Kubvuta Tokhtamysh kuMoscow muna ra1382 uye nemigumisiro yayo

Hazvina chete makore maviri kubva mbiri kukunda vana Prince Dmitry Donskoy pamusoro gurusvusvu Mamaia, uye ikadengenyeka Russian munyika zvakare kubva tsikwa emabhiza ari wechiTatar vamabhiza. Tokhtamysh zvinotyisa nechisimba Moscow muna ra1382 uye nemigumisiro yayo zvazova nyaya kudzidza zvakawanda Zvizvarwa dzekare, akasiyana pamakona kuedza kujekesa zvinokonzera kusafara. Asi chimwe chinhu vanobvuma - vakakundikana nguva ino, machinda chikwata kuratidza kubatana, razova kiyi kukunda kwavo Kulikovo munda.

The nomination idzva Horde Khan

Pakupera ari XIV remakore pakati vatongi Golden Horde akava kunyanya rikwanise kutamburira simba. Akauya yakatsviriridza Tokhtamysh Khan, ane simba rakawedzera chete pamberi inonzi White Horde, kana sezvo zvakanga vanozviti Tatars, AK-Orda. Achitsigirwa ayo yakabatana Tamerlane muna 1379 akakunda chikuru guru Tatar State - Saray al-Jadid - uye nokukurumidza akava mutongi dzose, riri dzapasi kunosvika kuna Don.

Nomination Tokhtamysh zvikuru pave kukundikana huru aikwikwidza kwayo, mumvuri mutongi Horde Mamaia, akarakasha muna 1380 Dmitriem Donskim. Ignominiously vachitizira pashure musengwa kukundwa, akatizira kune Crimea, apo akaedza kuunganidza dzasara mauto ake vakavimbika kuti kufamba idzva Moscow. Asi ichi chakanga chisiri kuva. Tokhtamysh akaisa mberi pamusoro pake mauto ake kuti hondo yairwirwa pamusoro rwizi Kalka.

Mamai akagadzirira kugamuchira hondo, asi panguva yokupedzisira, akatengeswa kwake anofungidzirwa, akaukandira peremetnuvshimisya kuti muvengi. Aifanira kutizira zvakare. Panguva ino amai vakamhanya vari Cafu - rakavakirirwa guta riri Crimea, asi ikoko akanga akamirira imwezve kusavimbika. Vaimbove vatsigiri uye vanatenzi guta Genoese nokunyengera akamuuraya uye vapambwe. Saka ignominiously kupera nzira yake kamwe muedzo mutongi Golden Horde.

Reropa kubvuta Tokhtamysh kuMoscow

Kana mumwe munhu pasinei nokuti chii chaitika. vachirwisa wechiTatar vamabhiza pamusoro Russian nyika, ivo nguva dzose vakatakura navo ropa uye nomoto mukuru, asi Khan Tohtamysh incursions izvi zvave raiparadza. Muenzaniso ndidzo yezvakaitika muna August ra1382. Vakatanga ndechokuti mutongi mutsva Golden Horde akatuma Muchinda Moscow nhume. Kuburikidza navo, akavonga Dmitry Donskoy nokuti kukunda vakakunda navo pamusoro Amai, akati - "akashata akabvuta chigaro nesimba", uye akaudza kuti ikozvino mune Golden Horde akatanga kutonga naro - akakodzera ishe genus Chingizids kwayo.

Asi zvakanga chete munhanganyaya, chinhu chikuru chaiva chokuti Khan akabvunza mimwe kubhadhara mutero. Pashure pokuteerera nhume uye, pane dzimwe nguva, vakabva norupo chipo Prince Dmitry vakandiudza kuti ape Khan zvaanoda yakanakisisa, asi nokubhadhara mutero akaramba. Kutevedzerwa nokukurumidza kubvuta Tokhtamysh kuMoscow aiva mugumisiro chikumbiro chake.

zvinyorwa zvinoratidza kuti kubvira Tatar Khan muna 1381 rakaitirwa rimwezve kuedza nedzenyu kumanikidza Prince Dmitry. Kuti izvi zvidaro, akatuma Moscow rinouya basa rinotungamirirwa muduku muchinda AK-Hozem, achiperekedzwa yakasimba ramauto. Asi nokuda isingazivikanwi zvikonzero, havana asvika guru, uye nokudaro nechisimba Khan Tokhtamysh kuMoscow aiva foregone mhedziso.

