Empire - ndiwo mamwe chehurumende? Mukuru umambo hwenyika

Shoko "umambo" manjemanje miromo vose, hazvina kunyange kuva mufashoni. It chinoratidza aimbova ukuru kwayo uye zvoumbozha. Chii chaizvo chinonzi umambo?

Zvinonzi kuvimbisa?

Maduramazwi nemaenisaikoropidhiya kubayira inokosha zvinoreva shoko rokuti "umambo" (kubva rechiLatin rokuti "imperium" - simba), zvinoreva izvo, kana musingadi kupinda hakunakidzi mashoko uye kwete kushandisa rakaoma yesayenzi Mutauro unokura, riri sezvinotevera. Chekutanga, umambo - namambo, dzinotungamirirwa Kesari kana Empress (Roman Empire, reRussia Empire). Zvisinei, kuitira kuti hurumende yava rezvitendero mutongi wayo hazvikwani kunzi mambo. Empire presupposes kuvapo zvakakwana guru aidzora mundima uye dzavanhu, yakasimba centralized simba (anomanikidza kana udzvinyiriri). Uye kana mangwana, Prince Hans-Adam II achadana pachake Emperor, hazvizovi kushandura musimboti mamiriro Liechtenstein mudziyo (rine vanhu vanhu zvishoma pane zviuru makumi mana), uye zvichava zvisingaiti kutaura kuti chinhu kwavabati diki - Empire (sezvo hurumende).

Zvinokosha zvakaenzana

Chechipiri, maumambo anowanzonzi nyika vane chaizvo dzayaitonga nhumbi. Panyaya iyi, mambo wacho pamberi hakusi zvakakodzera. Somuenzaniso, madzimambo Chirungu haana vainzi madzimambo, asi kwemakore anoda kusvika mashanu emakore, akatungamirirwa neMweya British Empire, umo zvaisanganisira UK asiwo vazhinji nyuchi uye ushe. The umambo huru munyika nokusingaperi chinopinda mazita avo pamusoro mahwendefa kare, asi chii vapedza?

The Roman Empire (27 BC - .. 476)

mambo pamutemo yokutanga munhoroondo yebudiriro vaiona Julius Caesar (100 - 44 BC ..), Izvo zvakanga zvamboshandiswa Mumiriri, uye ipapo akazivisa mudzvinyiriri upenyu. Achiziva kudiwa zvakakomba kuchinja, Caesar vakapfuura mutemo yakachinja zvematongerwo enyika reRoma rekare. Kurasika raiva basa National Assembly, vatsigiri yaKesari akanga kukasawedzerwa Seneti, uyo akapa Caesar musoro mambo aine kodzero akatamisa nevazukuru vake. Caesar akatanga dzava kugadzira mari dzegoridhe ake mufananidzo. Yakada simba kwakakwana kwakaita kuti rangano vakuru (44 BC. E.), Takarongwa ne Marcus Brutus naGayo naCassius. Kutaura zvazviri, chokutanga pamambo aiva muzukuru Kesari - Octavian Augustus (63 BC - .. '14 BC ..). musoro mambo mumazuva iwayo zvaireva mukuru mukuru uyo wakunda chaizvo. Pamutemo, weRoma Republic huchiripo, uye Augustus pachake akanzi princeps ( "wokutanga pakati kuenzana"), asi nokuda zvokuvhoterwa Octavian akawana zvaidiwa poumambo, kwakadaro despotic yokuMabvazuva inoti. Muna 284, Mambo Diocletian (245 -. Makore 313) akatanga kuchinja kuti pakupedzisira akatendeuka aimbova zvokuvhoterwa dzevaRoma umambo. Kubva panguva iyo mambo chainzi Dominus - ishe. Pana 395, hurumende yakanga muzvikamu zviviri - the Eastern (guta guru - Constantinople) uye Western (guta - Rome) - chimwe nechimwe iri rinotungamirirwa pachake mambo wayo. Izvi kwaiva kuda Mambo Theodosius, uyo uri avaida rufu rwake akaparadzanisa mamiriro pakati pavanakomana vake. Mumakore kwarwo, kuWestern Empire akanga pasi kuramba incursions pakati venyika, uye muna 476 kamwe simba ezvinhu kuti pakupedzisira vakundwa zvichaita mukuru-fuza Odoacer (anenge 431 - 496), uyo achatonga chete Italy, kusiya musoro mambo, uye nedzimwe nefuma hweRoma. Pashure pokuwa umambo guru Roma kuchaitika mumwe pashure pomumwe.

