Information Nucleotides

Morekuru reDNA uye vakanyarara majini

Nyika yose kurarama rinoumbwa masero. Animals, hove, shiri, zvinomera, notumwe tupukanana tusingaoneki nemaziso, vose vanhu pachavo akaumbwa masero. Kunze muchitokisi hapana upenyu. Masero zvose zvipenyu zviri zvakafanana yakarongeka, makemikari anoumba, muviri, zvose masero hukapamhidzira kubudikidza kukamuka. Izvi chaizvo kunzwisisa marongerwo, anenge akaoma yose, apo 1 wechipiri dzinosvika zviuru mhinduro. Zvinosuruvarisa, hatigoni kudzora toga masero edu pachedu. Pano vanonakidzwa kutapata, yatiri kutanga kukurirwa. Murume hwako vanotungamirirwa chikonzero, uye masero kubva izvo zviri kurarama mitemo yavo pachavo, iyo havasi nezvatakarerekera zvido zvedu. Asi zvinokwanisika zvikuru kuti munguva yemberi iri pedyo tichakwanisa kuwana mutauro nevakawanda navo uye kubvumirana pamusoro chinhu chinokosha kwatiri nechazvo.

In nechepakati chinoumba masero dzinongoda mukati zviri wakamonyaniswa miviri akamonyoroka Watson-Crick akasiyana mune marongerwo uye kushanda morekuru reDNA. Vose morekuru reDNA rakakamurwa muzvikamu zviduku inonzi magene. Ndiro huru chairema heritable maitiro kuona kwedu chitarisiko, munhui, rokuva, upenyu anotarisirwa uye, pamusoro paizvozvo, tipei zvakawanda kuvabereki vakatsunga abnormalities, kusanganisira oncology hunhu.

DNA mamorekuru zvakasimba vakatutirana muimba puroteni hamvuropu uye chimiro conglomerates anonzi okutodza. In somatic mumasero munhu, ndiko kuti, muna masero muviri wake, ari diploid, kana kaviri yakatarwa okutodza. Ivo 46 zvidimbu, kana 23 nomwe. peya imwe neimwe ine zvachose kufanana iine mashoko. Kana sero rinokamukana yegwara okutodza kuparadzana, uye sero rimwe anogamuchira kwakakwana iine mashoko. Naizvozvo diploid nhamba okutodza rwatodzoreredzwa. Utachiona dzevanhu masero ane 23 okutodza, asi panosangana kana urume uye zai fiyuzi, miviri yakatarwa okutodza rwatodzoreredzwa. Saka pane musanganiswa vechirume data, zvichiita mudumbu anogamuchira zviratidzo uye vanaamai navanababa.

The raora yose majini zviri yakatarwa okutodza ose utachiona masero, inonzi munhu genome. The yakakwana yevanhu genome rine zvuru 80 magene. Morekuru reDNA inovakwa, zvichida haana kuoma sezvazvakaita yepakutanga. It chinomiririrwa shinda mbiri refu. The filaments dzine nucleotides. Nucleotides - makemikari remubatanidzwa zvinosanganisira matatu zvinhu: a nitrogenous chawo, carbohydrate deoxyribose uye phosphoric acid. Pasina vachipinda mashoko, tinogona kutaura kuti DNA makemikari nyika yose yakaumbwa mana chete siyana nucleotides. Ndicho mabhii mana, mana mabhii earufabheti woupenyu: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) uye cytosine (C). Vari chokuita mumwe ari polymer ngetani mazana ezviuru nanometers, vanopfuura 3 mamita refu. urefu ichi nerwodzi kugara naHama anopfuura mabhiriyoni 3. Nucleotides ari kutevedzana kuti, uye vose mashoko magene encoded. tambo mbiri aya interconnected ne rehydrogen zvisungo uye vari spirally rakamonera umwe kuumba gobvu chivako umo zvakavanzika dzakawanda dzakachengetwa. Masayendisiti akatarisana dambudziko kuzarura zvakavanzika izvi kuti bata vanhu genome, kureva, ziva zvose kwemajini uye vaone kukosha kwavo. The basa zvaiita chisingadzivisiki uye nokukurumidza, uye Implementation chirongwa "Human Genome" rakatanga muna 1990.

