The Chiitiko chokutanga simba Soviet mumunda dzezvoupfumi: nhoroondo, tsananguro uye migumisiro

Kare kare, kana matanho okutanga simba eSoviet rwaiitwa ari upfumi, ayo chirongwa yokungotaura enyika rabva kuburikidza wandei zvokukura kukura. The Bolsheviks vakanga vachida zvakanyanyisa kuruboshwe-bapiro maonero, uye pfungwa dzavo vasati chinozoiswa chero nyika munyika. Naizvozvo, zviito zvavo vaiva yezvakaita kuedza.

Dzematongerwe maringe yekare upfumi

The Bolsheviks vari achidzora wehurumende pashure yechimurenga Petrograd. The kubatwa of Winter Palace uye yose Russian guta Akaperekedzwa udzvanyiriri pamusoro vatsigiri zvokuvhoterwa. Kusvikira pakuguma Civil War, sarudzo kiyi kubatwa mubato, Vladimir Lenin uye Leon Trotsky. Vakauita kumuzinda wavo Smolny, apo, uye rinoronga mabasa avo.

The Chiitiko chokutanga simba eSoviet chaiitirwa rakatevera zuva rakatevera kubvuta masimba. Maererano nekarenda itsva, iyo akatanga mwedzi mishomanana gare gare, mumigwagwa vakamira November 7, 1917, pakaziviswa pamusoro pakutanga nationalization akaitwa uye munyika zviwanikwa.

Maererano Leninist uye Marxist dzematongerwe, rose pfuma, saka vakapfuura mumaoko avanhu (kana kuti, kuti proletariat). Kutaura zvazviri, zviri pachena, handizvo zvakaitika. The pfuma akava pachena. Zvinoitirwa hurumende yeSoviet rokutanga yave ichiiswa aifanira vanounganidzira zvose pfuma Petrograd uye kudzora ndima kuitira kukunda ose Bolsheviks pakurwisana enyika vavengi.

Utongi uye confiscatory zviito kwakaitika munguva Civil War, vainzi "hondo communism." Yakanga isiri chete mitemo chokuita upfumi, asi zvirevo, akaronga kuti hondo, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Nationalization of mabhanga

Wokutanga akuvara akataura nationalization simbi magaba. Party zvaikosha kuwana mari yakawanda sezvingabvira, iyo zvino inogona kupedzerwa hondo. State Bank iri kuSt Petersburg, akabatwa pausiku pokuchinja rokutanga, apo boka ravarwi uye vafambisi vengarava akaputsa vakapinda pakuvaka masangano, uye akatora zvose currency. Mwedzi mufananidzo ndakashata kudaro pakutanga anogona kuonekwa munzvimbo dzese guru.

The Bolsheviks wakarurama zviito zvavo nemitemo wokurera retroactively. Chete muna December, paiva chirevo Council Vanhu vaMwari Commissars, maererano iyo pamutemo chakagumisa kupfuura mabhanga - kwamachinda Land uye murimi mudiki Land. Vakanga dzakatangwa panguva yaitonga Alexander III uye akapa zvikwereti kuti varidzi uye vomumusha. With zvikwereti izvi, varimi vazhinji vakakwanisa kusika kubva muvare purazi yako uye vatamire kuSiberia nokuda Stolypin purogiramu. Namachinda bhangi vasisagoni kutsivana pokuti kwamachinda sechinhu munzanga yakaguma nerimwe chirevo SNK. Zvikwereti nokuti varimi vakarasikirwa kushanda kwavo hondo.

mari kurega

nokukurumidza, pemahombekombe varega ndimo dzokuwedzera mari bato. Naizvozvo, chiitiko rokutanga hurumende yeSoviet pashure pokuziva matambudziko zvoupfumi kuisa rakakura kutorerwa mari kubva rwevanhu vakawanda. Kubva munhoroondo vanhu akabvisa mazakwatira, uyewo achitorwa simbi dzinokosha - goridhe nesirivha. State Bank akapa mari hapana kupfuura 500 rubles.