The Byzantine Empire (IV - XV emakore.)

The Byzantine Empire yakatanga kubva Eastern hweRoma. Apo Odoacer akabviswa chokupedzisira mambo weRoma, akabvisa kukudzwa nesimba uye akavatuma kuConstantinople. Pasi, chete chete Sun, uye mambo, zvakare, anofanira kuva munhu - iri pamusoro kukosha dzakabatana ichi chiito. The Byzantine Empire iri riri pamharadzano dzenzira Europe, Asia uye Africa, nemiganhu yayo akatambanudza kubva Yufratesi kusvika Danube. A guru basa nenzvimbo yacho Byzantine Empire akabata chiKristu, rwakazokura mugore 381 chitendero hweRoma mamiriro. madzibaba Church aiti kuti nokutenda anoponeswa kwete chete vanhu, asi vanhu pacharo. Somugumisiro, Byzantium riri pasi kudzivirirwa naJehovha uye wakasungwa kutungamirira mamwe marudzi ruponeso. Rokunyika uye zvokunamata simba zvinofanira kubatana muzita nechinangwa chimwe. Byzantine Empire - ezvinhu umo pfungwa youmambo simba akawana kupfuura vakura chimiro. Mwari - Ishe Universe, uye mambo akanga inodzorwa mu poushe bwenyika. Naizvozvo simba mambo kuchengetedzwa naMwari uye hutsvene. The Byzantine mambo aiva nesimba rakada risingaperi, akasarudza dzomunyika uye vatorwa mutemo, aiva mukuru weuto, mutongi mukuru uye muparamende panguva imwe chete. Byzantine Emperor - hazvisi chete musoro wehurumende asiwo musoro weChechi, saka aifanira kuratidza muenzaniso muenzaniso vatsvene Christian. Chinoshamisa, simba mambo hamuna nhaka kubva pamutemo pfungwa maonero. History anoziva mienzaniso yakawanda Byzantine Empire, pazvakava mambo vanhu kwete nokuda pakuzvarwa korona, uye migumisiro yacho chaiyo makodzero.

HweOttoman (hweOttoman) Empire (1299 - 1922)

Vezvenhau kazhinji kuverenga kuvapo kwayo kubva 1299, apo kumusoro-kumadokero Anatolia, hweOttoman mamiriro yakabuda, yakavakirwa Sultan yake yokutanga, Osman - muvambi imba itsva. Osman nokukurumidza kukunda West Asia rose Minor, iyo ichava pakakwirira chakasimba humwe kuwedzera marudzi Turkic. Tinogona kutaura kuti hweOttoman Empire - Turkey chinhu sultanate nguva. Asi tichitaura zvine rumano, umambo aumbwa chete XV - XVI emakore, apo Turkish kukunda muEurope, Asia uye Africa zvava zvinokosha chaizvo. ichatonga zvine mbiri yayo rakaenderana pokuwa Byzantine Empire. Izvi Chokwadi, hakusi netsaona kana kumwe zvikanyarara, zvimwe dzichaitwa kuwedzerwa, sezvo mutemo kuchengetedza simba uye simba pamusoro kondinendi Eurasian. Muchirimo 1453 somugumisiro refu kukombwa uye ropa hondo mauto hweOttoman vokuTurkey pasi Sultan Mehmed II akatora Constantinople, guta guru Byzantine Empire. kukunda uku kuchaita kuti chokwadi chokuti vokuTurkey zvichaita kuwana hukuru chinzvimbo kweMediterranean kwemakore akawanda. Capital hweOttoman Empire aizova Constantinople (Istanbul). The yakakwirira nawo uye kubudirira hweOttoman Empire kwakasvikwa XVI remakore - yaitonga Suleiman ari Zvikuru I. By pakutanga XVII remakore hweOttoman mamiriro kwaizova chimwe chezvinhu simba munyika. Empire pehurumende rinenge rose South-East Europe, North Africa uye Western Asia, hwakanga 32 enyika uye muzvizhinji muranda inotaura. Pokuwa hweOttoman Empire kuitika somugumisiro weWorld War First. Kuva Germany vatsigiri, vokuTurkey vakakundwa, muna 1922, chichange chabvisa sultanate, uye muna 1923 Turkey anova zvokuvhoterwa.