Nokufamba chikuru basa rave deciphered ari genomes vanopfuura 800 chirimwa uye mhuka duku, kusanganisira causative vaishandira zhinji mabhakitiriya anokuvadza: tiibhii, typhus, dumbu maronda, uye vamwe. Zvakakosha chaizvo kuti pharmacology. boka rose mishonga mitsva kurwisa nhaka zvirwere chokuita yokudzivirira zvakatangwa pamusoro causative vaishandira zvirwere izvi vakasikwa. mishonga ava kunobatsira kupfuura kare aripo, sezvo vane selectivity chiito uye nezvatinovavarira kuti Gene uye mapuroteni kunangwa. Simba yakanaka tichimhanya yawana mumunda samolecular mushonga magene chirwere chirwere uye kurapa, uye masero ouinjiniya takaona aakatipa zviitiko, akanyanya kukosha iyo zvichida ndiyo cloning. Cloning achachengetedza uye vawande pamusoro chinopenya Zvakawanikwa zvakasikwa, uye mune remangwana romunhu.

Nakisisa tarisiro akavhurika nokuda Breeders. Created pamusoro pamusana genetics , transgenic zvirimwa vanobvumirwa zvinoshamisa kuwedzera negoho zvirimwa, zvachose kubvisa nokurasikirwa nemasora uye zvipukanana, uye mhuka transgenic ndirove zvatingafungidzira pamwe negoho yayo, chirwere nemishonga, wembereko.

Criminologists uyewo vava michina kuti inosimbisa chakakwana akavimbika panhau kuziva shoma kwazvo mashoko: .. Donhwe mate, tudonhwe bvudzi, dandruff, etc. Zviuru vanhu mhosva munyika takarurama, asi chechokwadi matsotsi vacho kurohwa pachishandiswa Gene kuongorora. Paiva yakavimbika mashandiro kuti asarudze ubaba, maternity uye ukama yokutaura nyaya nhaka pfuma, kunobva tsika mutemo.

Ambopiwa tisingatarisiri uye nemamwe zvabuda kuti zvinoda zvakakomba dudziro. Somuenzaniso, migumisiro kuenzanisa vanhu genome pamwe genome yedu yepedyo, iyo chimupanze akaratidza kutopedza nokuzivikanwa zviuru parameters. Munenge vanongova zvishoma kupfuura misiyano pakati vanhu vanobva Pave. Murume akazova zvikuru pedyo mhuka pane zvaigoneka kuti fungidzira. refu mwero ukama hwakadaro unowana vaongorori mhinduro uye kunoda kuti itsva nzira uye mhinduro. Pangava chinjei akaita kuti dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka kwenyaya mupenyu.

Dzinza rako, kusanganisira musoro chirongwa "Human Genome> F. Collins, akafuridzirwa nokubudirira, akagadzira akawanda zvakafanotaurwa chikuru remangwana. Sezvo 2020 mumusika vanofanira kuona mushonga cheshuga, BP, kenza uye zvepfungwa kubudikidza kuvabereki engineering, izvo anobvumira chaiyo kushanda ukama masero. Gene jekiseni iri utachiona-mutsetse masero kudzivisa nhaka zvirwere. Pakazosvika 2040, zvichiita pamusoro Archived mumwe munhu genome, uye kupedza Kuzvinyora majini munyaya kukwegura kwacho. Izvi zvichawedzera avhareji hunotarisira upenyu munhu kusvika makore 120, uye kupa munguva yemberi iye aida zvikuru kusafa. Pakupedzisira, vanhu vachakwanisa kudzora pachavo shanduka kwavo. Maberere izvi zvose sokuti naka, asi achatora makore, zvichida zvikuru yakaderera, pane avo iyo vaongorori vanoti, zvose izvozvo paichazadziswa, uye tichava vamwe.

