari chinangwa akawandisa miseve. KuMadokero, zvakadai mano vakaona chete pashure pemakore 400.

History of chitundumuseremusere anoshongwa

The zvombo vokutanga vaiva kunobva nokuda chimiro gunpowder, iyo yakagadzirwa muna China. Masayendisiti kuzarura chinhu ichi netsaona, kana ikabereka mushonga husingaperi. Muzana XI remakore gunpowder mabhomba zvakatanga kushandiswa, izvo takaendeswa nangananga catapults. Yaiva chombo wokutanga mashandiro izvo afanane chitundumuseremusere launchers.

Rockets vakatanga mu China muna 1400 vakanga kupfuura yakafanana zviridzwa ano. Kuwanda kwavo ndege yaiva anopfuura 1.5? Km. Vaiva zvombo zviviri, vakapakata injini. kuwa pamberi akabvisa guru mari miseve. Mushure zvombo China akadaro akaonekwa India, ipapo akasimuka akadzokera kuEngland.

General Congreve muna 1799 nemhaka dzichiri dzavo itsva mhando gunpowder anoshongwa. Vakanga pakarepo aendeswe basa muuto yeBritain. Paivawo pfuti hombe, izvo unobereka zvombo ari chinhambwe 1.6? Km.

Kunyange apfuura, muna 1516, ari grassroots Zaporozhye Cossacks pedo Belgorod ari kuparadzwa wechiTatar gurusvusvu iri Crimean Khan Giray Melik akashandisa kunyanya itsva chitundumuseremusere launchers. Nemhaka zvombo zvitsva vakakwanisa kukunda wechiTatar hondo, yaiva zvikuru vakawanda Cossack. Zvinosuruvarisa chakavanzika chacho chiitiko iri Cossacks akatora navo, anofira nekutambira pakurwa.

Kubudirira A. Zasyadko

Chinhu chikuru budiriro iri pakusikwa launchers yakaitwa Aleksandrom Dmitrievichem Zasyadko. Ndiye tega uye vakabudirira chinozoiswa RCD rokutanga - vakawanda chitundumuseremusere launchers. Zvinogona kusunungurwa anenge panguva dzinenge 6 zvombo imwe mamiriro akadaro. Installations vane yakaderera uremu zvichiita kutamira navo chero yakakunakira nzvimbo,. Zasyadko budiriro vakanga aikosheswa zvikuru paGrand Duke Constantine, munin'ina wamambo. Kwomushumo wake Alexander I, anotsvaka pabasa Colonel Zasyadko chinzvimbo mikuru zvayo.

Kugadzirwa chitundumuseremusere launchers muna XIX-XX emakore.

Muzana XIX remakore kuvakwa zvitundumuseremusere pamusoro nitroporohe (isina chiutsi upfu) akatanga kuita ARMENIA Tikhomirov VA Artemyev. The pakuparurwa ane chombo chakadai rokutanga airamba ari USSR muna 1928. Anoshongwa aigona kukurira chinhambwe 5-6? Km.

Nemhaka mupiro Professor KE Tsiolkovsky masayendisiti Russian kubva RNII II Gvaya, VN Galkovskii, AP Pavlenko AS Popov akazviratidza multi-ikakuruma chitundumuseremusere launcher RS-M13 mumakore 1938-1941 uye kugadzwa BM-13. Panguva iyoyowo, masayendisiti Russian asike zvitundumuseremusere. zvombo izvi - "eresy" - ichava huru chikamu-refu defunct "Katyusha". Above kwayo zvisikwa zvichange kushanda makore mashomanana zvikuru.

