Adam Oleary: kufamba, upenyu pashure pavo, kuti mabasa

In XVII-XVIII emakore. VokuEurope vakavaka ravo mufananidzo Russia inobva zvinhu mubhuku, rakanyorwa Adam Olearius. mufambi uyu wakashanyira katatu Muscovy. Saka Russia akadana dzokumadokero. Olearius akasiya rondedzero yakatodzama upenyu uye zvirevo Russian. Ake manotsi Akaita paaigara rekupinda, ehavshem Persia.

Childhood uye Education

Mufambi Adam Olearius akaberekwa September 24, 1599 mutaundi wokuGermany Aschersleben. Akauya achibva nyore mhuri imwe anobatwa kirasi. baba vake aiva nemusoni. Musoro wemhuri, akafa nguva pfupi pashure pokuberekwa mwanakomana wake. Pasinei nematambudziko ose uye urombo, Adhamu akakwanisa kunyoresa paYunivhesiti Leipzig. Muna 1627 akava Tenzi Philosophy.

Young musayendisiti akatanga kushanda mumba yake kuyunivhesiti, asi yake zvedzidzo basa yakakanganiswa pamusana pokudengenyeka War Matatu Years '. Neropa sei uye Saxony. Adam Oleary vakasarudza upenyu hwake pangozi uye vakaenda kuchamhembe, kusvikira apo hondo kumbobvira asvika. Muzivi akawana utiziro mudare Duke Frederick III Holstein. Olearius haana chete muzivi asiwo orientalist, wenhoroondo, yemasvomhu uye yefizikisi. Aiziva Oriental mitauro. Duke akarumbidza unyanzvi izvi isingawanzowanikwi uye kusiya musayendisiti mubasa rake.

rwokutanga

Muna 1633, Frederick III akatuma nhume yayo yokutanga muRussia uye Persia. The Duke aida kutanga rwakasimba kutengeserana Links izvi vapfumi uye yakakura nyika, apo vakatengesa isingawanzowanikwi uye anokosha zvinhu nokuda vokuEurope. Chokutanga vokuGermany vaida kutenga yokumabvazuva sirika. Panotangira rekupinda wacho basa akaiswa Philipp of Kruzenshtern uye mutengesi Otto Brugman. Adam Oleary akava muturikiri uye munyori, rekodhi zvose zvakaitika vokuGermany murwendo rwavo. Ndicho ichi chinoratidza kwakamuita paya kuti systematize ake manotsi vakawanda uye kubudisa bhuku pamusoro Russia, razova mukurumbira chaizvo muWestern Europe.

Paiva nevanhu 36 vari rekupinda. Maererano Adam Oleary, nzira vamiriri vagura Riga, Narva uye Novgorod. VokuGermany pamutemo akasvika muMoscow musi August 14, 1634. In guru, rekupinda anoedza 4 months. Russian chevaux Mikhail Fedorovich (namambo pamusoro Romanov youmambo rokutanga) akabvumira vatorwa kungobuda kuna Persia. Zvisinei, chinangwa ichi wakaiswa kare pamberi inotevera Embassy. First nhume mvumo remangwana, akaenda kumba uye vakadzokera Gottorp muna April 1635. Maererano nyanzvi yokuGermany Adam Olearius, Moscow akabvuma navo nemaoko. Mikhail Fedorovich akanga kufarira nevanhu vokuEurope, sezvo vachida pamwe Russian. Kwemwedzi mina muguta uye mavhiki mashoma mumugwagwa Adam Oleary wakanyatsotsvaka akanyorwa papepa zvose inoonekwa.

rwendo rwechipiri

Frederick III akafadzwa nemigumisiro wokutanga rokutanga Embassy. Akanga asiri kuenda kumisa ikoko uye akatanga kuronga rwendo rwechipiri. Panguva ino, imwe nyanzvi Adam Olearius haana chete munyori mushanduri, asiwo mubatsiri ari Embassy. VokuGermany aitofanira kuenda chaizvoizvo kumucheto wenyika - muAsia, apo kunyange XVII remakore, pakanga anenge asina vokuEurope.

