Chii imupota uye ekisipoti? Kwekurasira uye importing nyika dzakadai India, China, Russia, uye Japan

International tengeserana anogona kunzi ane rinodhaka simba zvoupfumi uye evanhu kugadzira nyika. Zvinobatsira ita specialization pamusoro inoti iri kupfuura runobatsira maindasitiri avo uye kurima, maererano kwavo huripo Michina mari, dzevanhu uye zviwanikwa. yokungotaura hwaro Its ndiyo dzidziso okufananidza zvinobatsira pacharo ari XVIII remakore Chirungu Nezveupfumi Davidom Rikkardo wake "Inquiry vakapinda Nature uye Zvinokonzera pfuma Nations."

The yose upfumi runoita kusimukira dzidzira kweShanduro mutengo-inoshanda uye zvadaro aivigirwa zvinhu uye mabasa. Muchiitiko ichi tiri kutaura pamusoro hama zvakanakira nyika, vachibvumira kuti mamwe ezvokutengeserana zvigadzirwa akawanda uye nani unhu.

Nezvavatorwa Exchange zvakaoma kubva kunze kwenyika, kunyika vanokwanisa kutsiva kwavo kugadzirwa kupfuura zvinodhura kuti kupinzwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Somugumisiro, izvozvo kunoderedza zvachose mari inoshandiswa munyika upfumi munyika. Izvi ndizvo chaizvo zviri dzinovaka dzakanaka basa dzakawanda dzaishandiswa nokuda simba kukura hwenyika yose. Export uye zvainoreva munyika, saka, zvakawanda rinobvumirana uye kukurumidza kukura munyika.

Nemuromo, Hurumende angava kana munhu namahwindo zvoupfumi apo yose upfumi zvakaoma anoshanda chete mumhuri kumusika, uye imupota uye aina nevasiri aripo kana rakashama. Sokuziva munoziva, akadaro upfumi munyika yanhasi inogona kuvapo setsikawo mu dzidziso. Upfumi chaiye mamiriro yakazaruka, pane chinoshingaira dzakawanda dzaishandiswa. Izvi zvinoita kuti munyika yose upfumi zvakazara kushandisa dzakawanda weboka basa, zvikaita kubudirira kwayo. Foreign upfumi basa nokudzorwa pehurumende uye kunotema kunze kwenyika kwakadaro uye kupinzwa, izvo zvinowedzera kukura mari yenyika, mhanyisa zvesayenzi uye kugadzira zvinhu mberi.

Economy indoor uye makomba

Pakati exporters kupfuura vari vatatu: US, Germany uye China. mugove wavo dzakawanda zvokutengeserana ndizvo chaizvo. Zviri ukuwo, 14.2%, 7.5%, 6.7%.

Achitaura pamusoro tarisiro yokuti pave dzakawanda dzaishandiswa, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa tarisiro kuderera munyika dzakabudirira. Asi panguva imwe chete pachava kukura kwebasa iri kusimukira. Saka kure, mugove wavo munyika kutengeserana ndiko 34%, asi iri kutarisirwa kuwedzera mugove wayo 10%. Zvino revitalization dzichiri kusimukira mune dzakawanda zvokutengeserana yaizova chinobatika basa Kishi nyika.

Sei imupota uye ekisipoti?

Export kufona Kutengeswa kune dzimwe Contractors nhumbi uye mabasa nokuda kwokushandisa kwavo kwose. Saizvozvowo, kupinzwa akataura chokuendesa zvinhu uye mabasa kubva kunze kuburikidza vatorwa Contractors. Foreign zvoupfumi basa, kureva, kupinzwa uye kunze kwenyika, rinoitwa zvose neHurumende pachayo uye bhizimisi rayo masangano.

Zviratidzi of dhigirii wehurumende munyaya dzimwe zvokutengeserana ndizvo aina uye imupota quotas. Aina kota - nhamba kunze kwenyika nhumbi uye mabasa kuti GDP. zvoupfumi Its pachena pfungwa: chii inorwara GDP riri aivigirwa. Saizvozvowo tsanangura imupota kota sezvo nhamba kupinzwa nhumbi uye mabasa kuti GDP. Its chinangwa - kuratidza mugove kupinzwa mudzimba rinodyiwa.