Chakaita "Katyusha"

Somugumisiro, mazuva mashanu asati kurwisa German pamusoro USSR boka LE Schwartz akaratidza muna Moscow nharaunda chombo idzva rinonzi "Katyusha". Rocket launcher BM-13 yainzi panguva. Miedzo yaiitwa June 17, 1941 pamusoro landfill Sofrinsky nechokuita Mukuru Staff GK Zhukov, vanhu commissar Kudzivirira, zvombo uye nezvombo, uye vamwe vamiririri Red Army. July 1 midziyo iyi uto andisiya kubva Moscow nechemberi. Uye mavhiki maviri, "Katyusha" akashanyira kubhabhatidzwa moto rokutanga. Hitler akanga vakakundwa yakavhundutsa kudzidza pamusoro kubudirira chitundumuseremusere launcher.

VokuGermany vakatya kwepfuti uye vaiedza kunombata kana kuuraya. Kuedza recreate kuti vagadziri muGermany chombo chete hakusi kubudirira. The anoshongwa havana kuwana akurumidze, takava runobva ndege nzira uye haana yakarova kupfura. zvakajeka Gunpowder kugadzirwa Soviet wakange yakasiyana quality, kuukurukura vakapedza gumi. dzomuzana German vaisagona kuritsiva, zvinoita kuti kusagadzikana zvombo.

Kusikwa ichi chombo chakasimba akavhura peji mutsva munhoroondo kukura atirari zvombo. Akaoma "Katyusha" vakatanga kupfeka honorary wenyaya "kuhwina chombo."

budiriro zvinhu

Rocket launchers BM-13 panofanira kuva-nemavhiri matanhatu mana nemavhiri rori chaiyo kugadzira. Nokuti kabhini vashandi wagadzirirwa marongedzero chombo chinoita zvokukandwa pakuparurwa papuratifomu, sokutaura ikoko. Special chikwidzo hydraulically akasimudza pamberi chikamu midziyo panguva necheparutivi rworwendo 45. Pakutanga kutamira kurudyi kana kuti papuratifomu kuruboshwe haina inopiwa. Naizvozvo, nokuti kukanganiswa aifanira zvakazara dhipuroya yose rori. 16 zvitundumuseremusere vanogumurwa kubva chirimwa, ichibhururuka panguva yakasununguka nzira kunzvimbo kuwana muvengi. The vashandi anoita zvinhu kunyange kana vachiridzira. Kusvikira ikozvino, shanduro ino chombo zvikuru ano rinoshandiswa dzimwe nyika muchiuto.

Panzvimbo BM-13 muna 1950s vakauya reactive volley-moto gadziriro (MLRS) BM-14.

Rocket launchers "Grad"

Zvichitevera nadzurudzo wegadziriro aiva "Grad". Chombo hurongwa akasikwa nechinangwa chakafanana yapfuura zvakafanana ivhu. Chete kuoma basa nokuda Developers. The vachiridzira siyana aifanira dzinenge 20 km.

Kugadzirwa zvombo zvitsva aidaro SRI 147, izvo kusvikira ipapo haana kusika zvombo zvakadaro. Muna 1958, vachitungamirirwa A. Ganicheva achitsigirwa State Committee kuti Defense Technology anoshanda ari kukura chombo vakanga raparurwa kwenguva itsva kugadzwa okunatsiridza. Kusika Zvakarurama kugadzira atirari anoshongwa rwokugadzira. Housings akasika kushandisa nzira inopisa-mufanidzo. Kudzikamiswa of projectile kunoitika nokuda muswe uye kutenderera.

Pashure dzakawanda kuedza mu zvitundumuseremusere "Grad" yakatanga kushandiswa minhenga zvina curved mashizha, izvo zvinoratidzwa pakutanga. Saka, AN Ganichev kukwanisa nechokwadi kuti chombo chinoita zvokukandwa yaiva chikamu chikuru tubular mutungamiriri, uye ayo ndege Kudzikamiswa hurongwa rakanga rakanakira kupfura siyana pa 20km. Huru simbi Vagadziri anul-147, VT-6, 47-GSKB, SKB-203.