Zvisinei, kunyange nhasi morekuru reDNA akabata zvakawanda zvakavanzika uye zvakavanzika zvizhinji. Computer kuongorora mhuka genome akatibvumira kuziva nhamba zvikamu DNA molecules kuti mabasa akasiyana-siyana. Pano, nhaka kwezvinhu vakawana zvinoshamisa chokwadi. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti dzakawanda mhando, chete chiduku chikamu zvachose kutevedzana pamusoro genome inofananidzira mapurotini. Sezvo munhu chete anenge 2% of genome encode ane puroteni 48% of genome zvinobatanidzwa chete kutanga kwekupwanyiwa Coding uye zvadaro kubatana kwetunhu mapuroteni yakaturikwa uye vanopfuura 50% of genome rinoumbwa asiri Coding, yokudzokorora. DNA sequences kuitika, uyezve, chikuru uwandu zvimedu kakasaririra wanda. Kana kuenzanisa date izvi pamwe genomes mhuka vakamira vakasiyana nzendo shanduka manera, vaongorori tatarisana neimwezve gangaidzo. Zvakazozivikanwa kuti mhuka panguva yakaderera padanho Kushanduka mugove vasiri Coding DNA iduku kwazvo. In chikamu muzana mazwi, chiri sezvinotevera. Saka utachiona, anenge ose DNA iri kushanda, ndiyo 90% uye chete 10% sezvo akanga asingabatsiri. In mbiriso, 68% of DNA ndiyo Coding, 32% vasiri Coding. Nematodes vane reshiyo iri 24% uye 76% azvaitwa. Nhengo hunowedzera akaoma, uye nhamba yacho Coding kumatunhu DNA zvinoderedza, apo mugove dzinovhiringidza mashoko kwatiri anowedzera. Pano, sezvo zvichiita sokuti pakutanga aitarire, mumwe kuti kutarisira zvinake. F.Krik, vaiona "nemamwe" DNA kuvaka "marara", mari-shanduka uye muripo dzasara pakukwana. Mubvunzo simba musayendisiti kwemakore akawanda kunyimwa chiremerera yakakodzerwa guru chikamu nedzimwe Morekuru. Zvisinei, mumakore achangopfuura, vakawanda masayendisiti haana kubvuma simba, takasarudza kunoviga pfungwa "zvisingavaki muviri DNA" dzepedyo Zvingangokubatsirai chakavanzika vasiri Coding DNA kwakaita pokukurukurirana munhau yose nyanzvi dzinoongorora. mazana nyaya yacho, yakandibvunza dzakawanda dzinonakidza zviitiko zvakanyorwa. Rakanga pfungwa rwokudzivirira basa vasiri Coding DNA, pova guru dzinonetsa kunodiwa kumhanya zvimwe urongwa intracellular, paumbwe akavezwa mitsetse uye guruu mune kumwe splicing. A Di Mattick Somuenzaniso, anodavira kuti vasiri Coding DNA zvose - vachiri inofananidzira vanonzi ebetsero ribonucleic acid, RNA.

We aswedera dambudziko chinyararire chikamu DNA nevamwe ruoko. Zvave kuti morekuru reDNA yakanyorwa uye zvakachengetwa, kwete chete majini mashoko, asi mashoko akaoma inonzi saka. Critical ruzivo Rinobatanidzwa ne zviitiko dzinotyisidzira chaiyo kuvapo muviri. kwakadaro Michina mashoko dzokubudisa ine maitiro ayo, izvo dzichakurukurwa pazasi.

Nokuti kudzidza dzaisarudzwa vanhuwo mbiriso Brewer kuti boka Saccharomyces. Mbiriso chinhu chinoshamisa muenzaniso chinhu eukaryotic masero zvakasiyana-siyana tsvakurudzo muminda nemakemikari omuviri, immunology, genetics. Mbiriso genetics hombe yakawanda basa, zvose yokungotaura ndikarangarira tsvakurudzo yakatanga nokukurumidza, yakanga yaitwa. Pakupedzisira, muna 1996, zvakanga zvachose sequenced genome kuti mbiriso Saccharomyces cerevisiae, chakanga hwaro budiriro iri samolecular systematics pamusoro yeasts. Izvi akabvumira zvakananga fananidzo kutevedzana kwezviitiko nucleotides vari genome yavo. Ndokusaka mbiriso uye akasarudzwa kuti ave chinhu kutsvakurudza kwedu.

Izvi rworudzi mbiriso anoratidzwa ne kwakajairika eukaryotic, i.e. kuva makirisito Sero dhayamita 3 - 7 mm. Notumwe angakudzivisai pasi chaizvo kutonhora uye kunyange panguva nechando haufi, asi chete -oma achifinyamisa vose metabolic dzenyu kwendangariro. Zvakanaka vanofunga inodziya kwezvakatipoteredza, asi pane imwe tembiricha pamusoro 47 inegumi dzavo pezvakaitwa upenyu vari yakaturikwa, uye pane imwe tembiricha 80 - 100 madhigirii vanofa.

Somugumisiro, Mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kuti akuumbe tembiricha iri pedyo madhigirii 80. Achifurira tembiricha akadaro mumasero chakuvhe Saccharomyces cerevisiae, kwakawanikwa kuchinja nucleotide sequences mu chinyararire loci yavo DNA mamorekuru. More zvechisimba Impact kunotoreva kuchinja Coding kumiganhu DNA uye angavhundutsira chinhanho ane muviri muduku.