Zvisinei, kunyange izvi "nzwisisa" nevanhu vanogara zvakazoonekwa kuti maturo. Nokuda First World War uye kwakatevedzana Civil kuRussia akatanga hyperinflation. Ruble devalued mumaziso, saka hapana kushandiswa akasara mari kubva vemo pasisina.

indasitiri Capture

Chimwe chidzidzo chinokosha chaiva nationalization wenyika munyika indasitiri. Pano, zvinhu akatonyanya kuoma. Dambudziko raiva kuti panguva Tsarist Russian zvebhizimisi munyika umambo akasika uye yakatanga tichiregeredza dzimwe guta. Yakanga zvisingatomboiti chakajairika chokuita kusangana pakati wechipfuwo upfumi mumusika pose. Somuenzaniso, Britain Entrepreneurs kunge paakapiwa kwazvo kukura Donetsk marasha dhishi, apo paiva zvinomera ano vane vakawanda mabasa.

The War World First aisagona kuona dzavatorwa vagadziri, asi raiva zvayo chinoshamisa. February Revolution pakupedzisira vasanyanya chivimbo nokugadzikana ehurumende varidzi. Zvakatanga kutiza guta, vakakoniwa kunyange kumisa basa rinobhadhara zviri pamusika wokuRussia (somuenzaniso, cheap basa).

oga guta furidza

In mitatu yokutanga kwake, vaKomonisiti nationalized anenge chiuru Enterprises. Vazhinji vavo vakanga nherera uye akasiyiwa. Njodzi neimwe nzvimbo inoshandiswa vari nekambani yoga chirevo. Muna May akauya mirayiro pamusoro nationalization ari shuga maindasitiri, uye muna June, yakafanana chisarudzo rakatorwa pamusoro makambani mafuta. Nokuwa uwandu mafekitari zvinomera, akawana nesimba Soviet, izvozvo kunotaura zviuru gumi chiratidzo.

Rondedzero Varidzi voga havana kugamuchira chero muripo mushure kutorerwa pfuma yake. Izvi chakakurudzira Entrepreneurs hamusati masvika chiso nechiso hwakagadzwa Supreme Economic Council, kungoti kutiza nyika. Izvi kutya capitalist akatungamirira matanho okutanga simba yeSoviet. Nhoroondo private bhizimisi Russia yapera, inguva nokuramba wakaomerera panzira centralized upfumi.

Food mugove

The War World First akamanikidza hurumende tsarist kushandisa pakatanga zvezviyo chindingindingi uye pachisara. Zvinoitirwa simba yeSoviet munzvimbo iyi yokutanga kwakasimbiswa mutemo uyu, kuunza munyika nzara. Food mugove vanhuwo zvavo vanosungirwa kupa hurumende chikamu kukohwa kwavo. Kushatiswa kuitika pamberi uye yaizotangira hondo akaderedza migove vasara vacho. The zvemo ari munzvimbo kurwisa chatsvuka chena, vakatambudzika kunyange zvakawanda. Paiva nguva apo upfumi chete kakawanda vakapamba dzakasiyana mapato ari kunetsana.

Vaiva toughest zvinodiwa kuti issuance chingwa uye tsanga. The zviyero rokutanga hurumende yeSoviet muna upfumi zvakakonzera chokwadi kuti vanhuwo zvavo vakaramba chete mutengo vapenyu. Vintage 1919 akatotambura kupfuura kana atorwe matapiri. Uyezve, vanhuwo zvavo akatora nyama uye vakauraya mombe. Muna 1920, vanhu vomumusha vakanga kunyimwa zvinenge zvose zvirimwa. Vazhinji yokutorazve zvigadzirwa rakanga muhondo, apo umwe aivigirwa, uye kubva kwaari purofiti zvakare aipedza pamusoro nezvinodiwa zvechiuto.

