Chii chinonzi valence ye okisijeni mumakemikari?

Kuti uone kuti zvinokwanisika sei zvevhiriji ye oxygen, zvakakosha kuti udzidze chinzvimbo chechikamu mumutsetse weperiodic, zvikamu zvikuru zvechimiro cheatomu yacho. Nzira yakadaro inonyatsonaka mukudzidza mubvunzo iwoyo iyo oxygen valence inowanzo, uye iyo inonzi uncharacteristic iyo. Mumakemikari anozivikanwa zvikuru, inowanzo valence i II. Izvi zvinoita kuti zvive nyore kugona nhamba yezvisungo zveimwe atomu mune zvigadziriswa zvinogadziriswa nekubatanidzwa kwe okisijeni.

Chii chinonzi oxygen valence?

Pachigamba chekutanga chekuunganidza chizivo pamusoro pezvinhu uye chimiro chezvinhu, makemikari akafunga kuti valence inokwanisa kukasunga imwe nhamba yeatomu kune imwe molecule yenyaya. Vazhinji masayendisiti mushure mekuwanikwa kwechimwe chinhu vakaedza kunzwisisa kuti chii chinonzi valence ye oksijeni. Mhinduro yacho yakawanikwa ichiedza: okisijeni inowedzera maatomu maviri e-monovalent hydrogen kusvika kumakemikari anoita, izvo zvinoreva kuti yakashandiswa. Zvinomiririra zvekemiksi zvakashandiswa sechivo pamusoro pekugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvakagadzirwa. Mune dzidziso yavo yev valence, G. Lewis naV. V. Kossel vanotsanangurira chinangwa chekubatana kwemakemikari kubva pakuona kwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi. Vatsvakurudzi vakatsanangura kukwanisa kweatomu kuumba imwe nhamba yezvisungo kuburikidza nekuedza simba rakanyanyisa renyika. Kana ichikwaniswa, chiduku chiduku chezvinhu zvinowedzera kugadzikana. Mune pfungwa uye zvivakwa zveLee Lewis zvakanyanya kubhadharwa kune basa rekunze kwema electrons inobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwekambani yekemikari.

Zviratidzo zvemhepo yakakonzerwa mutafura ye periodic

Kuti uone kuti chii chinonzi oxygen valence, zvakakosha kuongorora zvimwe zvikamu zvekugadzirwa kwemagetsi. Oxygen inotungamirira boka rechi16 retafura periodic. Zita risina zvinyorwa zvemhuri yezvinhu zvinonzi "chalcogenes", maererano neshoko rakasimbiswa kare ivo vari veboka re VI (A). Mune pata periodic oxygen iri muchitini pasi peNha. 8. Nheyo ine hutano hwakanaka uye hwakawanda huri pamwe chete nehutachiona hwepakutanga. Mune nguva yeatomu, pane masimba maviri emagetsi anomuka apo 8 magetsi anofamba, ayo matanhatu ari kunze.

Chii chinonzi ukama pakati pehutano hweatomu uye valence?

Nhamba yekupedzisira yemaatomu eokisijeni ine ma electrons maviri asina kukwana. The element is inferior to fluorine in terms of electronegativity (kukwanisa kukwevera magetsi maviri anosungirirana pachawo). Mukugadzirwa kwemakemikari nezvimwe zvikamu, okisijeni inokwezva kune iyo yoga magetsi ehuwandu ehuwandu hwemakoluru (kunze kwemafuta e-fluorine). Kuzadzikisa nzvimbo yakagadzikana yekona yekunze inokwanisika nekuwedzerwa kwemhosva mbiri dzisina kunaka. Izvi zvinoreva kuti okisijeni inoda 2 magetsi. Izvo zvinogona kusarudzwa ndezvipi zvinotevera: tora imwe electron (valence II), sarudza 2 magetsi kubva pane imwe atomu (valence II), usatora magetsi kubva mune mamwe maatomu (valence 0). Izvo zvinowanzoita maitiro e oksijeni zvinoratidzwa nechechi yechipiri. Nzira iyo iwe unogona kushandisa kuti uwane iyo oxygen valence inowanzoonekwa mumakemikari ayo. Izvi zvinosanganisira akawanda emidhiyo yezvigadzirwa uye zvisingasviki.

