Arab caliphate

Arab Caliphate aiva hwoumwari muMuslim mamiriro, izvo akasimuka sezvo pamusana kukunda ose vechiMuslim rinotungamirirwa Caliph ari VII-IX emakore. neerekitironi ichi yepakutanga akasikwa ari muchimiro muprofita Muhammad vemunharaunda kumadokero kweArabia muna Hijaz ari VII remakore. Mugumisiro akunde zhinji Muslim aiva kusikwa guru mamiriro, yaisanganisira muArabhia Peninsula, Iran uye Iraq. In kwayo mamiriro hombe chikamu Caucasus uye Central Asia. Raisanganisira muIjipiti, North Africa, Siria uye vokuParestina, rinotaura chikamu chikuru yekatsi Peninsula uye mumwe enyika mana Pakistan - Sindh nyika. Kwakapararira aiva mamiriro reArab Caliphate. Nhoroondo yacho zvisikwa kwakabatana zvakananga pokudzora kwomudzimu caliphs (vatsivi kana wevatariri).

Panguva Arab Caliphate rakasvika kutumbuka pamusoro Islamic tsika nesayenzi, raiva Golden Age rechiIslam. Rayakavambwa makore 632. Funga wokutanga ichikosha 4 khalifs dzaiva "zvakanaka kuburikidza". Arab Caliphate zvaisanganisira zvinotevera vatongi: Abu Bakr (kwake kubvira 632 634), Umar (634-644 g), Uthman, uyo akatonga akatevera 12 makore (by 656), Ali (656 kubva 661) uye akaramba kutonga of Umayyad youmambo, izvo yavapo 661 kusvika makore 750.

Umambo uhwu, vakaumba makore asingasviki 100, namarudzi ukuru vakapfuura reRoma. Pakafa Muhammad vaiva preconditions nokuda kwayo disintegration uye pokuwa kubudirira Islam, zvakanga akanzwirwa nekuvongwa iye. Pashure porufu rwake, anongoda yose Arabia kwakaita kure kudavira uku, kunze kwaiva Mecca, Medina uye Taif.

The Muporofita haana kusiya mudyi wenhaka uye mutsivi kupesana kwakatanga pakati Medintsev uye Meccans. Caliph pashure Nhaurirano akasundudzira Abu Bakr, uyo akakwanisa kudzoka kuna Arab Caliphate uye Islam uye akatsaura Arabia. Mushure kudzvinyirira pamusoro yemuna pakati navaArabhu, Muhammad Bakr akaramba mutemo uye akatungamirira hondo Iran uye Byzantine nezvinhu. Pakupera hwake, akaraira Arabia, Bhabhironi, Siriya, Mesopotamia, yokumadokero Iran, satama, Ijipiti uye Tripoli.

Usman akakunda Cyprus, kumabvazuva Iran, nharaunda yacho muCarthage, wokukudza Arab Caliphate. Nokuda yevagari yokurwa evaArabhu, vavapo maererano kupondwa Uthman, vakanga kupera, vamwe muganhu nzvimbo.

Ali akaurayiwa munguva "muzinda nevapanduki", uye Umayyads vakauya simba. Vakati vari mamiriro, rine akasarudzwa hurumende, midzi nhaka umambo.

Kukunda okutanga Caliphs vakabudirira nokuda kwekuneta kwavavengi, sezvo pasina munhu vaipikisa navaArabhu. The vomunzvimbo nokuda kuvavenga vaGiriki kazhinji pacharo rinonzi uye akabatsira navaArabhu. VaGiriki kumbobvira akavabvumira kukunda Asia Minor uye Constantinople kubudikidza navaArabhu vakanodzidziswa lesion.

Munyaya yakakunda idzo kuparadzira Arab Caliphate, nyaya rinotsanangura manyorero hurumende apo Umar sekereke ngwizhingwi. Apo Uthman aibvumirwa Arab pachake akakunda nyika kuti mwoyo kune landlords 'basa. hunhu Religious zvakachinja veMubatanidzwa pakati Umayyads. Yechechi uye rechitendero, akatungamirirwa mutungamiriri yomudzimu, yave kuva enyika uye enyika simba.

Next Abbasid chigaro rinopembererwa sezvo despotic, ropa uye vaine dzoutsinye utsinye. Vanhu vakapupurira unyengeri uye perfidy kwakaratidzwa chinyararire, muchimiro zvaisarudza pamusoro vemo havatereri. chigaro Izvi hwokuratidza noupengo, kana vakasuma kwegadziriro kutambudza. Pasinei neizvi, madenderedzwa ushe vaionekwa penya enyika umo mari vachigona.

Culture of dzechiArab caliphate yaro kukura iyi zvikuru, kugadzirwa kwesayenzi uye mishonga. Izvi Ichibatsirwa mhuri unyanzvi pakati viziers aitonga kusvikira 803, uye maguta akaparadzwa Aroni. Nhengo dzemhuri kwemakore 50 kuramba pakati nepakati navaArabhu navaPersia, ndakasika simba enyika uye akadzorera Sasanian upenyu.

Apo Abbasids Caliphate Arabic tsika yakazokudziridzwa kunokwana vagarisane yayo vavakidzani, ita mutengano. Made umbozha nhumbi, sirika akamendwa zvombo, zvishongo zvinhu, embroideries pamusoro matehwe uye kanivhasi, pamakapeti, mifananidzo iri mapfupa. It apararira mumakore iwayo waMosesi, nekusimbisa, nebefu, achiita zvokutemera, porcelain nemagirazi zvigadzirwa. Persia kuvhiringidzwa Arabic nhetembo, kuti chidzoke kwakakodzera historiography uye zvesayenzi Arabic philology. Mumakore iwayo, zvakatanga girama Arabic, paiva kuunganidzwa mabhuku.