WeGermany mitauro. Kupatsanura wemitauro eGermany uye tumitauro

Chirungu Rinowanikwawo akapararira uye guru boka rinonzi mitauro eGermany. Munyaya ino, tichakurukura zvizere. Uyewo, bazi iri chikamu yakakura - Indo-European mitauro. Izvi zvinosanganisira, mukuwedzera German, uye vamwe - muHiti, Indian, Iranian, Armenian, Greek, Celtic, Roman, necheSalvic, uye zvichingodaro. mitauro Indo-European, nenzira yakadaro - yakakura mubatanidzwa.

Zvisinei, tiri kufarira mhuri ine yayo kupatsanura. mitauro eGermany vari akakamurwa inotevera mapoka 2: North (zvimwe kunzi Air) uye vokumadokero. Vose vane maitiro avo.

Dzimwe nguva emit mitauro Romano-weGermany. Izvi zvinosanganisira German uye Romance (chaiko kune Latin).

Yayki West subgroups

The West German vanosanganisira Dutch, Frisian, High German, Chirungu, Flemish, Boer, Yiddish.

Nokuti vazhinji pakati vanhu Great Britain - Northern Ireland, Scotland uye England - uyewo US, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, ari chizvarwa Chirungu. Uyezve, chinoremedza muPakistan, India, South Africa somukuru mukuru nzira yokukurukurirana.

Frisian kwakakurumbira muGungwa North - unotaurwa nevanhu vaigara Frislandskie chitsuwa. Chaiko naro vorudzii ine hwaro zapadnofrizskie tumitauro.

mutauro Native kuvagari kuAustria, Germany uye Switzerland ndiye High German. It rinoshandiswawo nechokuchamhembe kumativi Germany, munyika madhorobha nevamwe anodzidza. Vagari nzvimbo idzi dzichiri kutaura "platdoyche", kana Low remutauro German - chaiyo remutauro, izvo kuMiddle Ages aiva mutauro. It akasika zvavo mabhuku.

Dutch - chizvarwa Dutch vanhu.

Modern mitauro eGermany inosanganisira Boer, anozivikanwawo sokuti "Afrikaans", chiri kwakapararira muSouth Africa, ndima yakakura. In ichi pedyo mutauro Dutch kutaurwa Africa, kana Boers - vazukuru colonists ose Holland vakatiza nyika yokumusha kwavo muzana remakore rechi17.

Flemish ari pedyo chaizvo nawo. Anoti vanhu Belgium, kuchamhembe, uye Netherlands (mune dzimwe nzvimbo). Flemish, pamwe French muBelgium inzira pamutemo yokukurukurirana.

Yiddish - kuumbwa 10-12 emakore, mutauro unotaurwa vaJudha Eastern Europe. Hwaro ake - High tumitauro Middle German.

North German mitauro subgroup

Kureva zvinotevera North German weGermany mitauro: Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian, Danish, Swedish.

Last - chizvarwa Vagari mhenderekedzo Finland (izvo vakatamira kare kure, vamiririri emadzinza drevneshvedskih) uye Swedish vanhu. Available nhasi tumitauro pachake zvatariswa inomira kubva gutnichesky, rakataurwa Vagari pachitsuwa domsaga. Swedish nhasi rine zvakanyorwa uye akaronga maererano mashoko echiGerman Chirungu. Active Mutauro haana kwazvo.

Danish - chizvarwa kuna Danish vanhu, uyo aivawo mabhuku kwemazana emakore anoverengeka uye Mutauro Norway iyo, sezvo chikazozikamwa, yaiva chikamu mukupera remakore rechi14 uye kusvikira 1814 chimwe chikamu Danish wehurumende.

