Chii chinonzi yemagetsi substation? Electrical substations uye kuparadzirwa nehurongwa

Electrical Nyanzvi kuziva chii chinoumba simba zvinomera substations, nokuti zvavari uye sei kuvaka. Vanoziva sei kuverenga simba ravo rose anodiwa parameters, akadai nhamba majana, waya Ukuru kukura rinobva redunhu. Kuti vadzidzi mukugadzirwa mumakoreji uye michina zvikoro. Vanhu vane anoyamura dzidzo vanoziva kuti zvivako kazhinji zvinomira sezvo dzimba pasina mahwindo (vanoda kunyora mafeni pamusoro ezvivako), zvakakodzera kuti powering dzimba nemabhizimisi, uye kuti munhumbi havafaniri kuva mavari, ichi nomuvuki rinotyisa Logos muchimiro skulls uye mheni vasiyana zvinhu nengozi. Zvichida vanhu vazhinji havana kuziva mashoko asi havasi wandisa.

A vakasvimha wefizikisi

Electricity - chinhu chinokosha yawakashandira kubhadhara, uye zvinonyadzisa kana kupedzerwa pasina. Uye ichi, sezvo chero indasitiri, kunotozongoita, basa iri chete kuderedza kurasikirwa pasina. Energy isimba kane nguva, saka zvinotevera nharo anogona ichitongwa pfungwa iyi, sezvo nguva runoyerera nguva dzose, uye angarudzosa, sezvo rwiyo anoti hazvibviri. Electrical simba, muna ine rakada, pasina kufungisisa reactive mitoro, ndiye zvibereko voltage mhiri uno. Kana tikaongorora zvizere, iri nzira Falls simba chinokonzera kuziva nhamba iri kuparadzwa simba pamwe chikamu chacho chinobatsira inonzi tichishingaira. Asi chinokosha hakusi chokuita zvakananga mubvunzo kuti nei tichida substation. Electrical simba Saka novimba maviri nhengo huru uye mitemo Ohm vake gst boces, voltage uye iyezvino. Low kuitika uye yakakwirira voltage anogona kuumba chete simba, ndiEzekieri, yakakwirira kuitika uye vakaderera voltage. Zvinoita sokuti, chii mutsauko? Uye, uye makuru kwazvo.

Kupisa mhepo? Ndinokutendai!

Saka, kana tikashandisa zvinoshingaira simba wevacheche, tinowana zvinotevera:

• P = U X I, apo:
  
  U - voltage, akayera mu volts;
  I - kuitika akayera mu amperes;
  P - simba, akayera mu watts or kana volt-amps.

Asi pane imwe nzira Pakurondedzera nechekare kutaurwa gst boces-Lenz, maererano iyo iri chafariz simba akaparadza apo magetsi akaenzana mativi ayo unokosha vawanda nokuda kurwisa yacho kondakita. Kupisa yakapoteredza simba mutsetse mhepo - kureva chinhu vanopedzera simba. Uye kuderedza marwadzo aya anogona kuva hunonzi mbiri nzira. Chokutanga izvi zvinosanganisira vasanyanye nemishonga, kureva munhu thickening pakati waya. The makuru muchinjikwa chikamu, rezasi ari nemishonga, uye vakutarisire. Asi vanopedza simbi haana kuda pasina, zvinodhura, mhangura achiri. Mukuwedzera, hunyambiri kubuda kondakita zvinhu kuchaita kuwedzera mutengo, asiwo weighting, izvo zvinozoita kuchawedzera kunzwisisa kugadzwa dzemakomo mitsetse. Uye rutsigiro zvinoda zvikuru simba. A kurasikirwa uchaderedzwa chete nehafu.

chisarudzo

Kuderedza kudziyisa waya panguva simba yedzimudzangara, zvinokosha kuderedza kwakakura ano runoyerera. Zviri zvakajeka, nekuti rutapudzo rayo nehafu kuti kuderedza marwadzo akawedzera kakapetwa. Uye kana kagumi? Quadratic nedoro, ipapo nazvo achava zana zvishoma! Asi simba iri kuti "famba" chete, izvo chinodiwa kuti uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. vatengi vakamirira wake pane mumwe mugumo nokupfuuridzirwa mutsetse unomhanya dzimwe nguva mazana makiromita pasimba chirimwa. The mhedziso ndechokuti zvakakodzera kuwedzera voltage iri imwe kangani sezvo shoma uno. The transformer yeredhiyo pakutanga nokupfuuridzirwa mutsetse kudaro uye aida. Rinobva waya pasi yakakwirira chaizvo voltage wezviuru kilovolts. Mumazana kure yose mekuparadzanisa TPP, Hydroelectric kana simba renyukireya miti musha yakanyorerwa, simba aienda ane diki (hwaiva) iyezvino. Vatengi dzinodawo simba kubva zvakafanorongwa mureza parameters kuti dzinoenderana munyika 220 volts (380 V kana interfacial). Zvino haufaniri kumutsa, ive mazano nokupfuuridzirwa mutsetse, uye danho-pasi substation. Electrical simba ari kusvitsa pakuparadzirwa mudziyo kuti chiedza kupiswa mudzimba uye mafekitari rotors kugadzira michina.