Maererano Adam Oleary, nhume akaenda Sea Hamburg October 22, 1635. Mungarava dzakanga zvipo zvizhinji kune Russian chevaux uye Persian Shah Safi I. Asi rwendo zvinotora pamusoro Hogland Island muGungwa reBaltic, ngarava yakanga yaparara pamatombo. zvose zvipo uye nezvezvaiitwa zvave akarasika. Vanhu havana kuurayiwa, ivo haawanzotauri ndinofanira kutsigira Hogland. Nokuda nenhamo iyi vokuGermany vakanga pamusoro mwedzi vachidzungaira vakapoteredza Sea reBaltic chengarava kuti ngarava.

Pakupedzisira vamiriri vaiva vanotozvifarira. Pakapera March 1636 vakatamira kuMoscow, uye muna June vakatamira Persia. The nzira akamhanya kuburikidza rekupinda Kolomna uye Nizhny Novgorod. Yomunharaunda chengarava muLübeck tenzi chaivapo avakirwa shlezvigtsev chikepe iro vakaburuka kubva Volga uye vakapinda kweGungwa reCaspian. Maererano Adam Oleary, motokari idzi vari kushandiswa vatengesi uye vabati vehove, zvaitsvakwa iri hove-mupfumi rwizi. Uye nguva ino Embassy haana takatondeswa kupedza rwendo rwavo pasina chiitiko. Raffle dutu inodzingwa chikepe pamahombekombe pedyo nomusha Azerbaijani Nizabat. Mukupera December, vanhu vokuGermany yakasvika muganhu Shamakhi.

Garai Persia uye kudzokera kumusha

Asi mwedzi mina, vaifanira kumirira mukuru mvumo yacho Shah kuti aenderere mberi. Maererano musayendisiti wokuGermany Adam Oleary, nhume dzakanga dzakagadzirira nokuda, tichiziva kuti tsika uye dzemunharaunda ari Eastern avanhu vari akanyatsosiyana zvakasiyana European. Muna August 1637 embasi akasvika Isfahan - guru wePezhiya. Heyo akagara kusvikira pakuguma December. Nzira shure yakanga kuburikidza Astrakhan, Kazan uye Nizhny Novgorod. January 2, 1639 Adam Olearius aiva shure muMoscow. Russian chevaux Mikhail Fedorovich akamuziva aida kugara kuRussia sezvo nyanzvi dare uye nyanzvi. Asi Oleary akaramba kukudzwa ichi, uye muna August 1639 akadzokera Germany. Muna 1643 ndipo iye zvakare akashanyira Moscow, kunyange asina yakadaro kushanya refu. Ndiyo yaiva nguva yokupedzisira Olearius akashanyira Russia.

The rwendo rwose aiva njodzi. Yaiita mari yakawanda duchy, asi hapana chibvumirano pamusoro penhumbi Persia kuburikidza Russian nharaunda haana kubvumirana. Mukuwedzera, musoro Otto Brugman Embassy kushungurudza masimba avo, izvo ndokusaka akazviputsa akabudisa zvikapesana navo. Adzokera kumba, nyanzvi yokuGermany Adam Olearius akava muchuchisi mudare pamusoro ake ekare wepabasa. Brugmann akaurayiwa nokuti kunyanyisa dongo uye kukundikana Duke mirayiro.

bhuku Oleary

Muna 1647 rimwe bhuku rakabudiswa Oleary "Description Travel kuna Muscovy" umo iye akataura muronga zvakakwana rwendo vake East. Book pakarepo akawana rakafara mukurumbira. Kumiririrwa vokuEurope pamusoro Russia vaiva kupfuura kujeka, uye ivo nechido ukaparadza chero ruzivo pamusoro nyika iyi kure. Kunyora Olearius kubvira kare anokosha uye akapfuma akadzama. On neimwe peji yebhuku yakaratidza ruzivo rwake, erudition uye akataura. Basa rakashandurirwa mumitauro yakawanda yokuEurope. Part bhuku Olearius akava kunobva achitsungirira pfungwa pamusoro Muscovy naye vasingaratidziki uye dzisingazikamwi mirairo.

