Administrative miganhu chikwata. administrative kupesana

Wandei anoreva zvakafanana uye kukosha pfungwa kubatsira kutsanangura enyika pamutemo sechivako nyika. Izvi "administrative-miganhu chikwata" uye "okutarisira-miganhu sangano," uye "administrative kupesana" (ATD).

Ndeipi miganhu weboka nyika uye sei zvinoitika?

Sezvo kutonga, ADT ane pfungwa ine zvakakwana zvinoreva rwakafara. Administrative nokupesana anogona zvakaburitswa somunhu mepu munyika, zvinosanganisira yoga nyaya. Political uye nenzvimbo hurumende hurongwa - vakawanda zimukadzimu ADT, izvo, mukuwedzera, zvinogona kuonekwa muitiro zvakananga weboka nyika kupinda yoga dzakabatana. zoning nzira uye Implementation pakati ADT akafanana chaizvo, asi musiyano mukuru pakati pavo kuti yaiona-miganhu dzakabatana (ATU - chikuru che ari ADT mamiriro) vari wakasiyiwa vehurumende. Fastening miganhu yacho neimwe kwakaita pamutemo kwakaitika nemirayiro akakodzera pakati.

How enyika pedzimba vari?

Administrative miganhu dzaishandiswa munyika kazhinji vaiona nharaunda. Zvichakadaro administrative nokupesana ane volumetric hurongwa anoshanda chete mune hierarchical nenzira. Se "nesting mudhori" ADT kwava vakawanda utariri mumatunhu. At nomumwe sandara, pane ayo ezvematongerwo enyika uye administrative marongerwo.

The raora of miganhu vamapoka rokutanga, wechipiri, wechitatu kuti, nezvimwewo, akarayira ADT hurongwa, kwese vose ano inoti. Weboka kupinda yakasiyana siyana nguva dzose kwaizova nenguva dzirikure, chikatsiviwa mwero kunzwisisa uye elaboration. Kugadzikana zvechigarire administrative-miganhu weboka iri rutivi chete ano mamiriro. Zvichakadai, pasi Nguva inogona kunzi kuparadzirwa munyika nharaunda ine zvishoma kana pasina vasara pamusoro pamutemo chechetere pamunhu, muri vasingatungamirirwi nemumwe zvikamu (kumatunhu). Power, sezvo mutemo, mumwe nomumwe wavo, kazhinji inomiririra mamiriro, asi kazhinji umwe administrative miganhu chikwata anekodzero kuzvitonga kana kuzvionera.

Historical rokuchinja paumbwe imwe ADT hurongwa

Division pamusoro mamiriro pane zvimwe zvikamu - kutanga rine midzi zvikuru yekare uye kare. Muenzaniso kupfuura unoshamisa unogona kunzi ATD weboka hweRoma mudunhu. With Panyaya nguva feudalism, pane nekusiyana, dzose mukurwisana chaitadzisa paumbwe vezvikwata zvachose. muenzaniso uyu pakati hurumende zvinoreva maitiro weboka guta, iro yaitongwa varimi feudal.
Sezvo mutongi wenyika uye muridzi mumwe munhu, mumiririri mukirasi yacho yaibva anova muridzi Territory uye kutungamirirwa akadya.

Ndezvipi kunokanganisa muitiro administrative regionalization ose ehurumende?

Kusiyana Ages mararamiro ehurumende, nhasi administrative kupesana gadziriro rinoshandiswa zvinenge zvose ano dzakabudirira rudzi. Kuchinja kubva feudalism kuti centralized simba akava pachena chinodiwa yakakura Shanduro nzira yakananga ndima.

Mamiriro administrative-miganhu dzakabatana dzinongoita pakutsvaga peculiarities ari remunharaunda mamiriro. Sezvo nyika ino, sezvo kare ambotaurwa, zviri aumbwa pamusoro refu uye mugumisiro zvakaoma shanduka pezvakaitwa kuti administrative miganhu chikwata ingangoumbwa kuburikidza superposing dzakasiyana gradations mavambo. Kunyanya, Russian Regional District nerimwe anomirira ibatanidzo zvivako:

• ethnocultural;
• wenhoroondo;
• mumagariro uye enyika;
• zvoupfumi;
• rwokuzvarwa-kwavanogara.

Urudzi sezvo chakaita paumbwe miganhu miganhu kumatunhu

Nokuti ezvinhu somunhu yoga chikwata ADT rinokosha reDare dzemadzinza uye tsika zvinhu. On mundima Russian wehurumende, nheyo iyi inokosha. A maitiro chepfungwa inotungamirwa dzemadzinza uye netsika dzine ndechokuti vari akaumba pasina kuda simba guru dzemitambo, zvishuvo zvavo. kubatana nerimwe munyika ADT ezvinhu kwakavakirwa nhungamiro iyi, ine kuzivikanwa anomirira raidudzwa muchitokisi remunharaunda marongerwo.

Zvisinei, kwete kuda kuti kwaita separatist pfungwa, kunyange zvazvo kuzadzikisa zvinodiwa kuti vashoma munyika, hurumende ine multi-dzinza vemo kazhinji rinokutadzisa waibva matambudziko akadai nokuzvisarudzira chaicho nzvimbo dzokugara pamusoro dzinza-siyana vagari.
Chimwe chikonzero paumbwe kumatunhu ane vanhu imwe nyika kunogona kunzi nekusagona kumisa zvakajeka muganhu kupatsanura nzvimbo dzokugara dzemadzinza.