Chii chiri dumba?

Kubva pane zvataurwa, zviri pachena kuti chinokosha chinhu ari substation - munhu transformer, kazhinji-danho matatu. Pangava akawanda. Somuenzaniso, -danho matatu transformer inogona kutsiviwa vatatu chete-danho. A mukuru mari anogona kuva nokuda kumusoro simba rakawanda. The namaapuro mudziyo ichi yakasiyana, asi chero zvakadaro ane hunoshamisa miganhu. How simba zvikuru rakapiwa mutengi, chivako anotarisa zvikuru. Zvisinei, midziyo zvemagetsi substation, kuoma, uye harisi chete transformer. Panewo zvokushandisa nokuchinja uye kudzivirira Unit zvinodhura, uyewo kazhinji uye kutonhora. Chimwe chikamu yemagetsi nhepfenyuro uye substations unotora switchboards vakapakata kuzvidzora uye kuyera midziyo.

transformer

Chinangwa chikuru chemusha chivako ichi - kuunza simba kuti mutengi. Asati kutumira voltage zvakakodzera kuvandudza, uye pashure kukudzwa akatura kuna mureza padanho.

Nokuti zvose kuti magetsi substation redunhu rinosanganisira muzvizhinji ose okunze, chikuru vavo vachiri transformer. Musiyano mukuru pakati umhare chigadzirwa ichi muna kwakajairika simba chairema neveimba mudziyo uye maindasitiri yakakwirira nesimba ivhu kwete. The transformer ine windings (nesekondari) uye simba renyika rinonzi magnetic redunhu rakaitwa ferromagnetic zvinhu, i.e. pfuma (simbi), kuwedzera remagineti. The kukarukureta kuti mudziyo ichi - ndiwo mwero pakudzidza basa nokuti michina koreji vadzidzi. Musiyano mukuru kubva transformer substation nayo zvishoma simba analogues kusiyirira, pamwechete saizi, ndiyo kuvapo kutonhora ino, inova chine mapaipi mafuta, basking pakubhiti coils. Pamasikiro magetsi substations Zvisinei, harisi basa riri nyore, sezvo zvakafanira kutora nhoroondo zvinhu zvizhinji, kubvira okunze uye anopera netsapo hunhu.

kudhonza simba

Kwete chete dzimba nemabhizimisi zvinodya magetsi. Pano zvose zvakajeka vanoda kushandisa 220 volts AC panyaya kwazvakarerekera bhazi 380 kana pakati maitikiro ari kakawanda 50 Hertz. Asi panewo yemagetsi guta. Trams uye trolley nemabhazi zvaida voltage AC uye DC. Uye zvakasiyana. On kuonana kondakita njanji anofanira kuva 750 volts (hama kuti pasi, i.e. ari njanji), uye kunoda kuti trolley kuti muitisi 600 uye razero volts DC panorumwe, rabha anotsika kwemavhiri vari insulators. Saka unoda chete substation simba chaizvo. The zvemagetsi simba iri kuchinjwa kwairi, kuti zviri kunogadzirisika. ukobvu awo makuru kwazvo, magetsi ari mudunhu kunoonekwa zviuru amperes. mudziyo kwakadaro inonzi traction.

substation kudzivirirwa

Uye transformer, rectifier uye simba (kune imwe traction simba rinopiwa) inodhura. Kana njodzi ikaitika, zvinoti dunhu pfupi iri mudunhu iri yechipiri ichitenderera (uye nokudaro chikuru) iyezvino anooneka. Nokudaro, hapana kondakita muchinjikwa chikamu rinowanikwa. The zvemagetsi transformer substation anotanga kudziyisa nokuda resistive kupisa chizvarwa. Kana musingadi kupa Muchiitiko chakadaro, mugumisiro dunhu pfupi iri chero peripheral akarongwa ichitenderera waya yanyungudika kana kupiswa. Kuti izvi zvisaitike, nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoshandiswa. differential ichi, gasi uye kudzivirirwa overcurrent.

