Biocoenosis - mienzaniso. Natural uye chakagadzirwa biocenoses

Nokufamba muupenyu kwete vose anocherechedza mukukurukurirana zvavo siyana dzinongoitika zvivako. Kumhanyira kubasa, kashoma kuti mumwe munhu, kunze kuti nyanzvi ecologist kana zvipenyu, kubhadhara pfungwa yokuti akanga vayambuka pachivara kana Park. Zvakanaka ndikakoka uye akapfuura, saka chii? Asi ichi ndicho biocenosis. Mienzaniso involuntary kwakadaro, asi kugara kusakarongeka pamwe mararamiro, mumwe nomumwe wedu anogona rangarira, kana chete dzifunge. Tichaedza funga muudzame chii chaizvoizvo biocenoses, zvavari uye chii kunoenderana.

Chii biocenose?

Ungangove, vanhu vashoma rangarira kuti akadzidza ari School of biocenoses. Grade 7, kana zviri zvipenyu zviri nyaya yaiva kure kare, uye yeuka zviitiko zvakasiyana chaizvo. Yeuka kuti ave biocenosis. Shoko inoumbwa kwemapazi mashoko maviri Latin, "Bios" - upenyu uye "cenosis" - kunowanzoitika. Izwi rinoreva kuva kurarama munharaunda iyoyo, interconnected uye kuwadzana tupukanana tusingaoneki, notumwe tupukanana zvinomera uye mhuka.

Chero chaivo vomunharaunda zvinosanganisira zvinoumba biocenosis kwakadaro:

• tusingaoneki (microbiocenosis);
• uswa (phytocoenosis);
• mhuka (zoocenoses).

Mumwe nomumwe yenhengo idzi inoita basa rinokosha uye kunogona kumiririrwa nevanhu vakasiyana kwemarudzi. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti phytocoenosis ari aitungamirira chinoumba dzokuziva microbiocenosis uye zoocenoses.

Kana akaita pfungwa iyi?

Pfungwa yokuti 'biocoenosis "akanga dzataurwa nokuda German hydrobiologist Mobius mukupera XIX remakore, paakanga kudzidza muGungwa North nzvimbo Oyster dzinogarisana. Munguva yokudzidza, akawana kuti mhuka idzi anogona kurarama chete mumamiriro ezvinhu zvachose kunorondedzerwa, vaine udzamu, aibuda zvazvingava, tembiricha mvura uye salinity. Uyezve, Mobius akataura kuti pamwe oysters musi iwoyo ndima inogarwa yakajeka mhando zvomumvura nemhuka. Pachishandiswa data, muna 1937, musayendisiti akasuma pfungwa iri kukurukurwa kuti kureva neshamwari vemapoka zvipenyu, mupenyu uye coexisting munharaunda iyoyo, nokuda nhoroondo kukura mhando uye refu dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. The ano Pfungwa "biocoenosis" zvipenyu uye ikoroji iri zvichishandurwa zvishoma zvakasiyana.

kupatsanura

Nhasi, pane zviratidzo wandei nayo patsanura yacho biocenosis. Mienzaniso kupatsanura inobva miganhu:

• makrobiotsenoz (gungwa, makomo, nyanza);
• mezobiotsenoz (doro dondo, munda);
• microbiocenosis (ruva, achembera chigutsa, shizha).

Uyewo biocenoses zvinogona Classified maererano dzinogarisana. Mukuru wechikoro vakaziva zvinotevera mhando nhatu:

• Marine;
• Freshwater;
• pasi.

Mumwe nomumwe wavo anogona rakakamurwa kuva superordinate, duku romunzvimbo boka. Saka, zvomumvura biocenosis inogona rakakamurwa benthic pelagic nezvimwe echiShinto. Freshwater zvoutachiona munharaunda dziri murwizi, murove uye gungwa. Pano biocenoses zvinosanganisira mumhenderekedzo yegungwa uye kure negungwa, gomo uye pachena subtypes.

Nyore kupatsanura pakati zvoutachiona munharaunda iri nokupesana kwavo mu dzinongoitika uye chakagadzirwa biocenoses. Pakati wokutanga kusiyanisa chikuru aumba pasina munhu simba, uyewo yechipiri, zvakaizadza ndavhiyiwa kuchinja nokuda kwechirwere dzinongoitika dzoga kana mabasa yebudiriro kwevanhu. Funga muudzame hukuru zvikuru mamiriro avo.