Sezvinoratidzwa nezvave chachinja tsanangudzo wacho akadya?

Chimwe chinodiwa kuti paumbwe miganhu vamapoka administrative weboka yakavakirwa nhoroondo zvinhu pamusoro. Mukati imwe mamiriro kazhinji akapeta kumatunhu dzichiri emakore mashoma apfuura, anochengeta vagari uye masimba ari State, sezvo mubayiro mutero netsika dzenyika. Ko iwe unodana muganhu administrative chikwata uyo munharaunda zvainyatsoratidza nokuda pave kutsigira zvivako, nyore zvokufungidzira. nzvimbo idzi dzinonzi kwenhau. Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti yaiona-miganhu chairema ehurumende kutakura zita iri, kana nemiganhu yayo kuti kumbochinja yepast vanenge 2-3 emakore.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti zvinokonzera nhau ukama nezvevamwe tsaukana nzvimbo dziri Implementation of ADT hakuna kuoma kuronda ari zvivako zviri inoti zviri Old World. Uye kana miganhu kunyika kuMiddle Ages vaisagona kuramba kunofambira mberi, sechivako munhu nharaunda akaramba akatsiga, kutamira kune dzimwe vatongi vavo yepakutanga chimiro. Modern Europe, maererano vakawanda vezvakaitika kare, yakavakirwa chiine zvikamu kunorondedzerwa miganhu masero chaizvo kunyange kana munhu feudal chehurumende.

Zvimwe zvinhu zviri yaiona-miganhu weboka nyika

Socio-enyika uye zvoupfumi zvinoita sei kuti miganhu nemamiriro nyika haidereri pane ichangobva kutaurwa zvikonzero. Mitemo kugarwa dzinobva vanonzi inouraya munzvimbo. Major administrative uye miganhu chikwata kwagara chokutanga nzvimbo regiravhiti munyika vagari. Kwegadziriro "pakati-arikunze" aumbwa, sezvo mutemo, kunobva yavo nenzvimbo wezwi namagariro uye inogona kuenderera ukama pakati mumwe inouraya nzvimbo.

Wevanotungamirira zvikonzero, ndiyo magariro, enyika uye zvoupfumi nenheyo ADT, zviri nyore kuchengeta paumbwe kumatunhu ari rinoti nezvishoma raidudzwa ethno-tsika uye nhoroondo marongerwo. Kakawanda izvi vaduku nyika unitary simba namano. Mienzaniso yakadaro inoti vaigona kuva munyika nechepakati-kumabvazuva Europe.

Administrative miganhu chikwata ingangoumbwa somugumisiro kufurirwa pamusoro muitiro ATD chaivo nenzvimbo zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, mumwe muenzaniso rinopenya kungava chitsuwa kana gomo nzvimbo mamiriro.

Mamiriro Akaita yaiona-miganhu chikwata muRussia

ADT Russian Federation chinonyanya kukosha chezvinonhuwira kuti remunharaunda sangano munyika. Yose tsika hurumende, kugovera uye placement miviri hurumende, miviri hurumende dzematunhu uye shamwari yavose inobva enyika uye administrative kupesana. Nhasi, ari miganhu maumbirwo Russia kunonyanya kukonzerwa kusingaperi hwenzvimbo mamiriro, uyewo widest siyana nekufemera paumbwe vakadya zvinhu: wevanotungamirira, zvoupfumi, dzinongoitika, kwemadzinza uye tsika.

Nheyo miganhu nokupesana Russia

Administrative-miganhu vamapoka Russia zvizere zvaidiwa yeUnited mamiriro mamiriro. Mukuwedzera, ADT mu Russia rinoitwa musi imwe nzvimbo - matunhu neminisiparati. Kuwedzera kune yaiona uye miganhu weboka zvakakodzera kuti yakarongeka Kuzadziswa rutina raChangamire kuzvidzora, munyika zoning hurongwa kunosanganisira kupesana kupinda zvikamu kuti nyore Implementation kwehurumende nemakanzuru.

Specificity pamusoro ADT mune dzimwe nzvimbo uye guru

MuRussia, nzira iyi ukama administrative weboka uye kuparadzira makanzuru kungaratidzwa:

1. Nokuva nzira mbiri inotungamirwa romunharaunda (zvichireva kuti makanzuru muganhu achaita uwirirane miganhu yaiona maruwa). Somuenzaniso, zano rakadaro rinorondedzerwa kuChelyabinsk ATD.
2. Full zvemutemo mismatch maviri mhando spatial nokupesana nzira (miganhu administrative dzakabatana uye makanzuru dzingasiyana). Somuenzaniso, muna Sverdlovsk mudunhu ADT yakabereka maererano musimboti ichi.

Kuwedzera kuparadzana dzakasiyana nzvimbo idzi, mamwe akaturikidzana anogona inopiwa mune dzimwe kumatunhu Russia. Kunyanya, guta guru reRussia wehurumende inokamukana nokuda Municipality kuziva nzvimbo (146 intracity nendima yeUnited guta) , uye 12 administrative nemaruwa.