Valence inowanikwa sei mumakemikari?

Oxygen inokwanisa kutaura zvakananga nemakemikari akawanda. Anozivikanwa ndiwo makemikari ayo pamwe nevose vamiririri vefurao periodic (kunze kwegezi dzegezi: argon, helium, neon). Mukusangana ne halogens, simbi dzakanaka, oksijeni haikwanisi kupinda zvakananga, asi miviri yeOr ₂ O ₃ , F ₂ O, Cl ₂ O ₇ uye vamwe iripo (yakawanikwa isina kurongeka). Pamakemikari emabhinari mukuumbwa kweiyo oxygen inobatanidzwa, covalent bond uye polarity inoratidzika. Valence mumamolekoro akadaro anobva pane nhamba yekumhanya mapaundi e electrons uko iyo nuclei yeatomu dzakasiyana inokwezva. Muhuwandu hwemakemikari, maatomu eokisijeni anobatanidzwa mukusikwa kwezvisungo zviviri zve covalent. Somuenzaniso, mumakiriji e CO ₂ , P ₂ O ₅ , SO ₂ , SO ₃ , K ₂ O, B ₂ O ₃ , Mo ₂ O ₅ uye mune mamwe mamolekoro. Mu hydroxonium cation H ₃ O + oksijeni inoratidzira anypical valence III iyo. Kuvapo kwe peroxo boka -O-O- kunokonzerwa nekushamisa kwe hydrogen peroxide H ₂ O ₂ . Muchikamu ichi, okisijeni inoratidza inherent valence II.

Nzira yekuziva sei valence wezvinhu ?

Pfungwa yevhiriji inokwanisa ye okisijeni inopiwa neLee rakagadziriswa, chiratidzo chekemikisi chechigadzirwa, chakakomberedza iyo magetsi emakona ekunze anoisa pfungwa. Ivo vanobatanidzwa mukusikwa kwemamolekoro, ndeye chikamu chemakombiyuta emagetsi maviri. I Lewis inoratidzira inoratidza zvakajeka valence ye oxygen, inofanana nenhamba yemagetsi ayo asina kubhadhara (2). Chigumisiro ichocho chinopiwa nekushandiswa kwemavara emagetsi emagetsi. Mune masero maviri ekunze kwemajini emhepo, magetsi asingashandeki anowanikwa (anoratidzwa mumusara nemiseve). Mashoko pamusoro pevhiriji ye okisijeni inoita kuti zvive nyore kuona kuti kukosha kweatomu inopoteredza kubva kune yakagadziriswa inogadziriswa. Nechinangwa ichi, kuverenga kwakajeka kunoitwa. Chokutanga, nhamba yei ma atomu inowanikwa nemafungiro evanogara evhainijeni. Nhamba inobatsira inofanira kugoverwa nehurukuro, iyo inoratidzwa musarudzo iri pedyo neikemikisi chiratidzo chechimwe chinhu chinobatana ne oxygen. Tichishandisa nzira iri nyore, tinoverenga valence yekakoni uye phosphorus mumasipirini avo.

1. Tinowedzera kubhadharira kurudyi kwechiratidzo che 0 mu CO ₂ dioxide neinofananidzira valency ye element: 2 • 2 = 4. Nhamba yakagoverwa inoparadzaniswa nehurukuro inoratidzwa yekoni: 4/1 = 4. Mu carbon dioxide, kabhoni iri munharaunda yakakwirira yev valence IV .
2. Nhamba iri pasi pekodzero yemakemikari yomukemikisi ye phosphorus oxide P ₂ O _{5 inowanikwa} neyero valence ye O atomu: 5 • 2 = 10. Tinoparadzanisa nhamba iyi nenhamba inoratidzirwa mumutsetse kune yakakwana pasi peatomu phosphorus: 10/2 = 5. Muyodide, phosphorus Iko mune mamiriro ekumusoro kwayo valence V.