Albrecht Durer: Biography uye basa. Mabasa Albrehta Dyurera: Pamazita

A. Dürer (1471-1528) - kukuru German yokudhirowa, uye pakupedzisira makore hwake uye uri theorist. Biography ake uye basa chokuita zvikuru Renaissance. Works kubudikidza Albrehta Dyurera uye nhasi zvinokwezva connoisseurs zhinji ounyanzvi. Unoda kuziva zvakawanda nezvazvo? Life uye basa Albrehta Dyurera munyaya ino.

kwakarongwa vitae

baba vake aiva chizvarwa Hungary, wesirivha. Albrecht akadzidza pakutanga nababa vake obva pana Michael Wohlgemuth, painter uye wamabwe kubva muNuremberg. 1490-1494 - "amakore outorwa", zvaida kuti vawane musoro tenzi. Albrecht akapedza nguva ino mumaguta Upper Rhine (muStrasbourg, Colmar, muBasel). Pano akapinda mudenderedzwa bhuku vaidhinda uye kwevanhu. Zvinozivikanwa kuti Dürer uchida kuvandudza mune iri achiita zvokutemera pamusoro simbi M. Shogauera muna Colmar, asi havana kumuwana mupenyu. Albrecht akatanga kudzidza mabasa tenzi ichi, ndichitaura navanakomana vake vari vemifananidzo.

Muna 1494 akadzokera muNuremberg Albrecht Dürer. Biography uye vanoshanda zvakanzi kuzivikanwa panguva zviitiko zvinokosha. Zvakanga ipapo wakaitwa kuroora Agnes Frey, uyewo kuvhura yake Studio. Kwapera nguva, Albrecht akasarudza kuita rwendo mutsva, nguva ino kusarudza kuchamhembe kweItaly. Akaenda kuna Padua uye Venice muna 1494-95, ukuwo. In Venice, Dürer akafamba, uye muna 1505, akagara imomo kusvikira 1507. Albrecht kuziva Kesari Maximilian I rinoreva 1512. Zviripachena, panguva imwecheteyo, Dürer akatanga kushandira iye, kusvikira Maximilian afa, kwakaitika muna 1519 Zvinozivikanwa kuti Albert dzakashanyirawo Netherlands. Munguva kubva 1520 kusvika 1521, akaenda maguta akadai kweBrussels, Antwerp, rinonzi Ghent, Bruges, Malines, uye vamwe.

okugadzira zvinhu Durer

Albrecht Dürer, Biography zvinhu uye iyo uwirirane kubuda German Renaissance, vaisagona kugara kure dzinoitwa nguva yake. Zvakanga zvakaoma, zvikurukuru disharmonious kumwedzi. chimiro chake avasakadza ose art. The dzinodzidziswa mabasa Albrecht rinoungana mavambo uye kupfuma ounyanzvi tsika German. Vanoratidza pachavo muchimiro dyurerovskih vatambi kure runako kubva nemaonero dzekare yakanaka. Mukuwedzera, tenzi anoda kuzivisisa, anoteerera mukuru mumwe zvizere. Zvikuru nokuti Albrecht iri panguva neVadzidzi nounyanzvi Italy. Okugadzira zvinhu Albrehta Dyurera yakati kuti akaedza kunzwisisa zvakavanzika ayo akakwana uye kuwirirana. Dürer ndiye mumiririri oga ari Northern Renaissance, ndiro chinoumbwa nezvinhu zvakawanda uye inoenda mubereko, chido kunzwisisa mitemo ounyanzvi, pakusika kukura vanhu mufananidzo wakakwana inogona kupfeka ndima chete vatenzi zvikuru Italian Renaissance.

vanodhirowa

Okugadzira zvinhu Albrehta Dyurera siyana. Akanga chipo somunhu draftsman, muvezi uye rokupenda. Panguva iyo achiita zvokutemera uye kuswedera rikamubvisa dzimwe nguva kunyange kutungamirira basa. Vanopfuura 900 machira ane nhaka ane Dürer-rokupenda. Maererano siyana Nokuwanda kwakaita kunogona kuenzaniswa chete nemabasa Leonardo da Vinci. Sezvineiwo, kupendwa yaiva chikamu zuva upenyu tenzi. Dürer zvakakwana Inoziva vose zvakajeka nenyanzvi nguva - kubva marasha, Watercolour, penzura Italian sengere nepeni uye sirivha Pin. Kana rokuItari vanatenzi, kuswedera razova chinhu chinokosha Danho nokuda Durer compositing. Danho Izvi zvaisanganisira Studi, yokunyora nokudhirowa misoro, makumbo, maoko, draperies.