Danish uye Swedish, pedyo kare, zvino yekudyidzana diverged, dzimwe nguva vanenge yakabatanidzwa kuva rinokosha subgroup paiya inonzi vostochnoskandinavskih adverbs.

mutauro Norwegian, inova chizvarwa kune Norwegian vanhu, akaparadzirwa munyika ino. kukura kwayo akanonoka kufurirwa zvikuru nhoroondo ezvinhu sezvo vanogara ehurumende vakamanikidzwa kurarama pasi pokutonga vokuDenmark kwemakore anoda kusvika 400. Nhasi, munyika ino pane paumbwe mutauro Norwegian, zvakajairika kuti rudzi rwose, maererano zvachiri ane nzvimbo zvenguva pakati Danish uye Swedish.

vagari Iceland kuti anotaura Icelandic. Madzitateguru vagere ichi nyika chitsuwa vaiva vomuNorway uyo munzvimbo sezvo mangwanani sezvo rechi10 remakore. mutauro Icelandic, Virtual pasina kwerinenge mireniyumu, awana dzakawanda itsva features, uye rakaramba zvakawanda zvivako kuti anowanzoramba Vekare Odin. Panguva iyoyowo, nzira ano yokukurukurirana vagari Fjord Country chakarasikirwa zvakawanda izvi zvinhu. pezvakaitwa zvose izvi zvakakonzera kuti musiyano pakati Icelandic (novoislandskimi) uye mitauro Norwegian vari kwazvo panguva iyoyo.

Faroese ariko nhasi iri Faroe Islands, izvo nhema kuchamhembe Shetland Islands. Iye kuramba, uyewo Iceland uye vemimwe mitauro, akawanda zviri bazi remutauro yemadzitateguru avo - Old Odin, vakazochinja akaputsa.

Faroese, Icelandic uye Norwegian dzimwe nguva aibatanidza imwe mhuri pakuti dzakavapo. Zvakanyorwa kunzi zapadnoskandinavskie mitauro. Asi chokwadi iye zvino zvinoratidza kuti, muna mamiriro Norwegian ndiwo zvikuru pedyo Danish uye Swedish pane Faroese uye Icelandic.

Early ruzivo pamusoro madzinza eGermany

History of mutauro wokuGermany anodzidzwa mune nezvedzinza nhasi. The kutaurwa vokuGermany rokutanga ndezvaJehovha 4th remakore BC. Kupa ruzivo pamusoro mufambi wavo zvomuchadenga uye geographer Pytheas (Pytheas kana), Greek, mugari weguta Massilia (iyo nhasi anonzi Marcel). Akaita vanenge 325 BC. e. rwendo rukuru kune Amber Coast, riri, sokuti, muna Elbe estuary, uyewo kumaodzanyemba pamhenderekedzo North uye reBaltic makungwa. In kutaurirana yayo Pytheas anotaura guttonov madzinza uye Teutons. mazita avo taura zvakajeka pamusoro chii date marudzi - old weGermany.

Posts Plutarch uye Yuliya Tsezarya

Inotevera kutaurwa vokuGermany vaiona shoko Plutarch, wenhoroondo wechiGiriki vaigara 1-2 remakore AD. Akanyora pamusoro Bastarnae dziri rezasi Danube, makore anenge 180 BC. e. Asi mashoko aya sketchy chaizvo, saka haana kupa kuti isu pfungwa mutauro uye mararamiro marudzi eGermany. Ivo, maererano Plutarch, handizivi kuti mhuka minda kana kurima. Hondo yamarudzi izvi - business chete.

Yuliy Tsezar aiva munyori Roman rokutanga, akatsanangura vokuGermany mumakore First makore BC. e. Anoti kuti hwavo upenyu hwose huri rechiuto rinotambudza uye kuvhima. Vanobhadhara shoma nzeve kurima.

