Vasiri kudzidza: kirasi evanhu description, upenyu hwake, dzinogarisana, nheyo uye tsika

Vamwe mberi evanhu kuziva pakati rechigumi nemapfumbamwe remakore vaiva mhaka Genre ichi, sezvo vasiri rondedzero. Nekrasov uye Belinsky, nokusika almanacs anonzi chikoro chitsva, sokunge kuedza kudzorera mabhuku basa Russia ari ngwizhingwi uye nenheyo ryleevskoy bestuzhevskoj "North Star". A zvakakwana guru boka wevanyori yakabatana akura dzematongerwe nguva, saka kunzwisisa mabasa okusika hwachinja zvikuru.

musoro zvitarisirwa

Revolutionary vanokudzwa kare chakatsiva echimurenga democrats Naizvozvo, kuti kutsiva vehurumende romanticism zvine musoro basa kuronga. Vasiri kudzidza mumwe huru Achatora pre-echimurenga nguva. Shoko "physiology" mabhuku anoshandiswa haisi creators uye vatsigiri chikoro chitsva. Chaioneka ipapa.

Koni zvakawanda muna 1841 yakabudiswa "mabhuku pepanhau" vakasiyana chibhende yokunyora nokudhirowa nemazita kusetsa: "Physiology vanhukadzi runako", "Physiology mhino" Somuenzaniso. Vashanduri vezera vakauya French "Physiology Parisian dzemitambo" uye "Physiology munhu akaroora murume."

Kunzwisisa ano shoko hazvirevi kunowirirana zvazvaireva kubudikidza Nekrasov venguva. Russian mabhuku remakore rechi19 vachiona sezvo pakudzidza yetsika uye tsika uye mores mune zvimwe nyanzvi kana mumagariro ezvinhu.

physiology pamusoro Petersburg

Writers, vatsvakurudzi ane mirayiridzo idzva mabhuku vakasarudza kutaura muverengi pamwe physiology pamusoro Petersburg. Uye haisi pamutemo, pamberi kurutivi ichi chikuru ezvokutengeserana uye muzinda vanoonekwa okusika uye nemagariro upenyu hwake pasi. Vasiri rondedzero somunhu Genre kukasawedzerwa akanyatsokopwa anorondedzera mufananidzo anonyadzisira upenyu, tisingaverengi kure nayo noruzhinji, ndiko kuti, shure migwagwa uye muzvitangwena.

Saka, Vladimir Dahl akaunza gadzira St. Petersburg janitors, Ivan Ivanovich Panaev akatsanangura Petersburg munyori Alexander Kulchytsky - Petersburg omnibus, uye Evgeniy Grebenka - St. Petersburg divi ... munyori aifanira vanoshamba kupinda zvakasikwa musoro wake zvose zvinogona kunyatsofunga kukurukurwa kwete zvikuru avanoziva rugare baseman.

nyika mashoko

Vasiri kudzidza muna Russian mabhuku nguva haana chakanaka kuti zvakare kunyatsotevera kufarira physiology kuti ndiyo kufarira uyu akava andinenge. Image mhuri, asian, kutaura kana mupfungwa zvinoriumba zvachose kuzadza anokosha basa munyori, kunyange voruoko varombo hakuwanzoshandi.

Izvi vanowira naturalism - iri narrowest mupfungwa rokuti - akaita munyori kuti kutsoropodzwa. Kunyange zvazvo unyanzvi pave evanhu upenyu Chokwadi, kukurudzira. Character kudzidza hakusi chete zvinetso basa, asiwo Genre, uye rwiyo.

magamba disclosures nokurondedzera nezuva maumbirwo upenyu hwezuva nezuva, chokurondedzera akapiwa zvishoma uye zvishoma nzvimbo zano akasvika pasina, sezvo vakatonga rondedzero - munhu mifananidzo uye mifananidzo youpenyu hwezuva nezuva, ukama kwete afunge, kwete chete chiito, uye mumwe Pfungwa dambudziko.

physiology miduku yokuruwa

Genre vasiri gadzira rwakakurumidza mufashoni, akava shoko idzva iri mabhuku 1840s. Petersburg vanyori havana kurega. Kufarira murimi mudiki upenyu, mugove wake munyika akanga guru chaizvo. The Kuziviswa dingindira iri kunyanya anokudzwa vechiduku vanyori Grigorovich ( "Anton yezvinongoerekana" uye "The Village"), Dal ( "Russian murume"), sydäntä ( "The Thieving Magpie").