For Durer mufanidzo aiva huchashandiswa akadzidza maitiro mhando - rokuNuremberg fashionistas, vakapfeka zvakanaka naanamai uye vanhuwo zvavo. Nerakakurumbira anoshanda Albrehta Dyurera - ". A nhindi turf" Watercolour Masters "Hare" (yaifananidzira pamusoro) uye Vari yaakaita chilli yokuzviparadzanisa uye kuchinyanya zvokuti aigona kuva mifananidzo Codes yesayenzi.

dzakatevedzana nharaunda

Basa tenzi wokutanga chinokosha nhevedzano nharaunda makore 1494-95. mabasa aya Albrehta Dyurera akaurayiwa muna Watercolour uye gouache mumakore ake rwendo kuItari. Vari nokungwarira nepakati, zvakanaka zvakagadzirirwa akafanana spatial urongwa rakatumbuka mumwe nomumwe. mabasa aya Albrehta Dyurera ndiyo yokutanga munhoroondo European unyanzvi nharaunda "wakachena".

"Krisimasi", "achikudza Magi", "Adhamu naEvha"

Clear anotsvedzerera mwoyo, kuchiva munyori kuti nechiedzo rinopindirana pakati mutinhimira uye zvitarisiko - Ndivo maitiro zvinhu uri pedyo Durer kubva mukupera rechi15 kusvika kutanga ezana remakore rechi16 rechipiri. Ndiwo aritari "Krisimasi", akaita kumativi 1498, uye chokuita 1504 basa "achikudza Magi," umo Dürer inobatanidza boka matatu Magi uye Madonna anotsvedzerera silhouettes, kudzikama dzeraundi mutinhimira uye Arch kweshoko, akadzokorora kanoverengeka muna mapurani kushongedzwa. Mugore 1500s rimwe chikuru yemisoro okugadzira zvinhu Albrecht anova chido kuwana akakodzera kukura dzemuviri. Anotsvaka zvakavanzika dzavo, tichiswedera mushwi navarandakadzi nenhamba. Cherechedza kuti ndicho chokutanga muGermany, Albrecht akatanga kudzidza mushwi. kutsvaga aya seizvi mune 1504 achiita zvokutemera "Adhamu naEvha," uyewo ari Implementation anenge 1507 guru eponymous yevedza diptych.

"Achikudza Utatu" uye "Mutambo rozari"

Basa yakaomesesa, harmonically akarayira hwezvaizoitika nziyo kubva siyana manhamba akaurayiwa mumakore rokusika kukura Albrecht Dürer. Chinozikamwa mabasa ake anosanganisira hwakagadzwa muna 1506 "Celebration pakati marozari", muna 1511 - "The achikudza Mutsvene Utatu." "Mutambo wacho rozari" ndiyo imwe chikuru mabasa kubudikidza Dürer (161.5 X 192 cm). Uyezve, zviri mumwe chikuru intonation avaiita. Shanda pedyo unyanzvi rokuItari vanatenzi, kwete chete vavariro, asi simba ravo polnozvuchiem anozodza plethora mifananidzo (zvikurukuru Portraits), kuti zvakanyatsoenzana nziyo, noupamhi kunyora. The mufananidzo vanoda "achikudza Utatu", rinomirira chiduku basa atari, mutinhimira semicircles kuti anoshandawo ane yokufeva kupera atari vasanganiswa akayangarara mudenga vatumwa Fathers uye nehondo dzvene. muenzaniso uyu afanane "Dispute" by Raphael.

mangwanani Portraits

Pasina Portraits zvakaoma kufungidzira basa Albrehta Dyurera. Fungidzira naye Genre ichi akawanda uye anonakidza zvikuru. Albrecht kwatova mukutanga basa, akaita pamusoro 1499 (Portrait of Oswald Krell) panoratidza tenzi kusimbiswa. Iye zvakakwana anoudza yomukati simba womuenzaniso, yokusiyana chimiro. Kusiyana Albrehta Dyurera iri ndechokuti kuzvidzora asian ari mutungamiri pakutanga nguva yake basa asian. Kare muna 1484, iye akasika munhu richiswedera sirivha mbambo, vakaisawo kwokutanga munyaya ino. Pano Albrecht rinotaura mwana ane makore 13 okuberekwa. Nechekare panguva iyoyo ruoko Durer akatungamirira wafukidzwa kuzvinzwira ruzivo, iyo yakatanga mberi mune vatatu ake mifananidzo-Portraits wokutanga. Tiri kutaura basa 1493 muna 1498 uye 1500 vake. Mukupera basa (Photo naro anomiririrwa pamusoro) rinoratidza Albrecht vakaraira kubva mberi. Nenzwi rimwe ndebvu duku uye bvudzi refu rworudyi chiso chake chinotiyeuchidza mufananidzo Kristu Pantocrator.