Natural utachiona nharaunda

Natural biocenoses vanomiririra sangano zvipenyu, akasikwa kubudikidza chisikigo pachacho. vemunharaunda Ndivo dzinongoitika hurongwa zvinokura, kuumba uye kushanda maererano yayo, mitemo yayo. ecologist German B. Tischler akataura zvinotevera zviri izvo zvaizobatsira idzodzo dzakadaro:

1. Pane Nzanga prefabricated okunze, izvo zvinogona vamiririri nomumwe kwemarudzi uye zvivako yose.

2. Dzimwe nhengo munharaunda anogona kutsiviwa. Somuenzaniso, mumwe mhando vangamanikidzwa panze uye kutsiviwa zvachose nomumwe ane zvakafanana zvinodiwa kuti zvinhu chokuvapo, asina zvakaipa nokuda yose hurongwa.

3. Nokuda chokwadi kuti, zviri zvido rakasiyana-siyana biocoenosis chakatarisana, ipapo yose hurongwa hunobva supraorganismal uye aripo mwero mauto rinotungamirirwa oppositely.

4. Mumwe dzinongoitika vomunharaunda chakavakirwa quantitative mutemo mumwe mhando imwe.

5. Kukura chero supraorganismal hurongwa kuvimba kwokunze zvinhu pamusoro.

Chakagadzirwa utachiona hurongwa

Biocenosis artificially kusikwa, akaramba uye neKomisheni murume. Professor B. G. Ioganzen akatanga pfungwa ikoroji antropotsenoza, kureva wakasika artificially nevanhu yepanyama ezvinhu Somuenzaniso, mativi, terrarium kana akwariyamu. Pakati hazvizivi biocenosis oga agrobiocenoses (agrocnosises) - munharaunda akasikwa murume kubereka chero zvigadzirwa. Idzi dzinosanganisira:

• Dam;
• channel;
• madziva;
• vakapedzwa marshes;
• zvigare;
• munda yaikura zvirimwa zvakasiyana siyana;
• fukidza mabhandi;
• artificially renewable rabha.

Agrocenoses maitiro zvinhu vari:

Izvi hazvizivi hurongwa mukudyidzana nezvimwe zvisikwa zvikuru kusagadzikana, uye ruchavapo kwerinenge gore, agrobiocenoses perennial rekushongedzesa achabatwa anenge makore matatu pasina kupindira kwevanhu agrocnosises miriwo uye tsanga zvirimwa. Most akatsiga biocenoses zvirimwa muchero chakagadzirwa, sezvo pasina munhu simba, vachakwanisa kurarama Mumakumi emakore.

• agrophytocenosis sehwaro yeupenyu;
• kushaya kuzvidzora enyika;
• kusiyana kuchamudukupisa;
• ari kutonga pakati pezvipfuwo kana anorimwa zvinomera;
• kugamuchira mamwe rutsigiro kubva munhu (sora uye chipembenene kuzvidzora, fertilization, etc.);
• nekusagona mazhinji kuvapo pasina kupindira kwevanhu.

Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kunyange ruduku kwemarudzi kusiyana agrocnosises akaumbwa vakawanda mhando zvinenge kuva akasiyana zvipenyu uye taxonomic mapoka. Chero munda yakadyarwa murume kana zvokudya zvirimwa, - vagari yakasiyana zvipenyu biocenosis. Mienzaniso - munda uyu rye kana gorosi, apo kunze mukuru tsika "mhenyu" uye masora; uye siyana zvipembenene (zvose tupukanana vavo mhandu); uye muzvizhinji zvigare uye invertebrates.

The STRUCTURAL vamapoka biosystems

Sezvambotaurwa, dzinongoitika uye chakagadzirwa biocenosis ine anoverengeka kugadzikana STRUCTURAL zvinoriumba zvakadai phytocoenosis, uye zoocenoses microbiocenosis. Vaitungamirira mumwe phytocoenosis, inova akatsiga chirimwa munharaunda. Nokuda kwayo fixity uye kutadza kufamba, kuti chinhu hwakanaka kugara hwaro zvipenyu nemamiriro ezvinhu. Tupukanana tusingaoneki, kusiyana zvinomera, havasi kuda chero chikamu chenyika uye inogona akatakurirwa mhepo kana mvura pamusoro kumbonyanya madaro marefu. Interconnection yenhengo kuratidzwa biocenosis zvichienderana nemhuka kubva zvinomera, sezvo chete nemiti anogona exchange inorganic zvinhu kupinda Organic.

A guru muupenyu chero zvipenyu nezvakazvipoteredza munharaunda kuridza zvakasiyana siyana zvigare kuti pave kuchinja akafa makemikari nyaya kupinda zvicherwa.