Kungofamba, yakatanga kufamba muna pave pachivande

Kutanga mushandirapamwe muna ra1382, iro wechiTatar mutungamiri akaratidza zvinoshamisa unyanzvi hwesangano. Chokutanga, akatora matanho kuchengeta zvakavanzika kubva muvengi kufamba mauto ake. Kuitira kudzivisa zvishoma buri, Khan akarayira vose Moscow vatengesi, vaiva pasi pesimba rake Kazan, kuuraya kana kuvanza mujeri, uye zvikepe zvavo kushandiswa kutakura mauto kurudyi kumahombekombe Volga.

Hwakawanda huripo zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa nguva zvinozivikanwa kuti vake vazhinji vakatamira yokutsanya, asi pamwe kunonyanyisa nokungwaririra - ". Pasina kupa mashoko mberi pachangu" Nokuda kubvuta ichi Tokhtamysh kuMoscow raiva nevagari vayo romuromo uye kunyimwa navo mukana kunyatsofunga kugadzirira kufungisisa. Dzimwe nguva dzose, asi kudenha chabatsira zvikuru kubudirira mune zvose nyaya.

Kumutengesa of Ryazan muchinda

Aitambisa mumaoko Khan, uye saka akasuwa nokuti Russian chinokonzera ndiko zvinowanzoitwa machinda kuti hurumende iri zvido warwo kuchengeteka uye zvakanakira. Izvi hwakaratidzwa panguva yose nguva wechiTatar-Mongol joko, uye mumwe mienzaniso iyi zvakandishamisa nezvokupanduka kuna Tokhtamysh Prince Olega Ryazanskogo. Akaratidza kwete chete kuzvininipisa pamberi vanopinda nechisimba, asi nokuzvidira kwakaratidza yakakunakira mazambuko mhiri Oka River. Naizvozvo, akanga akakuvara zvakaipisisa nekuda vari pamaoko Tartars pachavo.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti nedzenyu nzira Tokhtamysh nechisimba Moscow akaedza kurambidza Prince Dmitry Konstantinovich pamusoro Nizhny Novgorod. Kuti izvi zvidaro, akatuma nokuti kwakadzama pamwechete Khan nevanakomana vavo, asi vakakundikana kuteerera mirairo nokungoti havana kukwanisa kubata pamwe wechiTatar vamabhiza, akamunzwira kujairika nokukurumidza.

Zvisinei, pasinei kuedza kupinda nechisimba, asi mashoko avo nzira asi kusvika Grand Duke. Dmitry Donskoy, vachiyeuka unanimity nako machinda chikwata makore maviri apfuura kundorwa gurusvusvu Mamaia, vakaradzikwa ichi nguva netariro rubatsiro yavo, asi miscalculated. Kana nechisimba Moscow Tokhtamysh akava pachena, Prince haana kuwana rubatsiro kubva kwavari uye rakamanikidzwa kuenda nokuumbwa mauto mumoto, uye ake yepedyo shamwari, Vladimir Andreevich Serpuhovskoy - muna Portage Lamsky.

On the Nzira kuMoscow

Kushandisa mazambuko nezvake Prince Oleg pamusoro Ryazan, Tokhtamysh akayambuka Oka uye zvaibiwa kwakaenderera panzira Serpukhov, akatuma emauto ake kuMoscow. Nzvimbo yose apo vanopinda nechisimba dzakaitwa, chinhu chinoramba yakatsva pasi, iyo zvino vachiri makore akawanda ndichisvibiswa madota misha, asi vari uswa akasiya zvisina kuvigwa vagari mapfupa chena.