Mukuwedzera, kukosha chaiyo yakawanikwa akaurayiwa mifananidzo emhangura kuratidza kunosemesa vokuEurope mifananidzo youpenyu Russian. munyori wavo aiva Adam Oleary. Transport uye leisurely rwendo kubvumidzwa kutora zvakafanira zvose zvokushandisa zviri. The vanodhirowa vakasikwa zvakananga panguva rwendo mumakwara yakachena nefemero. We vakapedza kare muGermany. MuEurope kunyorwa vanodhirowa, unoratidza vagari Muscovy. Kunyanya Oleary ichi vakauya kumba Russian National zvokupfeka, uyewo hunhu akashandisa mienzaniso vomunyika vakapfeka chikafu madhirezi uye kaftans.

Kutarisika Russian

bhuku Oleary yakakamurwa kuva zvitsauko zvakawanda, rimwe nerimwe akabata mumwe kana chimwe chinhu muupenyu Russian. Oga, munyori rakarondedzera chimiro uye nguvo vagari Muscovy. Long bvudzi akavimba chete nevapristi. Namachinda vaigara haircut. Vakadzi vaida Hwakatsvuka uye belitsya, uye zvakawanda evropeek kuti pakarepo yakarohwa chizvarwa Germany.

Menswear Oleary vaiona chaizvo rakafanana rechiGiriki. Kwakapararira vaiva yakafara Shirts uye bhurukwa kuti vaneta refu uye yakamanikana Mabhachi, akarembera kumabvi. Mumwe murume aipfeka ngowani kuti anotarisa kuti aiona munhu nemagariro ani. Machinda, vanokudzwa uye hurumende nemakurukota filmed kunyange pamisangano voruzhinji. Caps kwavari dzaigadzirwa gava zvinodhura kana Sable. Vagari munhuwo muzhizha aipfeka ngowani pamusoro chena vakanzwa, uye muchando - jira.

Russian pfupi uye Vakarodza mberi majombo wokuRussia yedehwe kana Morocco akayeuchidza bhutsu Polish. Maererano musayendisiti Adam Oleary, vasikana kufamba shangu pamwe shangu dzakakwirira. Vakadzi vakapfeka zvipfeko zviri chaizvo sezvinoita vanhu, asi nguo dzavo dzaiva zvishoma vakwanise uye unocheka resi ruvara uye goridhe ruka.

Nutrition uye zvakanakira Muscovites

A musayendisiti German akaita zvakawanda upenyu uye utano wokuRussia. izvi zvose vanofarira chaizvo mune ubiquitous Adam Oleary. Maererano musayendisiti German, vagari Muscovy vaiva varombo zvikuru kupfuura vokuGermany. Kunyange vakakwirira, muridzi Terem uye dzoushe, akavaka nazvo chete okupedzisira matatu apfuura, uye napamberi kuti, uye iye akagara akanaka zvakaipa. Kutaura iyi, Olearius aireva Nguva Troubles, apo Russia yakanga yasakadzwa nehondo yevagari vemo uye Polish kupindira.

vanhuwo zvavo daily zvokudya zvaisanganisira turnips, bota, makabheji, wemagaka, munyu uye nehove yakachena. Nepo avhareji vokuEurope vakanga "akatunhidzwa uye akaregererwa anenge nezvirongo," hapana Russian ichi vasingazivi uye havana kuedza. Oleary akaona kuti pamafuro Zvikuru Muscovy akapa hwakanaka gwayana, nyama uye nyama yenguruve. Zvisinei, Russian mudiki akadya nyama, sezvo vanenge hafu vaibva akapedza karenda yavo Orthodox. It unotsiva ndiro siyana hove rakavhenganiswa nemiriwo.