Sechivako zvoutachiona gadziriro

biocoenosis mumwe kunorondedzerwa mamiriro dzinoratidzwa:

• Spatial, mira kana zvido zvevanhu, sezvo migumisiro kukura zvipenyu kwemarudzi ose nzvimbo munharaunda uye ukama kunobva aikwikwidzana simba.
• Species kunotsanangurwa sezvamunoita, hunova uye kusiyana-siyana kwezvinhu zvipenyu hurongwa zvinoriumba, uyewo nhamba nhamba vanhu yaisanganisira mairi. Ecological vemunharaunda mifananidzo, kuva mukuru kusanganiswa amiririrwe, inonzi kuzivikanwa.
• Trophic kana chikafu, zvakatemwa kubudikidza romugove matunhu pakati zvinenge.

Zvose siyana STRUCTURAL chokuita biocenoses vari pedyo pedyo zvinodyidzana. Kazhinji, zvikuru kunzwisisa spatial yakarongeka rakarongwa, dzakapfuma uye zvakawanda siyana kumiririrwa mhuka dzaro. Over nguva biocenosis maumbirwo kunosiyana-siyana duku siyana. ezvinhu rwakadaro hama nemishonga kuti kunoitika munguva kukurukurirana pamusoro constituent okunze, inonzi homeostasis.

We funga muudzame inokosha maumbirwo zvinoratidza biocenosis.

The spatial mamiriro

Biocoenosis ane chimiro muchadenga, izvo zvinogona zvose tote uye zvido zvevanhu.

The mira maumbirwo aumba somugumisiro kuparadzira siyana kwemarudzi Zvirimwa uye mhuka dzakasiyana-siyana kukwira kwevari bio-yezvinhu, iyo inosvitsa nokuumbwa layering. gadziriro yakadaro dzinongoita pakutsvaga longline chirimwa vemunharaunda, kureva nzvimbo horizons kwazvo zvibereko zvikamu chirimwa akadai midzi uye photosynthesizing mashizha. Nokuti phytocenosis mamirire zvose aboveground uye pachivande layering. The anoratidza yokutanga pacharo mu zvinobvira co-kukura kwemarudzi akawanda zvirimwa vane zvinodiwa zvakasiyana chezuva. Izvi zvakajeka zvikuru runoratidzwa mumasango enyika okunze rokufambira, apo pane muti uye shrub okumusoro tiers, iri zvishoma pasi nemiti uye uswa, uye pakarepo pedyo panyika - the zvemuchadenga weDanho, kazhinji zvinosanganisira mosses uye lichens.

Underground layering mune utachiona gadziriro achibvumira phytocenoses kushandiswa hwevhu zvakanakisisa, nokuda dzakasiyana kudzika midzi miti. Inowanzorimwa nzvimbo iri dzinoratidzwa-pamwero matatu yavaive: kupfuura zvikuru bedded pamwe pombi maitiro, akateverwa nemidzi ezviyo siyana, uye pedyo zvikuru pamusoro - tubers, Mabumba uye mudzi enyika zvinomera wepagore.

Kufungisisa Zvivako zviri chinjikira biocenosis synusia - phytocenosis mugove zvinosanganisira mumwe kana kupfuura miti chokuita kwemarudzi, zvakatipoteredza kana spatially vaparadzana mumwe. Vanogona kuva pfupi kana zvachose, epiphytic, mubhedha kana subsurface.

The dzakananga maumbirwo zvoutachiona nharaunda

A pachena chinoratidza chero biocenosis iri kwayo chaiyo marongerwo. Kunzwisisa uye dzakasiyana-siyana kwemarudzi nziyo dzinongoita pakutsvaga nzvimbo uye ukuru kunzwisisa mamiriro ezvinhu umo biocenosis. Mienzaniso howa kusiyana murombo - dzakakwirira altitudes, achinaya mvura, gwenga. Biosystem ane akapfuma akagadzirwa kwemarudzi - nekorari kumboongororwa uye masango anogara achinaya.

Species, koshesa pauwandu, ari mhando musimboti uye dzinonzi dominants. Saka Birch musango chichava Birch, munda gorosi - gorosi. Chero biocenosis pane mhando kuripo chete nokuda chikuru, saka anonzi predominanty, somuenzaniso, mhembwe musango makwenzi kana mapuroteni ari nemipaini uye spruce dondo.

Mukuwedzera, zvipenyu vomunharaunda vane edificators, kureva mhuka kana yemiti kuti kusika anodiwa ezvinhu kuti upenyu vamwe vanhu. Saka, somuenzaniso, ari inowanzorimwa biocenosis simba edificator ndiyo munhenga.

Kuti kuongorora basa rimwe rudzi marongerwo zvipenyu munharaunda, akashandisa zviratidzo kwakavakirwa quantitative nhoroondo, akadai zhinji ayo, kakawanda kuwanika zviri Shannon kusiyana indekisi uye mhando kukwana.