In pasina Grand Duke muguta guru, paiva kutya, izvo wakatsamwisa nechisimba Tokhtamysh Moscow. Uyezve, pane kwenguva pfupi nguva vakaungana vose zvavo vakawanda vaigara mumisha yakapoteredza, vachitarisira kutiza muvengi Kremlin rusvingo. Somugumisiro, bongozozo yakatanga uye zvaibiwa kwakaenderera, achaita kuwedzera zvakatoitika zvashata mamiriro ezvinhu.

Defense sangano

Vamwe kuti aigona kuita waachangoroora guta Lithuanian muchinda Osteyu chakaitirwa muImba Russian basa. Kana vakaunganidza chevarwere Chamber, vakasarudza, hapana chimwe muMoscow uye zvose simba kutungamirira gadziriro mupomerwi. Muchinda pachake somunhu muchiuto, akatungamirira basa chokuita kugadzwa pamusoro pamasvingo anodzivirira zvivako, ari preform nebwe, tara uye mabwe, izvo zvave panyaya vatapi wokurwisa nharirire musoro. Akarayira zvose namafuro vakapiswa pasi vakakomba guta. chiyero ichi kunyimwa muvengi mashoko yokukombwa uye pokugara.

The pakuonekwa muvengi pasi masvingo eguta

Hakudzivisiki sezvo dombo chikuru nechisimba Tokhtamysh Moscow. Date August 23, ra1382 rakava zuva dema munhoroondo Russia. Izvi mangwanani akaenda Kremlin rusvingo Vanguard of Tatars. Horde haana kutora chero basa matanho, uye kudzidza kuti Prince Dmitry Donskoy muguta, akadzinga zvimwe kure tarisiro huru mauto. Asi zvikuru pakuonekwa akanga chikonzero zvimwe mupfungwa pakakuvara pakati Muscovites.

Sezvinoratidzwa vaairarama, kuderedza Makakatanwa, vagari vanenge vakaungana kuna vakaedza nzira - talk udhakwa. Nokuti ichi akazarura akapfuma dura dzimba yakanyikwa kegs uchi uye Braga, uye ipapo akadhakwa kubva kumuduku kusvikira huru. Saizvozvowo munhu akadhakwa akakwira madziro Kremlin uye kubva ipapo akatyisidzira Tatars, achidururira navo ichi kwazvo kushungurudzwa.

Kuedza ndokumukira, akaputsa-kure Muscovites

Kubvuta Tokhtamysh kuMoscow rinogona muchidimbu, uchitsanangura Zviitiko kwemazuva mana - kubva 23 kusvika 26 August. Kana zuva vomuguta rokutanga akaona Tatar Vanguard, ipapo mangwanani kumasvingo guru vakaswedera pamusoro huru ehondo muvengi, rinotungamirirwa Khan. Horde yakatanga kurwisa asi vakanga unonyangadzwa ari kutsigira eguta uye ichidzokera pamwe inorema varasikirwa. Handina kuuya navo kubudirira, uye kurwisa August 25. Under chimvuramabwe chemiseve, mvura kubva masvingo wokunaya kufashaira mvura uye namo inopfuta, ivo vasina kukokwa vaenzi vaimanikidzwa kutama zvakare.

Chivande uye kumutengesa vamwe vokuAsia

Zvingadai akavasiya chinhu, kana kwete nokuda kwavo manomano Asian uye anonyengera kumutengesa duku machinda Suzdal. Nekuona kuti Muscovites simba haasi kukunda, Tokhtamysh akatuma masvingo eguta nhume kubva chakanaka Horde uye yaisanganisira vanakomana vaviri Suzdal muchinda - Vasily uye Semyon, chete ndivo vakanga vari pakutanga chirongwa akatumira baba vake pamusoro nedzenyu basa, asi aizeza, uye ipapo akabatana boka racho Khan. Ivo akanakidzwa chairo chivimbo pamusoro Muscovites, sezvo uine varumudzani Prince Dmitry Donskoy mukadzi - Evdokia.