Oleary akanetseka chaiyo mhando mabhisikiti Russian, yainzi makeke. In Muscovy yakanga yakawanda Sturgeon caviar, izvo zvifambiswe ari emiti pamusoro ngoro sleds. Maererano musayendisiti Adam Oleary, motokari idzi dziri kushandiswa hurukuro nezvimwe zvinogadzirwa kuti zvisina kumboitwa mumaguta.

polity

Kunyanya Oleary akatsanangura Russian mamiriro hurongwa. Pakutanga, akaona vamanikidzwe chinzvimbo mukuru wemadzishe kurutivi mambo ake, izvo zvaizoitawo kune vakuru repasi sandara uye, pakupedzisira, kuti vanhuwo zvavo.

Muzana XVII remakore rakanga chakajairika Russian koporo chirango. Ivo anoshandiswa kunyange pachinhu machinda uye vapfumi vatengesi avo Somuenzaniso, unexcused kupinda vateereri pamwe mambo. Mafungiro mambo samwari kwakarovererwa kubva pazera. Adults akafuridzirwa urongwa uhwu vana vavo, uye ivowo kuvana vavo. MuEurope, mirairo kare kare.

Oleary, kudzidza nzvimbo boyars, akacherechedza kuti varege kushumira chete kuna mambo pachena mabasa, asiwo kumatare uye mahofisi. Naizvozvo German kwake tsika rinonzi mirairo - Ministries Russian vamutangira. Total akaverenga 33 Oleary hofisi. Akataurawo kukomba of Moscow matare. Kana munhu mhosva yokuba, anotanga kutsvaka kana akanga zvakabiwa zvimwewo. Vatengesi venyama arohwe, yakadzurwa mumhino uye t. D.

Rakajairika Matare vaiva matare zvikwereti uye chikwereti. Kazhinji, vanhu vakadaro vakagadzwa kwenguva apo vanogona zviri pamutemo kubhadhara runodiwa uwandu. Kana nechikwereti hakukodzeri iyi, ipapo akatumirwa chaiwo chikwereti mujeri. Vasungwa ava vakatorwa ose zuva mumigwagwa pamberi Chancellery uye kurangwa achirova tsotso nomusi shins.

Kereke Orthodox

In Moscow ari XVII remakore, paiva kuwanda machechi kuti akati Adam Oleary. Mabhishopi ose gore akatanga kuvaka machechi matsva. Oleary anoverengwawo guru Russian, 4000 vapristi akasanganiswa nevanhu vanenge 200 zviuru vanhu. The mamongi akafamba napakati guta refu majasi matema, pamusoro zvakanga zvakafanana ruvara majasi. Other fanira unhu vaiva Hoods dzavo (nguwani) uye nemidonzvo.

Kuti kuva mupristi, murume aifanira vanopupurirwa, kureva, zvakaitika bvunzo uye kuti vabvume Commission kuti anogona kuverenga, kunyora uye zvinoimba. The Muscovite mamongi yakanga yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura munyika dzokuEurope. Izvi Zvakacherechedzwa naAdhamu Olearius. Moscow Mabhishopi Vaitarisira dzemamongi zhinji vakanga vasingagoni chete muMoscow asiwo vakapararira munyika kunze maguta. German mubhuku rake rinonzi akasimbisa kuti vaprista Russian ayakazadzwa nezveku- Byzantine yeOrthodox, uye chikamu zvirevo zvavo zvinopesana netsika Catholic. Somuenzaniso, vapristi aigona kuroora uye kurera vana, apo kumadokero kutanga mhuri zvakanga zvisingabviri. Vachangoberekwa vakabhabhatidzwa pakarepo pashure pokuberekwa. Uye izvi zvinoitwa kwete chete kune vafundisi dzavo, asiwo vose vanhuwo. rubhabhatidzo kwakadaro anokurumidza zvakafanira nokuti nezvavanofunga kuti vanhu vose vanoberekerwa chivi, uye chete kuchenesa kupira anogona kuponesa mwana kubva pakusvibiswa.