zvinyorwa

Okugadzira zvinhu Albrehta Dyurera (1471-1528) Zvinofadza pakuti akaita rinodhindira zvakafanana zvakanaka zvemhangura uye pamusoro pehuni. Albrecht akatendeuka achiita zvokutemera pashure Schongauer, mumwe zvikuru hwemashiripiti. In mabasa Dürer kwairatidza kudzikama, mutizi mweya wake rokusika hunhu, uyewo kunoshamisa tsika nokurwisana anonetseka naye. Kusiyana pachena uye vakadzikama mangwanani wakajeka mabasa tenzi atova huru-pamwero hwakajeka dzino yokutanga, iyo ine 15 sokunyorwa pamusoro musoro Apocalypse. mabasa aya kunze pamuti Albrecht akasikwa 1498. Durer zvinyorwa zvavo zvakawanda kupfuura mifananidzo, hwakavakirwa tsika German. Ivo kuoneka mune chisina kutsetseka zvikuru, unopinza kufamba, overexpression mifananidzo mutinhimira rwakawanda, nokukurumidza pakumedura mitsetse uye pazvirugu. Mufananidzo Fortune copperplate achiita zvokutemera "Nemesis", vachirondedzera kune kwama1500., Akaoma hunhu. anodhinda Uyu ndomumwe yakanakisisa mabasa kubudikidza Dürer.

"Upenyu Musikana", "Passion Great" uye "Passion Small"

. Panguva hwakajeka kutenderera "Upenyu Mary", akasika makore anenge 1502-05, akakurumbira munyori afarire nezvokuzadziswa Genre, uyewo zvakawanda mashoko - inobudisa kwese ounyanzvi tsika German. Nyaya idzi hwakajeka ndiyo pachena uye vakadzikama kumunetsawo. Two mamwe vakazvipira chido Kristu, dzinoratidzwa zvinoshamisa okuti. Zvinonzi kubva mumuti "Passion Great" (anenge 1498-1510 gg.), Uyewo mbiri munhevedzano zvinyorwa pamusoro mhangura "Small Passion" (Makore zvakasikwa - 1507-13 uye 1509-11). Mabasa aya Dürer chainyanya akakurumbira mumarudzi ake.

Triptych 1513-1514 gg.

Achiita zvokutemera 1513 "Knight, Rufu uye Dhiyabhorosi", uyewo mabasa maviri 1514 ( "Hieronymus muchitokisi" uye "Doukyu") basa rinokosha muna Albrecht nhaka. Vanoumba kuti triptych imwe mhando. mabasa aya akaurayiwa pamwe tenzi virtuoso namano. Vari kusiyaniswa isingawanzowanikwi yokufananidzira yevasungwa uye conciseness. Pachena, Dürer haana pamuviri kuti kusika kwavari somunhu chete kutenderera. Kunyange zvakadaro, basa anosanganisa tsika nouzivi zvinoratidzei chaizvo kunzwisisa (kudzidudzira wakayeriswa basa rakawanda nhasi). Sezvineiwo, bhuku "Manual of murwi wechiKristu" E. reRotterdam akafuridzirwa mufananidzo repakati munyori zvakasimba murwi ari kutamira ane chinangwa asingazivikanwi, pasinei Dhiyabhorosi, zvinotevera pazvitsitsinho ake, uyewo rufu kutyisidzira,. Warrior anoratidzwa pamusoro yomusango nzvimbo dzokuona matombo. Hazvisi nyore kunzwisisa basa Albrehta Dyurera nguva dzose. Pfupiso chambotaurwa nezvacho bhuku zvakakosha kunzwisisa murwi mufananidzo.

Saint Jerome (yaifananidzira pamusoro), uyo akaenda zvidzidzo zvose dzesayenzi, vane mashoko aifungisisa upenyu uye introspection pakunamata. The rakaisvonaka mapapiro kuora mwoyo, achinyatsotaurira kwakakwidibira pfungwa dzake, akapa pamusoro colour munhu runobva murwi Fast ruchiyerera nguva vatambi uye Sciences, zvishandiso nemugwagwa.