On kuvimba ichi uye taitamba Tokhtamysh. Vachimiririra hama nechokwadi vagari kuti Horde havana kuvenga kwavari, vakasvika kubata mumwe chete Prince Dmitry. Sezvo kuti haisi muguta, vakagadzirira kuenda, akapa kuti vagari, kuvhura gedhi achaenda kuna Khan pamwe chinokudza uye nezvipo. Han haana kukuvadza munhu, uye achiona guta, iro vakanzwa chaizvo, aizotungamirira kure mauto ake. Mashoko ake ari yasimbiswa nemhiko.

The nechisimba Horde kuMoscow

Kana vagari akazvinzwa kubva miromo navatorwa, izvozvo kunge vakakonona. Asi panguva iyoyo navo takataura vomunyika, tisingaverengi hama yacho Grand Duke, uye vakatenda hype. Kremlin masuo akavhurika, uye kwakaonekwa nomudungwe vanhu muguta guru, akatungamirirwa Prince OST uye nevafundisi. Pakarepo vakanga zvose hacked wokubata zvose kumativi nokuda Tatars.

Kurega kuva kudzivirirwa pamusoro guta, Horde akatanga mudzimba uye kupisa zvose kunobva nzira yake. It hazvina kutsanangurwa kugehena kuti vakaita muna Kremlin parusvingo. Vanyori venhau dzakaitika vakaona kuti pazuva vakaurayiwa ichi mutambo reropa akatanga 24 000 vanhu. Sezvo pamakore aya vanhu of Moscow ndiyo 40 000 vanhu, zvinoitika kuti musi August 26, richiuraya kupfuura hafu vanogara guru. Uyezve, kugadzirwa Khan aiva akawandisa vasungwa vakaendeswa muuranda.

Kubvuta Tokhtamysh kuMoscow muna ra1382 uye nemigumisiro yayo muenzaniso zvakazokonzerwa kusabatana mamiriro, kushaya kubatana muna inoodza ngozi, munjodzi kuna pezviri unyengeri. Mumazuva iwayo, kana waitirwa unyengeri vomunyika Muscovites vakarwa pamusoro Kremlin parusvingo uye akafa, asi Grand Duke wake Evdokia yaiva Kostroma. Vakaedza pasina kunyengetedza machinda, zvakare, sezvo makore maviri apfuura, kubatana mauto uye kudzivirira nechisimba Tokhtamysh Moscow.

Gore kusuwa kukuru Russian

Zuva rakatevera, makaguta neropa vasina mhosva uye otyagchonnye akapfuma Zvakatorwa nechisimba, Tatars vakasiya komuganhu guta. Asi asati adzokera kuna Horde, vakanga rakakamurwa akazvimiririra mapoka akawanda, uye panguva imwecheteyo anokunda, yakashatiswa Vladimir, Zvenigorod, Mozhaisk uye St. George. Hazvishamisi muna ra1382 akabatana munhoroondo yeRussia somumwe chinhu chinosiririsa Zvikamu munhoroondo yacho. Makumi ezviuru akafa uye varanda - ndiko kuti ayo mugumisiro.

Tatars chete zvanyanyisa nokurwa chakakomba shure, kuedza kurwisa Portage Lamsky. Pano Mauto yavo yakamiswa Serpukhov muchinda kudzidzinga akakwanisa kuunganidza varwi. Basic chete simba wechiTatar inotungamirwa Khan panzira shure, pasinei vimbiso sacked pasi mutengesi Oleg Ryazansky, ndege apukunyuka hondo.

Saka kupera nechisimba Tokhtamysh Moscow. zvabuda ayo zvakasuwa. Vaita hombe zveupfumi nezvinhu uye hwevanhu nokupa, Russia achiri mune zvematongerwo pazviri Golden Horde khans. Kuti tidzivise zvimwe ropa, Dmitry muchinda akamanikidzwa kuramba kubhadhara mutero uye kubhadhara Tokhtamysh makore maviri pashure kukunda pana Kulikovo munda. Iye akazotevera vatongi akatonga matunhu yavo chete pachishandiswa Labels anogadzirwa Golden Horde. Pamberi kuparadzwa pakati Mongol-wechiTatar joko achiri remakore.