Differential Kuenzanisa kuitika kwazvo mudunhu uye yechipiri ichitenderera. Gas kudzivirira kukonzerwa chitarisiko mudenga kuputira ari combustion zvigadzirwa, mafuta nezvimwewo. Current kudzivirirwa disconnects ari transformer apo magetsi kukasapfuura vaifanira wakatarwa.

Transformer substation vanofanira vapiwa patsanura iri chiitiko ane mheni ranwa.

marudzi substations

Ndivo siyana mune simba, chinangwa uye mudziyo. Avo vanoshumira chete kuwedzera kana kudzikisa voltage, yainzi transformer. Kana uchida kuchinja zvimwe parameters (Frequency Kudzikamiswa kana kuswatura), ipapo akadana rokuchinja substation.

Sezvairi mapurani chokupika SS vari uye zvakabatanidzwa, akavaka-mu (yakabatana huru nyaya), intrashop (riri mukati kugadzirwa nzvimbo) kana kuva kumira-oga chishongedzo chivakwa. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, zvinoita haatarisiri mukuru simba (simba mabasa nemisha diki), kushandiswa pedanda rechikepe substations zvakagadzirwa. Dzimwe nguva akashandisa kuimba transformer dzemagetsi namatanda, ose anodiwa midziyo (fuses, pakaitika aidzivirira, redunhu namapoporodzi, uye zvichingodaro.) Ndoupi akatasva.

Electric substation Classified mambure voltage (kusvika 1000 KV kana kupfuura, i.e. mukuru) uye simba (semuenzaniso, kubvira 150 zviuru 16 VA. KVA).

Maererano schematic maererano nechitarisiko kubatana substation vari nodular, akafa-mugumo, chinopfuurira uye bazi.

mukati yokumusoro,

The nzvimbo mukati substation, iyo dzimba transformers, busbars uye midziyo kuti rinopa nokushanda mudziyo zvose yainzi kamera. Inogona akakombwa kana kuvharwa. Musiyano nzira vakaparadzana akaripoteredza nzvimbo iri diki. Namahwindo kamuri iri zvachose voga kamuri, uye ari akanyudzwa nokuda discontinuous (pajira riya kana nesefa) masvingo. ivo vakaita, sezvo mutemo, bhizimisi mureza magadzirirwo. Maintenance simba enyika kubudikidza vashandi vakadzidziswa vari mvumo uye raida zvinodiwa, akasimbisa ane yorugwaro mvumo kushanda kumusoro-voltage mitsetse. Operational vachiongorora kuti anoita zvemagetsi substation anoita basa kana Energy, riri pana huru Kuparadzirwa puranga, izvo zvinogona iri ari kure kubva MS.

kugova

Pane rimwe basa rinokosha kuti anoita simba substation. Electrical simba iri kuparadzirwa pakati vanozvishandisa pamireza yavo, uye kuwedzera, Utilisation kuti zvikamu zvitatu zvinofanira kuva yunifomu sezvinobvira. Kuti abudirire kupedza dambudziko iri, kune kuparadzirwa enyika. EN ushande chete voltage uye ane mano achiita nokuchinja uye kudzivirirwa mitsetse kubva zadzisa. With RU transformer kwakabatana fuses uye dunhu namapoporodzi (kuroorwa danda, mumwe nomumwe danho). Distribution enyika panzvimbo akkommodasie rakakamurwa rakazaruka (iri panze) uye kuvharwa (mukati meimba).

chengetedzo

akavhiyiwa vose zvemagetsi substation dzinoiswa sezvo kunyanya nengozi, saka, zvinoda matanho hunoshamisa kuitira kuchengeteka. Vakawanda kugadzira uye ichitarisirwa kuitwa zvizere kana kukwana kudzima magetsi, somuenzaniso. Mushure voltage dzikava kure (Electricians vanoti "bara"), chero bedzi zvose tolerances anodiwa vari makateyiwa kudzivisa netsaona activation kuti kondakita njanji. Nokuti chete nyevero zviratidzo, uye "vanhu vanoshanda," uye "Regai chinja!". Staff kushumira mukuru-voltage substations, vaitanga kudzidziswa, uye unyanzvi uye ruzivo vakawana nguva kuongororwa. Kushivirira № 4 inopa kodzero aite basa iri zvemagetsi kupfuura 1 KV.