Mabhishopi kuMoscow ari chaidzo sledges, akafukidza jira dema. Maererano Adam Oleary, chokufambisa ichi waisimbisa rinokosha nzvimbo aivamo. Papera chinguva, kare pasi Aleksei Mikhailovich yakaonekwa murairidzi, uyo akatanga kushandisa vemadzitateguru mabhishopi. Kana varume vose vamambo ainamatwa samwari, uye namambo pachake aifanira mukanyatsochengeta kugara vose Rites yeChechi, uye ichi akanga asina kumbosiyana vaanotonga. Russian XVII remakore akanyatsotevera mukarenda. Ose Svondo pakupemberera basa mutemberi, uye kunyange mambo vasingagoni kuenda ikoko, kana kuva muchechi akafukidza musoro wake.

Volga

In Nizhny Novgorod, kuti XVII remakore akararama Russian, Tatars uye vokuGermany. Saka, zvakanga rokumabvazuva guta uko Church Lutheran uye vaigona pachena chitendero chavo. Apo Adam Oleary yakasvikako, munharaunda German chaiva vanhu zana. Vatorwa asvika Nizhny Novgorod nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. Vamwe vaiita doro, vamwe vakanga vemauto nemapurisa, vamwe avhima distillery.

In Nizhny Novgorod zvikepe zvaibva zvose pamusoro Volga. Maererano Adam Oleary, motokari idzi kushandisa "Cheremis Tatars" (kureva, Mari), uyo akararama pasi Volga. musayendisiti German akavasiya kuziva rondedzero. Cheremis, vabva rworudyi kumahombekombe Volga, inonzi Upland. Vakagaramo nyore zvirindo, akadya nyama yemhuka, uchi, uyewo nokuda mhuka minda.

Zvinofadza kuti mubhuku Olearius vemo zvemo inonzi "dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya, anonyengera uye uroyi vanhu." Zvirokwazvo rwaakatakura pabepa makuhwa iwayo, vakanga akakurumbira pakati Russian Volga vanhuwo vaityira Cheremisses. notoriety kwakadaro kwakanga nokuti kuti vazhinji vavo, uye XVII remakore vaiva vahedheni.

Pamakore okupedzisira Adam Oleary

Oleary yakawanda hwake kupedzerwa Schleswig. Akararama mudare Duke, raiva yemasvomhu uye raibhurari. Muna 1651 iye paakatumwa revane chirongwa - kwezvisikwa Gottorp pose. Panguva panowanikwa raiva guru munyika (zvayo dhayamita zvasvika makubhiti matatu). Frame, mutoro inobereka zvivako uye pakarongwa vaitungamirirwa Oleary kwemakore akawanda. Frederick III, akava initiator chirongwa, haana kurarama pakuvhurwa pose. Akatanga kuruzhinji kutevera Duke Christian Albrecht.

Globe ane womukati mhango umo akanga akaisa tafura uye pabhenji kuti vanhu 12. Enda mukati unogona nepasuo. Kurutivi rwokunze Nyika mepu rakaiswa. Mukati chiumbwa chomufananidzo wenyika pamwe zvinyamutanhatu. Magadzirirwo akanga akasiyana nemamwe. makadhi maviri anogona panguva imwe chete tenderera. Under Peter I panyika yakanga zvakapiwa kubudikidza Russia. Waichengetwa muna Kunstkammer uye akapisa moto 1747. Kubva chishamiso engineering geospatial vakafunga chete kuchengeta mukova, iyo panguva iyoyo yaiva mudura dura. Gare gare zvakasikwa kopi muenzaniso yepakutanga.

Kuwedzera mabhuku pamusoro Russia uye pose chiumbwa chomufananidzo wenyika Adam Oleary vaiva mamwe matanho akawanda. Akanyora prose, rakashandurwa ingano, uye kunyange akaita remanyoro duramazwi Persian. Asi yakakurumbira musayendisiti chaiwo nokuti rwendo kuMabvazuva, uye zvinyorwa pamusoro Russia. Adam Oleary akafa muna 1671.