Kunyanya chitsamba kunge Nekrasov uye nhetembo yake "The Road", apo unyanzvi chaizvo akatamisira mufananidzo zvake murimi mudiki, kunyange zvikuru pakuridza, asi kwakaparadza serfdom. Sezvo akabatana zvakanaka nenzira realism chete physiology wokuRussia mumusha, Ivan Turgenev, uyo muna 1847 akatanga kubudisa essays kubva muridzi uye murimi mudiki upenyu.

vatsoropodzi tsitsi

Development mumwe Genre itsva tsitsi zvikuru Belinsky. Akaedza kupembedza hunonzi chitarisiko, mavambo uye kudiwa kutanga yakadai, somunhu vasiri rondedzero. Zvaraireva somumwe Genres ose venhau kana essays, kusora imwe kirasi munzanga, uyewo ayo misimboti, tsika uye mamiriro ezvinhu ari kupiwa kudzokorora nyaya norupi, kwaakanga inechirevo nyaya itsva upenyu miduku yokuruwa. Kazhinji mabasa vanyori Genre ichi Belinsky akapa yakakwirira rumbidzo.

Chinoumbwa zvinhu akakodzera kufungwa. Belinsky aidavira kuti vasiri kudzidza havafaniri kuva chero nyaya kana yokufungidzira. Saka kushora Grigorovich, akaona munyori tarenda paruzhinji upenyu yokunyora nokudhirowa, asi akatsiura "Village 'chokurondedzera. Zvazvakashatira chigadzirwa ichi, maererano Belinsky, kuti gadzira vose mifananidzo youpenyu vokumaruwa kunge externally akaramba chero kubatana, asi mumwe kufema pfungwa.

musha rondedzero

A Muitiro itsva mumabhuku kumhuka kwete sezvinoita vechikamu uye chikuru dzinoitwa okugadzira zvinhu chakaziviswa zvishoma nezvishoma. Belinsky akanga nechokwadi kuti vakatanga Gogol bytopisatelstvo akaita mabhuku uye zvitsva zvinhu zviri zvokuti yakajeka kuti nokuda kwounyanzvi vatevedzeri zhinji, Gogol akaratidza pachena kufungisisa wokuRussia yokufungidzira wechokwadi, nokuti akanga anaye, uye vakatanga itsva nguva mabhuku edu.

Vateveri Nikolaya Vasilevicha Belinsky akasarudza Vladimir Sologub ne yokufungidzira ake "The Two Vadzidzi", "A zvakaedza Two galoshes", "The Bear" uye "kemisiti". Sologub, ari kuchinja aristocrat, uye akaona maturo upenyu rokunyika, kusiyana naye pachokwadi uye kuvimbika kwevanhu apasi mukirasi. Belinsky akaona kuti kutenda kwakasimba uye mupise kutenda Sologub kwete, nekuti dzimwe nguva mufananidzo uri zvinongoramba. Zvisinei, zviripo nyore uye chaiyoiyo pfungwa chokwadi zvinoita yokufungidzira Sologub chaizvo zvinokosha.

dzidzo basa

Zvikurukuru zvakanaka-kuoneka zviri munyika vasiri gadzira "Dream Oblomov kuti". The hunhu gamba iri wafungidzira zvose zvinorondedzerwa Goncharov zvinhu zvinenge pake. Kana zvose Zvakanaka, asi kunyange kunaka asingadi kutaura kugutsikana Oblomov noupenyu. nzvimbo yake chaiyo chinhu uye anosuwa, uye gamba anoziva.

Akarota pauduku, iyo kwakaitika ateteguru Oblomovka apo kuongorora uye frolic mukomana muduku haana kutenderwa kunyange kupfeka. varanda chete kushanda ikoko. Dream Oblomov kunounza nechinguvana hwake haasi kuoneka saka, asi wekushanduka. Somwana, uye ikozvino zvose akatotanga vakaziva Oblomov, uye akamuka, hamuna.

zvikundikane tariro

Paiva vanyori vakanga zvakasimba Belinsky muhombodo mutsara mabhuku Russian rokutanga, pasinei nokuti akanga aona vamwe zvinokanganiswa tsamba, asi aiva nechokwadi chokuti vanyori vose uchagona kukunda.

