Pioneer - Mapiyona of Soviet Union ndiye ...

Munoziva zvinoreva shoko rokuti "piyona"? Sei zvinobva? Munhu anonzi saka? Izvi uye nemimwe mibvunzo isu achapindura munyaya ino. Akadana mapiyona mapiyona mapiyona. Uye kunyange atumidzwa uto romukova kana dziri pakati ouinjiniya hondo pakati Armed Forces yeRussian Empire ari XVIII-XIX emakore uye dzimwe nyika ano (semuenzaniso, Germany).

Kutaura shoko "piyona", mumwe munhu angave achifunga zuva kana sapper inoti German, kana musoja aitarisira pakuvaka earthworks, inoshandiswa pakutsigira mabhiriji, kuchera inoerera, migwagwa mukana wokuti vanhu vanga uye zvichingodaro. Asi vakadana nhengo Pioneer kufamba - mapoka yeutongi zvevana vari USSR nemamwe mugovanisi inoti, wakasikwa maererano nezvinodiwa Scouting mabasa.

ukoshi

Maererano yaEfuremu, piyona - ndiye wokutanga akaita nzira yake itsva, unexplored nzvimbo kana nyika, uye akatanga kudzidza. Saka ndiye nheyo chinhu chitsva mumunda nemagariro, sainzi kana mumwe munda yebasa. Efremov zvakare anotenda kuti mapiyona vaviri nhengo rechiKomonisiti inotungamirwa vana sezvo varwi uye sapper zviumbu engineering mauto. Ushakov uye anopisira ndiwo zvinoreva zvakafanana neshoko. In Dahl kwakaita duramashoko rinoti kare aripo semapiyona uye bhiza.

mavambo

Saka zvinoreva "kupayona"? Shoko iri akakweretwa kubva mutauro wokuRussia Vagari mutauro French pakutanga ari XVIII remakore uye yakashandiswa kureva "murwi rutsoka musoja." Nokufamba kwenguva, dudziro iyi aenda pasi munhau, uye shoko "piyona" akatanga kudana mapiyona - vanhu nekuvavaza itsva mudungwe munzira.

Kana apedza October 1917 yechimurenga Russia akatanga kusika mapoka kupayona vana, vane nhengo vaida kuva wokutanga zvose. Vanoda zvavo nevamwe kugadzira "nzira wakaisvonaka mangwana."

Mauto ekutanga

Mapiyona ... Ndivanaani? All-zita-zuva mapiyona vaiona May 19, 1922. Zuva iroro, panguva 2nd All-Russian Congress of Young Communist League, kwakasarudzwa kuumba kupayona zvikwata munyika. The akakurumbira sangano kubva 1924 ine zita V. I. Lenina. Muna 1925, hurumende yakatanga pepanhau "chokwadi Pioneer" ari, iyo anowanzonzi "Pioneer" akanyatsoti.

The zvidzidzo zvokutanga krasnogalstuchnikov akaita pana YCL idzodzo ari mafekitari, mumahofisi, tora mugove zvakawanda, kubatsira kubvisa kusaziva, kubata pokugara. Kutanga kubva 1920s. Masangano aya akamisa muzvikoro. chikoro nomumwe kwave piyona kukupfura, uye vari mukirasi - bato. Aigona kuva piyona anenge mwana mumwe makore 9-10. Panguva wetsauriro vana akapika, wakanyengwa "mhenyu, kurwisana uye kudzidza, sezvo ikazopiwa guru Lenin, sezvo kudzidziswa Communist Party."

Pioneer - icho chiratidzo yaitonga Soviet Union. Aipfeka dzvuku netai (sechiratidzo pakati echimurenga tsvuku mureza), icon pamwe Mashoko "Gara wakagadzirira!" Uye zvifananidzo murazvo womoto, Lenin Profile uye shanu-rwakavakwa nyeredzi. A nzvimbo zvikuru mabasa vana achiitei krasnogalstuchnoy kudzivirira-uto basa: vanamukoti mugs anotsanangura, vaduku marksmen, kutaura, vakaita zvemitambo uye uto mutambo.

chitsungo

Wanga uchiziva kuti piyona - izvi muenzaniso zvose? Panguva Second World War muSoviet Union makanga vakawanda kufambira Katya, akaritumidza sezvo zita gamba nyaya "Katya uye chikwata chake", iro rakanyorwa A. P. Gaydar. Mapiyona saizvozvo sezvo zvibereko kutaurwa vakabatsira vakaremara mhuri masoja, vakwegura. Mugore yepashure pehondo timurovtsi vane patronage vatana Bolsheviks, vakaunganidza tsvina pepa chinyorwa simbi muchando, muzhizha - miriwo, akabatsira magamba hondo, basa iri rokukohwa.