Miedzo yaiitwa pa nzvimbo "Rzhevka" pedyo Leningrad March 1, 1962 Kwapera gore, March 28, 1963, vakatanga kushandisa nyika vakagamuchira "Grad". Rocket launcher akaiswa kugadzirwa January 29, 1964

The Kuronga "Castle"

SZO MB 21 inosanganisira zvinotevera zvinhu:

- zvinoita zvokukandwa launcher, iyo akatasva pamusoro inosimbisa chassis "Ural-375" mumotokari;

- The moto kudzora maitiro uye chokufambisa vachizvitakudza motokari 9T254 pahwaro "žil-131";

- matatu-mita 40 muchimiro muperekedzi sepombi akatasva nechigadziko, iyo rotates nenzira chinjikira ndege uye vertically vakafurira.

Aiming rinoitwa manually kana wemagetsi simba. Ndinorova kugadzwa manually. The motokari inogona kufamba mhosva. Shooting ndiyo volley kana kwepfuti kuroorwa. Kana salvo zvinovhiringidzika nesimba munzvimbo 1046 mativi metres 40 vaitenderera. m.

Anoshongwa nokuti "Castle"

Pamoto, unogona kushandisa marudzi akasiyana zvombo. Ivo vakasiyana vachiridzira siyana, kuparadzwa guru kubaya. Kushandiswa kuita manpower, warrior motokari, dhaka mabhatiri, ndege uye helicopters pasi, migodhi, kugadzwa utsi sefa, redhiyo chipingaidzo, chepfu nemakemikari zvinhu.

Modifications wegadziriro "Grad" chihombe chitsama. Vose vari mubasa pasi pose.

Long-siyana MLRS "Uragan"

Panguva imwe chete kukura "Castle" The Soviet Union yakanga mubasa pakusikwa kumberi ndege akawanda kanda chitundumuseremusere gadziriro (MLRS). Kusati kwatombova "Hurricane" ruzivo chitundumuseremusere launchers P-103, P-110 "Teal", "Korshun". Vose vakanga dzinoongororwa chokwadi, asi hazvina simba zvakakwana uye vakanga zvainovhiringidzawo ayo.

Zuva 1968 akatanga kudzidza kumberi 220-mm NWB. Pakutanga zvakanga ainzi "Castle-3». A-siyana izere itsva wabatwa kukura zvinogadzirisa pashure Bazi Defence Industry of USSR musi March 31, 1969. The Perm pfuti fekitari nhamba 172 muna February 1972 yakabereka MLRS "Uragan" kumumvuri. Rocket launcher rakagamuchirwa 18 March 1975. Pashure pemakore 15 vari Soviet Union yaiva 10 chitundumuseremusere atirari regiments MLRS "Uragan" uye mumwe reactive artbrigady.

Muna 2001, se "Hurricane" hurongwa vave mubasa munyika yaimbova Soviet Union:

- Russia - 800;

- Kazakhstan - 50;

- Moldova - 15;

- Tajikistan - 12;

- Turkmenistan - 54;

- Uzbekistan - 48;

- Ukraine - 139.

Anoshongwa kuna "Dutu" zvikuru zvakafanana zvombo kuti "Grad". Akafanana zvinoriumba tiri chikamu chitundumuseremusere propellant mhosva uye 9M27 9H164. Kuderedza chiito siyana naivowo apfeke akamedura mhete. kureba yavo 4832-5178 neMM, uye uremu - 271-280 makirogiramu. Fanera ivhu svikiro arambe achirema ane dhayamita 8 metres uye kudzika mamita 3. Vachiridzira-siyana 10-35? Km. Zvimedu nokuputsa anoshongwa ari chinhambwe 10 M anogona nezvibhakera 6 mm simbi nokuidzivirira.

Nokuti chii zvinangwa zviri "Hurricane" mamiriro? Chombo hurongwa zvakagadzirirwa kukunda manpower, warrior motokari, artpodrazeleny, tactical zvombo, mhepo kudzivirira hurongwa, helicopters munzvimbo dzinopakwa motokari, kukurukurirana nzvimbo uye nemauto-maindasitiri kushungurudza.