Mashoko Pliny Mukuru

Asi chinokosha ndivo nezveupenyu Pliny Mukuru, zvakasikwa (Makore oupenyu - 23-79 BC ..), Uye Tacitus, dzakaitika (Makore oupenyu - 58-117 AD ..). Pamabasa ake, "muNhoroondo" uye "Germany" okupedzisira Mishumo anokosha ruzivo kwete chete pamusoro kuitika kupatsanura amarudzi, asi pamusoro nzira yavo youpenyu, tsika, magariro. Tacitus chinosiyanisa 3 mapoka: istvaeones, Hermione uye ingaevones. Pliniy Starshy akataurawo zvakafanana boka, asi zvinoreva ingaevones Teutons uye Cimbri. kupatsanura Izvi, sokuti, zvakarurama kwazvo inoratidza nokupesana 1st remakore BC. e. madzinza eGermany.

Old weGermany mitauro: kupatsanura

Kudzidza zvinyorwa zvakanyorwa unokubvumira chokubatanidza subgroups matatu weGermany mitauro mukutanga Middle Ages: gothic (East German), Air (North German) uye Western Europe.

Waisanganisira East German Gothic, Vandal uye Burgundy.

mutauro Burgundy

Burgundy - mutauro vatama kubva Burgundarholma (Bornholm) - Islands iri Sea reBaltic. Burgundians vakagara kumaodzanyemba-kumabvazuva kweFrance muna 5th remakore, munharaunda iyo vakagamuchira zita chete. Izvi mutauro weGermany wekare ano akatisiyira pamwe vashoma mashoko, kunyanya mazita akakodzera.

mutauro Vandalic

Vandal - dudzirachiito Vandals ndokugara kwapera kuburikidza kuSpain North Africa, uko ivo akasiya zita Andalusia (nhasi Province). mutauro uyu, uyewo burgundy, dzinomiririrwa kazhinji nemazita zvakakodzera. Zvadaro, shoko "vandal" kwava muparadzi kukosha kwetsika pazvivako, kuti mutorwa, sezvo muna 455 rwamarudzi izvi vakapambwa uye akakunda Rome.

Gothic

mutauro Gothic rinotaura Zvivako ayo akawanda. The Kudeuka hwakawanda huripo - "Silver Rakafa" - shanduro eEvhangeri kuna Gothic. Vakapona 187 330 mapepa acho.

Ancient West German mitauro

West German boka mitauro anomirirwa-Saxon, drevnefrizskim, Old Saxon, vechiFrank, Old High German. Mumwe nomumwe wavo ane pachake zvachiri.

Yokupedzisira mhuri iyi inosanganisira dzinoverengeka tumitauro. Zvivako ayo anokosha anosanganisira muMagwaro rechi8 remakore:

1. Gloss - maduramazwi diki kuti chinyorwa chakanyorwa Latin, kana shanduro munhu mashoko German, akanyorwa varikumahombekombe.

2. shanduro dzechitendero uye dzekare mabhuku Notker, mukupera rechi10 - mangwanani remakore rechi11 akatungamirira kuchikoro yemamongi.

3. Poem "muspilli" (2 hafu remakore 9).

4. "Rwiyo Ludwig '.

5. "Merseburg anoperetera."

6. "Rwiyo Hildebrand."

mutauro vechiFrank rinewo tumitauro dzakawanda. Munhau, vakava nhengo German asi nizhnefrankskogo, ndiye baba Dutch ano, Flemish uye Boer.

North German boka mitauro kusanganisira Old Odin, Old Odin, Old Odin drevnedatsky uye adverbs. Vose vane pachavo chaiyo maitiro avo.

The rokupedzisira boka iri mumitauro dzimwe nguva unonzi rurimi runiform yokudhinda nokuti rine muzvizhinji kuti (anenge 150) chokuita nguva emakore N 2-9. e.

Drevnedatsky akachengetedzawo chokuita remakore rechi9 Runic Monuments of epigraphy. In zvachose pane vanenge 400.

The Monuments of Old Swedish rokutanga vari zvinoshandawo wa9 remakore AD. Vari Vesteretland mudunhu uye vari mashoko pamatombo. Uwandu Runic akanyorwa zvakasikwa mumutauro ichi chinosvika 2500.