The New Economic Policy

1920 - ichi chakasiyana munhoroondo reSoviet kumwedzi. Panguva iyi, Bolsheviks dzakamanikidzwa kubvumira kuvapo pamisika ukama uye zvokuchinja kuti vanobatanidzwa munhau sezvo New Economic Policy (kana NEP). Chii chaiva chikonzero kuchinja izvi?

Kutanga uye mamiriro

By pakutanga 1921 zviremera akatopiwa ari mumaoko Bolsheviks. Foreign nechisimba vakanga vadzingwa, White kufamba uye National hondo akakundwa. Asi kupedza runyararo munyika rakanga kure kure. Munyika dzakasiyana uye ipapo Anti-Soviet kumukira payakatanga, vanotyisidzira kuvapo nehurumende yeSoviet. Mumwe wavo, Kronstadt, kwakaitika muna March 1921, kodzero panguva Wechigumi Congress of RCP (b). Policy Hondo Communism, chakanga dzinokodzera Bolsheviks pachavo, kwakatungamirira impoverishment ari vakawanda vanogara.

Kuti tiratidze kuchinja kuti utungamiri eSoviet akanga nekuda netariro chimurenga yose kwakapera, kufanana regore rakapera chando. Ita nyika proletariat kukwanisa mumaoko, chokwadi, kunyange aifanira kurega chikamu wenharaunda pre-echimurenga Russia pakuziva kuti rusununguko kuBaltic chinoda, Poland uye Finland. Naizvozvo, zvakanga zvakafanira kuti kusimbisa simba iri kunharaunda yavo, kwete kutarisira echimurenga zvitsva danidziro.

Zvose izvi zvakatungamirira kuitwa wegumi Congress of RCP (b) chisarudzo kutamira itsva zvoupfumi nehurumende. The Bolsheviks aifanira kunyevenutsa mutero nomutemo uye kubvumira voga vachida. It akavakazve uye basa emakambani ehurumende, izvo zvaifanira kutungamirirwa kwete nhovo mubereko. Saka, musimboti wacho NEP ndechokuti upfumi akatanga kuvapo, kunyange zvakawanda, asi achiri musika ukama.

Musimboti ari kuchinja

Zvino, zvishoma pamusoro chii vaiva kuchinja zvose izvi. Mune zvokurima, kuti requisitioning yakaguma, achitarisa zvakawanda sezvinoita nokumanikidza, pane mutero. Asi akatanga mutero ane zvokudya kuzviuru pamusoro murimi mudiki upfumi chaiwo. saizi yayo yaiva duku zvikuru. Gare gare, varimi vaibvumirwa risi nyika uye kushandisa vanobhadharwa basa. Asi mutsva Mutemo mumusha zveupfumi havana pakarepo zvibereko. Uye ichi chaitadzisa nzara 1921-1923 muna Volga nharaunda uye kumaodzanyemba Ukraine, uye vakawanda mitero yaitarirwa vanhuwo zvavo. Muna March 1922, mitero kubva kumaruwa streamlined nokusuma mutero chete mune mhando anofanira vakaverenga mu poods pamusoro rye.

zvakare, mumaguta enyika itsva zvoupfumi mutemo, yava vakauya vazhinji kuchinja. Zvikurukuru, chisarudzo akasununguka kutengeserana. Kwaive chinokosha exchanges uye nhumbi. Zvakakwanisika kusika private zvebhizimisi - Homemade kana Artisan kugadzirwa. Small uye svikiro kadikidiki maindasitiri mabhizimisi pamwe vakadzokera dzakare varidzi. Zvakanga akabvumirawo kuti risi mamiriro anazvo mafekitari. Kodzero risi kambani kugamuchira vagari Soviet kwete chete, asiwo vanamuzvinabhizimisi dzavatorwa. Kana veruzhinji nemauto, pane zvakasikwa tichibatanidza emakambani ehurumende - the nokuchengetesa. Asi mumaguta ari kuchinja haana pakarepo vakaenda zvakanaka. Pashure pezvose, pamwe musika ukama vakauya uye mari, uye kuzvimba mitengo uye mabasa. Saka, mumaguta enyika USSR uye ari capitalist nyika, kuti muuraye rotanga kumabasa. Yokutanga chakakomba dambudziko yakatanga muchirimo muna 1923 nokuda inonzi mutengo chigero kana mari kugadzirwa zvinhu zvakanga dzakakwirira kupfuura zvokurima. Somugumisiro, vanhuwo zvavo vakatanga vanochengetedza zvigadzirwa zvavo, kuti arege kupa kurukukura pasina. Kuitira kudzivirira mhirizhonga munyika, kuti Bolshevik utungamiri yakasarudza kuderedza mutengo kugadzirwa zvinhu.

Kubudirira uye kuzvipokanidza

Asi, pasinei dzinoverengeka kuzvipokanidza, mutemo mutsva zvoupfumi akatakura muchero. Pakazosvika 1925, pamwero mukuru indasitiri akagona kusvika pamwero pre-hondo okuwana. Uye vakawedzera prices okurima kugadzirwa. Kutanga mudanga mari - yakasimbiswa goridhe zvidimbu - akabatsira kusimbisa upfumi.

Zvisinei, munyika ivepo, itsva mutemo yakasiyana kuzvipokanidza uye zvausingakwanisi. Enyika maumbirwo weHurumende haana kumbochinja: simba, sapakutanga, akaramba ari mumaoko Bolsheviks. Entrepreneurs yakabuda panguva NEP, haana enyika kodzero. Hongu, uye basa ravo rakanga zvikuru zvishoma: zvose emakambani makuru, vatorwa zvokutengeserana, rwezvemabhengi, zvekufambisa, yakaramba rinotungamirirwa ehurumende. It hwakawedzera pachena kuti NEP - chiri pfupi nechiyero Bolsheviks, kwete kugadzikana uye kwenguva refu itsika.