Kazhinji zvichishandurwa sezvo vane rokusika mweya kudzikama dzevanhu. Cherechedza kuti Renaissance kwevanhu kuwanikwa vanhu vane kuora mwoyo nevakwegura, unhu "Mwari madiro" shasha, muenzaniso wakakwana okugadzira zvinhu. Naizvozvo, tinogona kutaura kuti mukati mukuru muitiro ndiye okugadzira zvinhu, uye Albrehta Dyurera. Uye zvishoma maitiro basa pashure ake.

Papera mabasa

Dürer pashure 1514 aishanda mudare Maximilian I (akauya pamusoro asian ake, chinoitwa Albrecht). Panguva ino akaita zvakawanda mirairo yepamutemo Albrecht Dürer. Works zvakasikwa navo, zvinoda yakawanda unyanzvi, asi zvikuru nguva-pakuzadza wavo kupendwa lithography, akaita pamusoro 192 mapuranga. basa iri rinonzi "Arch of Maximilian I". Zvinonzi zvinoberekwa basa, kunze Durer, boka guru vemifananidzo. Pashure rwendo kuNetherlands, kuitwa makore 1520-21., Kubva Albrecht akatanga mutsva okusika zvatinganzwa. Panguva ino, boka mutizi yokunyora nokudhirowa. Uyezve, vakawanda wakaisvonaka hwakajeka Portraits vakanga kukasawedzerwa chigadzirwa Albrehta Dyurera. Zvinyore sezvinotevera: yakaitwa muna 1520 pamwe marasha , "Erazm Rotterdamsky", uyewo basa muna 1521, "Lucas Van Leyden" (akaita sirivha penzura), "Agnes Dürer", pakusikwa iyo vakashandisa simbi rutanda, uye vamwe.

Portraits of 1520s

Portrait ari 1520s inova huru Genre mu mabasa Dürer. Panguva ino, mufananidzo vakasikwa achiita zvokutemera pamusoro zvemhangura akakurumbira kwevanhu nguva yake Albrecht Dürer. Major anoshanda sezvinotevera: muna 1526 - Portrait Filippa Melanhtona, muna 1524 - Willibald Pirkheyma muna 1526 - Erasmus. The kupenda anooneka 1521 "Portrait of Man Young" muna 1524 - "Portrait of Man," muna 1526 - "Jerome Holtsshuer" uye mamwe mabasa. Izvi mabasa maduku vari kusiyaniswa vakabuditsa sezvamunoita, dzekare kukwana, yakagadzirwa silhouettes. Vari spectacularly kuoma contours makuru vherevheti beret kana yakafara-akazara heti. The compositional nzvimbo mabasa awa - chiso, ichi pedyo-kumusoro, kuumba nzira dzisinganyatsooneki kuchinja chiedza uye pamumvuri. Mune padikidiki oneka zvaanoita chiso chake, mumaziso ake pameso hwayo-akazaruka, mukati hurukuro zvishoma curved mune kunyemwerera kana miromo nehafu-rakavhurika, cheekbones muimba nesimba mufananidzo uye sangano finyi kuona kungoda zvikuru upenyu hwomudzimu. Zarura Albrecht mu vaairarama kushinga anova pamwero ari diptych "Four vaApostora" (yaifananidzira pazasi), wokupedzisira tenzi emifananidzo (1525). Zvakanyorerwa muNuremberg Dürer Hall. Anotura yakakura kwokufananidzira muvhangeri Mark, vaapostora Paul, Petro naJohani, avo vanomiririra, maererano vakararama yatenzi, 4 unhu.

Yokungotaura basa, kukosha okugadzira zvinhu

Mumakore achangopfuura, upenyu Albrecht akabudisa yokungotaura basa: kutungamirirwa kuyera mutongi uye kambasi (muna 1525), kusimbisa nhare, nhare namaguta (muna 1527), uye muna 1528 akabudisa basa "mabhuku Four pamusoro dzevanhu kukura." Albrecht Dürer, kuti okugadzira zvinhu uye njodzi dzatakurukura, vakashaya muNuremberg April 6, 1528

Dürer vanofurirwa zvakasimba kukura yose German art yokutanga yezana remakore rechi16. zvinyorwa ake uye Italy vainakidzwa kwakabudirira zvikuru - kunyange atara navo nyepera. vemifananidzo zhinji Italian vakaona matambudziko basa rayo, kusanganisira Pordenone uye Pontormo.