Munyika makanga kwegadziriro dzoushe (dzimba) rokupayona siyana yeChina (zvekushandisa, mutambo, unyanzvi), uye piyona mumisasa, apo vana pavanenge vavo mazororo muzhizha. Fanira unhu woupenyu okupedzisira establishments vaiva pezvirugu zvamakwai uye nenziyo, manheru uye mangwanani mutsetse (kuvakwa vezvikwata zvose), kuwedzera uye raizouya mureza, mari krasnogalstuchnikov (misangano vakazvipira siyana nyika misoro). Akanakisisa vaiona uye "Artek" mumisasa Pioneer Young "Eaglet", iro rakanga riri pamusoro Sea Black. zera Pioneer rakapera mumakore 14, uye vana vakawanda vakabatana Koshanda.

kunyangarika

Saka, takaona kuti piyona - yakavimbika shamwari. Zvinosuruvarisa, pashure pokuwa USSR zvinoshamisa sangano yava opera basa rayo. In Russia nhasi pane kupayona mapoka, asi vashoma uye kwete chaizvo nevakawanda pakati pevana. Muna 1990-ies. vamwe munzanga idzodzo vakaedza kutsiva vakanyangarika Scout Movement sangano kuti kushanda muna pre-echimurenga Russia, asi haana kuuya chero mhinduro.

publicism

Nhasi, vanhu vakawanda vanobvunza kuti piyona. Tsanangudzo shoko iri inokanganikwa zhinji. Kunyange zvakadaro, musi yakawanda nziyo uye mabhuku zvakanyorwa krasnogalstuchnikah USSR, filmed vakawanda risina kunyorwa ukoshi. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vateereri anakidzwa mutambo kwemisasa zhizha "Titambire, mweni kana chiyamuro vospreschon!".

Mukutaura yanhasi, kunyanya vakwegura, unogona dzimwe nguva kunzwa mashoko okuti "sapiyona (Pioneer)," kureva "kuita chimwe chinhu vakarangwa, vanoteerera." Uye mashoko okuti "nguva dzose vakagadzirira!" Zvinoreva mvumo uye kuda kuita chinhu. In Soviet venhau krasnogalstuchnikov inonzi Leninists vechiduku (vatsigiri V. I. Lenina).

tai

Kuburikidza nokuumbwa ndokugadzira cadres matsva vana nokuda nyika yeSoviet. Vamwe vabereki akarambidza vana kuva mapiyona, asi ivo vachiri vapinda musangano. Vaifanira kuhwanda amai uye baba zvakatadzisa. Mune USSR, vanenge vose vana vaiva mapiyona. mbudzana First kuenda kuchikoro, uye iye chakagamuchirwa muna Octobrists, achibva muchizvikudza akapfeka ari ake pachipfuva asiterisiki pamwe mufananidzo rakamonana vhudzi mukomana.

Kana mwana akatsauka 9 makore candidacy wake kubvumirwa pagungano Unit, uye ipapo vakazvitsaurira kuna nemapiyona. Uye pakupedzisira, pakupera kudzidza, sezvo "wokupedzisira padariro paumbwe mudzidzi wacho," iye akapiwa Koshanda bheji.

Munhu wose aifanira kupfeka piyona kusingagumi Pioneer. Aigona kuitwa chero jira, asi nguva dzose aifanira kuva dzvuku. Vadzidzi vaigona kusungirira inokosha fundo. Kana mwana wako wasvika kuchikoro ane rumpled, netai yake mhanya kana pasina izvozvo, zvaionekwa kunyadziswa. Pioneer nguva dzose aifanira kuva akashambidzika, yakachena uye Nekudzo kupfeka zviratidzo sangano ravo.