Njodzi mune zvokurima

With kukohwa neimwe vanhuwo zvavo kuudzwa kusimba. Kusagutsikana dzakayerera mukupandukira, iyo noutsinye akanga woutsinye neDare Red Army. Vaikurudzira uye vatori vechikamu pamusoro pemitongo vakapfurwa ari pakaunda-kuipandukira. The zvakakura murimi mudiki kumukira munguva Civil War uye Hondo chiKomonizimu akanga Tambov, kana Antonovskoe kumukira (saka nezita rimwe vatungamiri racho). To vomumusha akabatana Red Army navashanduki uye muchiuto nemasoja. Panguva kudzvinyirira yokupanduka 1920-1921 gg. vakakandwa wandei mauto, akatungamirira Mikhail Tukhachevsky. In Tambov zvakanga kutanga kushandiswa mumhuri zvemakemikari zvombo. Vakaurayiwa varimi vanodarika zviuru 10.

The matanho okutanga kwoupfumi simba Soviet mumunda hwokurima kwakaita kuti waifarirwa nzara munyika. Zvikuru zvinotyisa dambudziko zvinopindura muna Volga nharaunda, apo muna 1921-1922. vachiziya mamiriyoni 40 vanhu, vanenge mamiriyoni 5 vakafa.

The zviyero hurumende yeSoviet rokutanga zveupfumi vakagamuchira hunhu nenjodzi National. Izvi zvakaitika nekuti Bolsheviks vakatora zvakare kukuru shanduko mune Civil War. Repartition zvokurima, ari nationalization pamusoro nemabhengi nemaindasitiri vaiva pasi yakaoma Pfungwa masirogani. No kupikiswa vakadzikama kuti kosi iyi akanga asiri ehurumende, uye nevari vakawanda akanga kutyisidzirwa udzvanyiriri. Anoshamisa Commission vakagamuchira mvumo vaizopfurwa pasina kutongwa mhosva kuti "yemabhuku".

Kutorerwa enzvimbo chechi

Kudzvinya zviwanikwa kuruwa, Bolsheviks vakaungana yokutorerwa zvose zvaigona atengeswe. Nokuda kuzomukazve nzara vakatanga mushandirapamwe kuzotora pfuma chechi. In munda uyu matanho okutanga simba Soviet haina chete zvaibiwa kwakaenderera kwakakurumbira, asi kuparadzwa chairo temberi. matanho Economic vakanga achiperekedzwa anoparadzirwa uye pfungwa hondo "vapristi."

Yokutorazve nzvimbo kwaiva kuenda achitsigira nenzara vanhu Volga nharaunda, kunyange zvazvo akanga asina nguva dzose saka. Misa rufu vokumaruwa kubva nenzara ndopakaperawo zvoupfumi mutemo, aichimbova chikamu hondo communism.

NEP

Ngozi mamiriro ezvinhu munyika mushure Civil War zvakakonzera Lenin pamusoro Pfungwa nzwisisa. Aiva initiator pakati itsva zvoupfumi mutemo, anozivikanwa somunhu New Economic Policy. The kosi akanga pamutemo nevamwe mubato iri X Congress muna 1921.

Mundima iyi, pfungwa "matanho okutanga simba yeSoviet" rinoreva mari kuchinja. Nemhaka yake Ruble itsva vakava convertible mari. Uyewo requisitioning yakanga yabviswa - nayo chikatsiviwa mutero mune mhando. Aikudzwa ndechokuti ikozvino haana vakabata 70% chezviyo, uye 30%. Matanho aya akabatsira kudzikamisa mumamiriro ezvinhu akaoma mune zvokurima.

Chii vaiva zviyero vokutanga simba Soviet zvino? guta Foreign akakwezvwa, uyewo nguva akabvumira vamwe zvoupfumi zviridzwa musika (siyana bhizimisi duku). NEP vakauya nyika kubva dambudziko. Muna 1924, Lenin akafa, uye nokuuya pamusoro "Chokwadi itsva" simba Stalin rakanga rarambidzwa. Paiva vakaronga upfumi uye chirongwa-gore mashanu, rwakazokura hwaro Soviet hurongwa.