The British Empire (1497 - 1949)

The British Empire - ndiwo kupfuura dzayaitonga mamiriro munhoroondo yose yebudiriro. Mumakore 30 remakore rechimakumi maviri, mundima United Kingdom chakaita kwerinenge kota munyika paNyika uye vanhu vayo - kota vanhu vanogara panyika (kwete mukana kuti Chirungu rava mutauro zvikuru munyika). European kukunda England dzikambouya Ireland uye intercontinental - the kubatwa zviri Newfoundland (1583), iro rakava springboard kuwedzera muna North America. Kubudirira British Colonisation pave anobudirira hondo imperialist, iyo England dzakarwiwa pamusoro Spain, France, Holland. Pakutanga XVII remakore kutanga kupinda muUK kuti India, pashure England achaita basa iri Australia uye New Zealand, North, Tropical uye South Africa.

Britain uye mapoka

Mushure World War First, Chinzwano chaMarudzi ichapa United Kingdom atenderwa kutarisira vamwe vaimbova mapoka hweOttoman uye umambo German (kusanganisira - Iran uye Palestine). Zvisinei, migumisiro Second World War yekudyidzana haachatauri zvenguva dziri yaitonga mubvunzo. Britain, kunyange zvikazooneka pakati vakundi, akamanikidzwa kutora chikwereti chakakura kubva kuUnited States kudzivisa kusauka. The USSR uye United States - makurusa Vatambi yezvematongetwo - vapikisi Colonisation. Asi mapoka, Zvichakadaro, awedzera rusununguko manzwiro. In izvi zvinondiremera zvakaoma uye anodhura zvakanga varambe dzaanodzora kwayo dzayaitonga. Kusiyana neizvi, Portugal uye France, England haana kuita kuti uye Kutamiswa simba hurumende dzeko. Pari, United Kingdom inoramba kuramba kutonga pamusoro mundima 14.

Russian Empire (1721 - 1917)

Pashure okuguma Northern War, kana Moscow mamiriro akanga wakaiswa nyika itsva uye kuwana kuGungwa reBaltic, King Peter ndakatora wenyaya naMambo Vose-Russian choga weSeneti - soro nhengo wehurumende simba, chigaro makore gumi adarika. In kwayo nharaunda yeRussian Empire akava wechitatu (mushure British uye Mongol umambo) kubva nokusingaperi huripo paruzhinji masangano. Kusati kwatombova State Duma muna 1905 Russian mambo simba haungoratidzwi, kunze zvinodiwa Orthodox. Peter I, izvo runogonesa kuti kutwasuka simba munyika, Russia yava rakakamurwa mapurovhinzi masere. Paitonga Catherine II vakava 50, uye kubudikidza 1917, semubairo miganhu kuwedzera, nhamba yavo yakawedzera kusvika 78. Russia - Empire, raisanganisira zvinoverengeka ano changamire inoti (Finland, Belarus, Ukraine, Baltic nyika, Caucasus uye Central Asia). Somugumisiro yaFebruary Revolution pakati 1917, bhodhi pakati madzimambo Russian of Romanov youmambo kwabviswa, uye muna September chete gore, Russia akaziviswa kuva zvokuvhoterwa.

Centrifugal pfungwa mhosva

Sezvaunogona kuona, vose kweumambo hukuru yakadhirika. Munzvimbo rakasikwa vavo centripetal masimba acharamba tichikufunga kusvika Centrifugal maitiro kutungamirira hurumende kana kwete kuparara wakakwana, ipapo kushata.