Chii kuita zvitatu kumagumo tai? Vanotaura hwakasimba kubatana zvizvarwa zvitatu: vaKomonisiti, Pioneers uye Koshanda nhengo. Mune dzimwe nyika, sangano iri dzvuku sikavha ikoko pasina chero kuchinja (Moldova, Venezuela, North Korea, China, Cuba, Vietnam).

magamba

Mapiyona Soviet, vakapedza Feat panguva paumbwe Soviet hwechiFascist, kuti Second World War, inonzi magamba.

zvifananidzo zvavo dzaishandiswa chaizvo muSoviet Union muenzaniso mukuru tsika. Muna 1954, mukuru mazita wemagamba-mapiyona akasikwa, uye yaiumbwa Kudza Book of All-Union Young Pioneer Organization anonzi pashure V. I. Lenina, kuti zvakanga zvakabatanidzwa Bhuku Kukudzwa zvemunzvimbo muzvikamu krasnogalstuchnikov.

yehondo

The nomukurumbira mapiyona-magamba Guru Patriotic War? Nechekare mumazuva hondo nokuda Brest Fortress rokutanga akasiyanisa-makore 14 Klypa Petya - kudzidza zvokuridza platoon. Mapiyona akawanda akarwa nevaNazi muna partisan mumapoka, vaiva masikautsi uye saboteurs, uye yaiitisa clandestine mabasa.

Vechiduku partisans vari yakakurumbira Dubinin Volodya, Kazei Vanya, Golikov Lenya, Zhora Antonenko, Valya Kotik. Vose vakafa mukurwa asi Dubinina Volodi, akanyemwerera pamusoro wangu. Mumwe nomumwe wavo, asi makore okuva Golikova Loni, panguva yorufu waiva nemakore 13-14.

Kakawanda, vadzidzi akarwa muhondo zviumbu (vanonzi "vanasikana navanakomana regiments" - anozivikanwa nyaya Kataeva Valentina "Mwanakomana chehondo").

Mapiyona Huru Patriotic War vakaratidza zvavaigona unhu mukurwa. Nokudaro, makore 15 okuberekwa Chekmak Vilor mutengo upenyu hwake kuponesa partisan yokuzviparadzanisa pakati Sevastopol. Mukomana aiva mumwoyo, akanga ari mwana, asi muna 1941, muna August, akaenda musango pamwe partisans. Akanga ari patrol musi November 10, saka pakutanga kuona kuuya kuri yokuzviparadzanisa. Vilor chivhorovhoro akanyevera pamusoro nokutyisidzirwa pakati guerrillas, uye mumwe akatora pakurwisana vaFascist. Paakanga akamhanya achibva zvombo, iye achimirira vavengi tichaswedera pedyo naye, uye vakaridza akazvipa aine girinedhi nevaNazi. Vilor akavigwa kumakuva kuti World War II yerusununguko mumusha Dergachi, pedyo Sevastopol.

The zvakawanda avimbiswa mapiyona makuru? Ivo warships muchikepe vakomana vakashumira muSoviet shure yave kushanda mafekitari, kutsiva vakuru vakaenda mberi, akatora mugove kwevagari kudzivirira.

Pachiteshi Obol (Vitebsk nharaunda) Koshanda pevhu sangano "Young Avengers" akasikwa. It aiita piyona Portnova Zina, wevashumiri ari Koshanda pachivande, akaurayiwa nevaNazi uye Hero of Soviet Union paakanga afa paakavapa rokuremekedza.

Makumi ezviuru majaya akanga paakavapa kurwa makodzero:

• Order of Red Banner akanga paakavapa - Yuliy Kantemirov, Dubinin Volodya, Makarikhin Andrey, Konstantin Kravchuk Kamanin Arkady ;
• Order of Lenin - Vitya Korobkov, Shumov Tolya, Kaznacheev Volodya, Lenya Golikov Chekalin Aleksandr;
• Order of Red Star - Samoruha Volodya Efremov Alex, Andrianov Vanya, Ankinovich Lenya, Kovalenko Vitya, Kamanin Arkady (ruviri);
• Order of Patriotic War 1st dhigirii - Volkov Valery, Klypa Pete, Kovalov Sasha.

mazana mapiyona akanga paakavapa ari menduru "Partisan of Great Patriotic War", vanopfuura 15 000 - the menduru "Nokuti kudzivirira Leningrad", pamusoro 20 000 menduru "Nokuti Kutsigira Moscow".

Gamba of Soviet Union dzave paakavapa mapiyona shanu: Golikov Lenya, Valya Kotik, Kazei Vanya, Portnova Zina, Chekalin Alexander. Vakawanda vaduku pemauto vakaurayiwa muhondo kana vakaurayiwa vokuGermany. Yakatarwa mazita evana zvaisanganisira kupinda "Book Kukudzwa of All-Union Young Pioneer Organization anonzi pashure V. I. Lenina" uye akakwidziridzwa kuti chinzvimbo "Mapiyona-magamba".