X-ray

Maekisirei yakawanikwa pedyo WK rontgen muna 1895 uye akatumidza X-ray. Mumakore maviri akatevera, musayendisiti munyaya dzavo tsvakurudzo. Panguva iyi, okutanga vakasikwa X-ray sepombi. Ndivo vakawanda kunobva nemwaranzi.

Chinoratidzwa kuti zvakaoma maekisirei vanokwanisa munhumbi-siyana zvokuvakisa, uyewo nyoro tishu kwevanhu. Ekupedzisira chokwadi akakurumidza kuwana kushanda mune zvokurapa.

Kuwanikwa maekisirei ukabatwa apo pfungwa masayendisiti munyika yose. Zvinotevera mushure yawanika, guru uwandu basa kudzidza uye kushandisa yakabudiswa.

Masayendisiti akawanda kudzidza ehupfumi kuti X-ray.

J .. Stokes rakafanotaura dzavo remagetsi hunhu, rakachengetedzwa yasimbiswa experimentally Charles Barkley, uyo akazarura uye polarization. yefizikisi German Knipping, Friedrich, Laue diffraction chakaziviswa (the mananara chokuita yakatsauka kubva rectilinear kupararira). Muna 1913, ivo vasingatungamirirwi nemumwe uye Bragg Wolfe vakawana nyore ukama pakati wavelength, diffraction yorusvingo uye daro pakati dzakavakidzana mabhomba ndege iri sekristaro. All basa apa akaumba hwaro STRUCTURAL X-ray kuongorora. Uchishandisa spectra kuti zvokuvamba kuongorora mashoko rakatanga 20s. In kukura kudzidza uye kushandisa nemwaranzi kutamba hombe basa Physico-Technical Institute, iro rakaumbwa A. F. Ioffe.

The inonyanya kupi danda ane X-ray chubhu. Zvisinei, matsime angava nomumwe radioactive isotopes. Saka rimwe zvakananga emit maekisirei, uye dzimwe renyukireya nemwaranzi (a-inoramba kana maerekitironi) emitting nemwaranzi kunotutirwa chicherwa chipfuro. The chubhu ine substantially mukuru nemwaranzi kuchinyanya kupfuura isotopic zvinyorwa. Panguva iyoyowo, saizi, cost, uremu kubva isotopic zvinyorwa zvishoma kure pane pamwe kugadzwa chubhu.

Manyuko nyoro X-ray zvingava synchrotrons uye zvemagetsi Zvifambiso. Kuwanda synchrotron mwaranzi pa zviviri kana zvitatu mirairo unokosha kupfuura nemwaranzi chubhu iri kuwanda imwe nzvimbo.

The dzinongoitika manyuko, izvo emit maekisirei anosanganisira Zuva zvimwe zvinhu zviri pezvakasikwa.

Maererano mashandiro kuti panowanikwa achine spectra pachavo ave mamirire (akatonga) uye akaputsa (enderera).

Kana yechipiri, X-ray chakarondedzera chaibwinya ne kutsanya nezvimedu (mhosva) nokuda chinovhiringidza yavo nedanho nekuita chete chipfuro maatomu.

Line womumwe ari vanowanika somugumisiro mabhomba ionization pamwe Erekitironi ejection kubva mumwe anoshongwa ose atomu. Fani iyi inogona kuva mugumisiro mumwe kudhumhana, nokutsanya atomu nezvimedu, somuenzaniso, ane Erekitironi (chikuru maekisirei), kana atomu Absorção de Água ane photon (fluorescence maekisirei).

Kudyidzana mwaranzi vane nyaya anogona kuumba photoelectric mugumisiro iyo rinoperekedza Absorção de Água yavo kana bongozozo. Fani iyi dzakaonekwa panyaya apo Absorção de Água munhu photon ane atomu inongorira rimwe yomukati maerekitironi vokutanga. Zvingaita ipapo kuitika kana radiative Kuchinja pamwe akabuda mamirire atomu photon akabuda kana ejection chechipiri Erekitironi mu radiationless iitike.

Vakadhakwa ane X-ray sekristaro nonmetallic (semuenzaniso, dombo munyu) mune dzimwe nodes mune mabhomba yekamuri pamusoro ions kuumbwa, kuva calca dzokuwedzera akanaka, uye pedyo navo pane zvakawandisa maerekitironi.