Tinovimba uchitsoropodzwa rakanga Somuenzaniso, I. I. Panaev, ane yokufungidzira "The ambuya", "Onager", "Actaeon" uye vamwe kundodana kanenge kunoshamisa chakajairika muchiRussia mabhuku remakore rechi19. Akacherechedza kuti mune izvi nyaya chete zvikuru kuti ichokwadi, asi hunhu, nounyanzvi uye tenaciously nokuenzanisa. Belinsky akaona chinhu vacillating, zvisarudzo, vasina kugadzikana, asi kutsanangura nayo umbishi tarenda kunoshamisa. Kutaura zvazviri, izvi zvaiva pfuma nemafungiro munyori, kukunda kuti, akanga asina kubudirira.

Uyewo akarumbidza mutsoropodzi enganonyorwa V. I. Dalya, apo munhu afunge chaizvo, zvinoshamisa zvinhu zvakarurama mutengesi upenyu. Nyaya "Batman", akaita mukuru ari chefuma mabhuku Russian. Uye nechido akadzokorora kuti pashure Gogol Dahl - chete tarenda wokutanga, mudetembi wechokwadi vasiri gadzira. Kutaura zvazviri, Dahl haasi mabhuku makuru, uye ramangwana asi nokukurumidza tanga.

Fantasy nyika pamusoro chokwadi chinorwadza

Iye zvino tose tinoziva kuti ndicho chokwadi choupenyu uye chokwadi mabhuku, uye ichokwadi kuti mamwe hwemashiripiti vari zvikuru anodhura. Vanyori A nemipfumbamwe remakore vakanga neprotoronnoy mugwagwa kunotsvaka mabhuku realism. Akanyora pamusoro musiyano guru pakati achitungamirirwa, tsika, kugutsikana uye mweya mabhuku vatana uye chikoro chitsva. Nyaya yekare wairatidza nyika zvokufungidzira, uye hutsva - upenyu chaihwo.

sangano New chikoro atora chimiro, kana Belinsky vakabatana nevanyori vaduku - Grigorovich, Nekrasov, gare gare - Dostoevsky. Ipapo vakaungana uye akabudiswa pasi editorship pamusoro Nekrasov vatatu Almanac: mavhoriyamu maviri "Physiology pamusoro Petersburg" uye "Petersburg Collection", iyo akava mhando Manifesto iyi mabhuku kufamba. Paiva vakagumisa uye mazita nheyo okusika (KWENDA Belinsky), uye nzira okugadzira zvinhu.

Chokwadi, hapana ounyanzvi haana kugara uye panzvimbo chinyakare Genre - pamwe dzakadaro vanyori. Pano tinofanira kutanga kudana "Notes ane Hunter" Turgenev kuti: chokupika zvose zvinotaurwa kunyora vasiri gadzira sere Genre mifananidzo zvakatsausa kunze soro specimens ari enhetembo shoko. Plus - antiserfdom vakafunga kuti kuitwawo muverengi Mumazana "Notes".

Old magazini itsva

Kubva 1847 vakatanga kuenda kunatsiridzwa chose "Contemporary", iro rakava reDare zvemberi Russian mabhuku kufamba. Pasinei shanduko vapepeti (zits-chairmen), mitemo magazini zvachose N. A. Nekrasov. Makore makumi maviri magazini ino chave kupfuura yakakurumbira munyika.

Mabasa dzinobudiswa "Contemporary" uye "Notes of Yababa", zvaive vakwanise uye wakazara vasiri gadzira, uye unyanzvi okusika aishandiswa munyori, hakungoitwi nezvokuzadziswa upenyu nezuva evanhu. Pane rakabudiswa "An Zvavo Story" Goncharova, pano rakasvika chikamu akanaka yokufungidzira sydäntä kechipiri "Ndiani mhosva?". The yose nganonyorwa yakabudiswa okuwedzera kuti "Contemporary". Chaioneka M. E. Saltykov (Shchedrin asati) ake yokufungidzira wokutanga. Uye Fyodor Dostoevsky. Russian mabhuku remakore rechi19 kuburikidza vasiri gadzira akawana uye nyanzvi pakutevedzera mutsva, kwete chikoro - realism.