Saka, muna chinyararire loci muDNA notumwe yakanyorwa mashoko pamusoro yaivhuvhuta ezvinhu kutyisidzira hwavo. Uyezve, iyi ndiyo ezvinhu izvo wakamubudisa chakakomba kukuvadzwa, asi akakwanisa kupukunyuka vane ruzivo mubayiro rakadaro pachavo. Kamwe mu izvi ezvinhu, kuti chakuvhe iri aitoziva pamusoro taisireva uye kutora matanho ose kuzvidzivisa. Ndizvowo zvinoitika pamwe masero dzevanhu. The muviri rinewo masero kuti vane zvimwe dhigirii rusununguko uye kuzvionera. Ivo kunyora dzinonetsa ruzivo uye vari kuedza kurishandisa sezvo kutyisidzira kwavo cellular upenyu ezvinhu. mashoko akaoma ari mumasero Zvinonzi muuropi, makanyorwa zviri nezvekufadza. manyawi ose, ingava Mifananidzo nevanhu, zvivako, Nzvimbo, apo izvi zvaitika, potse zvakatungamirira nhamo, zviitiko, hwema kuravira, zvemukati nezvekufadza, akadai marwadzo, inzwi uye chokwadi makanyorwa mune DNA mamorekuru. Murume akapona, mashoko wakanyorwa uye masero vanodavira kuti aizova zvakadaro ezvinhu zviri ruzivo urwu chichamubatsira kurarama zvakare. DNA molecules chaizvo kugadzikana yeimwe uye anogona kuchengeta ruzivo yavo nokusingaperi. Naizvozvo dzinonetsa zviitiko zvakanyorwa ayo mamiriro kunogona chaizvo, akwegura kwazvo.

Kuti zvijeke, tinoedza kupa muenzaniso. Zvino Persia kure. Persia rakaumbwa muna VI remakore BC. e. Rakanga mukuru umambo kubva muIjipiti kusvikira Indus River. Muna 332 BC. e. Aleksandr Makedonsky akakunda hondo Mambo Dhariusi uye akakunda akapfuma guta Persipol. Nokuti apererwa nemishonga, akapa guta nokuda 3 mazuva varwi ake chokupamba. Vagari mukutya. Zvikuru mumuzinda, muimba yake, mubishi achinyengetera wechiduku mukadzi uye akakumbira Jehovha kuti ruponeso. Around akamira mifananidzo uye makenduru. Simba akarova anovhunanya musuo rose kupatira uye mukamuri inoparusa mugomba simba. A kurwisana pfupi uye mukadzi akakoromora, avete chavanoziva pasi. chibharo wake, munzwe kutaura chiGiriki, imba kubirwa uende. Kukuvadzwa mukadzi akapona, uye pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, sezvinei kana urombo, akava nepamuviri. Zvose nezvekufadza iyoyo yaityisa zuva: mifananidzo, makenduru, kutaura chiGiriki, marwadzo, somubvumo yakanyorwa yayo DNA mamorekuru. Woman zvakanaka akanunura uye chinhu pamusoro ose mashoko mwana wako. Kufamba akatevedzana anoverengeka gumi nevaviri mazera mashoko aya, pakupedzisira, zvikazooneka kuva jaya iri majini munguva yedu, uye, oddly zvakakwana, kuRussia.

Chero zvazvingava, mashoko aya kungadiwa. Sezvingatarisirwa, zvichave kudiwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana izvo rave vagamuchira. Panguva muviri kure vakakwanisa kurarama uye, kuva mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, zvichava mechanically bereka ose nezvekufadza nezviito kuti zvinonyorwa yayo DNA. Kana ari mukereke, apo pane mifananidzo uye makenduru vari kutsva, zvichaita kutanga kumonera kumativi pasi uye vachidanidzira vanotyisidzirwa. Muchiitiko ichi isu tichati kuti madhimoni kugara naye. Kana akangoerekana akataura muchiGiriki, tichiti mune upenyu kare waigara Greece. Kutaura zvazviri, jaya kumbogara kana muGreece, kana Persia, haana madhimoni. Iye zvakanyorwa DNA molecules mashoko dzinonetsa kuti chinomutadzisa kurarama murunyararo uye kuti tichibatsirwa psychoanalysis, Freud W inogona zvinobudirira kubviswa.

Tingatii mu mhedziso panyaya iyi? Critical mashoko zvakananga kutyisidzira upenyu masero omuviri pachavo zvakanyorwa chinyararire loci DNA Morekuru. Muvanhu, mashoko aya rinotangira rinenge rose Vhoriyamu morekuru reDNA nokuda hombe nguva kuvapo ezvinhu akadaro aiva rakakura chitsama. The ezvinhu akanga kakawanda akafanana, saka tiri kuona vakanyarara loci mune vakawanda repetitions. Nokufamba kwenguva, zvinyorwa ekare inogona kudzimwa sezvo mashoko akanyorwa chinyararire loci yekudyidzana vaduku kupfuura Coding magene. Saka, kamwe zvakare inosimbisa chokwadi kuti zvakasikwa hapana nzvimbo mukana, uye chiitiko yose ine chinangwa chawo. Uye isu, vanhu, vanofanira kunzwisisa kuti haisi nguva dzose maitiro edu ari zvinosiyana chikonzero uye, naizvozvo, hazvina kukodzera kuti ezvinhu nguva dzose.

Ielikov SL