Namazvo MLRS "Smerch"

Kusiyana wegadziriro kunosanganisira zviratidzo zvakadai simba, siyana uye kururama. Munyika MLRS wekutanga NEMASIMBA kutenderera projectiles - a chitundumuseremusere launcher "Smerch", iro richiri asina analogues munyika. zvombo ayo anogona kusvika kumucheto zvinangwa, inova 70? km kubva pfuti. New MRL vava muna USSR 19 November 1987.

Muna 2001, "Hurricane," mamiriro ezvinhu ari munyika dzakadaro (yaimbova Soviet Union):

- Russia - 300 motokari;

- Belarus - 48 motokari;

- Ukraine - 94 michina.

The projectile ane kureba 7600 mm. kurema kwayo ndiko 800 makirogiramu. Miti yose vane chihombe anonetsa uye kukuvadza. Kurasikirwa bhatiri upenyu "Hurricane" uye "Dutu" vakaenzana kuti zviito tactical zvombo zvenyukireya. Zvisinei, avo unoshandiswa kwete nyika Inoona sezvo saka ngozi. Vari kwaenzaniswa zvombo zvakadai pfuti kana matangi.

Hwakavimbika uye simba 'Topol "

Muna 1975, panguva Moscow Institute of Thermal Technology akatanga kuva Mobile gadziriro inokwanisa nezvekutanga zvitundumuseremusere akasiyana nzvimbo. Saka kunzwisisa aiva chombo hurongwa "Topol". Waiva pane chidzoke Soviet Union, neKomisheni US intercontinental ballistic zvombo (ivo vava muna US muna 1959).

miedzo wekutanga kwakaitika December 23, 1983. Panguva kuita dzakatevedzana chombo chinonyengera akaratidza pacharo somunhu yakavimbika uye simba chombo.

360 "Topol" zvivako dzaiva munzvimbo 1999, rimwe gumi-nzvimbo nzvimbo.

gore rimwe nerimwe muRussia nokuparura imwe chete "Topol" zvombo. Sezvo pakusikwa zvakaoma rakanga raitwa kumativi 50 nemiedzo. Vose vakaenda pasina zvinetso. Izvi zvinoratidza chikuru rakavimbika.

divisional chitundumuseremusere launcher "Tochka-U" yakazokudziridzwa muSoviet Union kuparadza maduku kushungurudza. Basa iri pakasikwa pfuti iyi March 4, 1968 akatanga kwauya nechirevo neDare Vashumiri. Contractor aiva Kolomenskoye KB. Mugadziri Chief - SP Asingakundiki. Nokuti zvinoita zvokukandwa kuzvidzora gadziriro mutoro CRI AG. Launcher yakabereka Volgograd.

Chii SAM

Set of siyana muchiuto uye michina nzira, izvo zvakabatanidzwa pamwe kubata achishandisa kurwisa muvengi kubva mumhepo uye nzvimbo, akatumidza Anti-ndege zvinoita zvokukandwa hurongwa (ADMS).

Ivo dzinoiswa maererano kunzvimbo zvechiuto chiito, mufambo, maererano nzira rwokufamba aiming, pamusoro oparesheni siyana. Izvi zvinosanganisira chombo hurongwa "MABHUKU" uye "tsono", "Wasp" uye vamwe. Ndoupi musiyano pakati magadzirirwe ichi mhando? Anti-ndege zvinoita zvokukandwa launcher zvinosanganisira nzira ubanguranyika uye chokufambisa, otomatiki club zvemuchadenga chipfuro, kuti launcher pamusoro-kuti-mhepo zvinoita zvokukandwa, mumwe chitundumuseremusere kudzora chikwata chacho rutsigiro, pamusoro midziyo kuzvidzora nzira.