Nokudaro, pamusoro quotas zvinoratidza inorwara kwekurasira uye importing nyika zvayo zvoupfumi mabasa.

Kuwedzera kwavo Mhedziso kukosha, ari koshesa anyatsoronga kana kugamuchira chimiro mamiriro wokumwe zvoupfumi basa inechirevo mumwe paakati - nemugwagwa mwero. Ndiwo musiyano pakati zvachose kunze kwenyika uye kupinzwa. kupinzwa munyika anomirira dhefisiti pakati zvakanakira ari kugadzirwa zvinhu uye mabasa. Kunze kwenyika Hunotaurawo kune neizvi mamiriro, kana kugadzirwa zvinhu uye mabasa kuti kunzanga-runziro uye zvinovimbisa.

Kana musiyano pakati kunze kwenyika uye kupinzwa ndiko zvakanaka, ipapo munhu anotaura zvakanaka kuwana dzimwe kutengeserana iri pakatarisana nyaya - zvakaipa. Dynamic kugadzirwa rine ehurumende anoratidza yakanaka kuwana dzimwe wezvokutengeserana turnover. Sezvo tinogona kuona, pakuenzanisa nyika kupinzwa uye kunze kwenyika ndivo chinokosha chokukomborerwa kutungamirirwa zvoupfumi.

Kumutsa kuti State of ekisipoti

Kazhinji, mamiriro anotora mari kukurudzira kunze kwenyika yavo. Dzinoitwa munyika dzakawanda kuti exporters mutero makomborero, zvakadai somunhu VAT dzosera. Setsika, rinonyatsooneka ekisipoti dzinopiwa kuti zvokurima zvigadzirwa. Dzakabudirira hadzina chete kubatsira varimi ayo, ichipa akavimbisa kutenga zvokurima zvigadzirwa zvose. Mberi kunze kwenyika ayo - ndiro dambudziko ehurumende.

Uyezve, ekisipoti kusimudzirwa uye kunokonzeresa kunounza vawedzere kupinzwa. Zvenguva Gengi mudziyo anooneka pano. Export dzinopiwa kuwedzera mwero National mari ukuwo, zvinova nani Buy kupinza.

Kuti haibatanidzi imupota uye ekisipoti?

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti aibuda zvinhu uye mabasa kunangidzirwa kunze kana nokuti akaverenga "vsploshnuyu", uye kunze vamwe Categories:

- dzaifanoiswa nhumbi;

- pfupi kunze kwenyika uye kupinzwa;

- waakatenga vasiri vagari vari munyika kana kutengeswa kune vanogara kunze;

- kutengeswa kana kutenga munda hunoitwa vagari nevasiri vagari;

- Property vashanyi.

Protectionism uye nyika vagotengeseranamo

It hwatakazvarwa kuna States vakasununguka zvokutengeserana musimboti: kuti vabereke imwe chigadzirwa kuva, apo kugadzirwa mari zvishoma? Kudivi rimwe, nzira iyi pave Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri hurumende ichiisa mari. Uyezve, makwikwi ari kumanikidza vagadziri kuti nokukurumidza kuvandudza ruzivo rwokugadzira yavo.

Zvisinei, Ukuwo, akasununguka kutengeserana haisi nguva dzose pave nemaonero National upfumi neimwe nyika. Chero mamiriro kuedza Nyatsobatanidzwai kuva maindasitiri avo, nokukurira "chinetso" kugadzirwa zvimwe zvinhu. Pachena chakakoshera yavo indasitiri kuitira kudzivirira indasitiri, pave maindasitiri matsva, basa. Naizvozvo, tinogona kutaura kuti hurumende agara yaidzorwa aina uye imupota marongerwo.

Pane protectionist mashandiro kuti "mukana mutengo" muchimiro chakagadzirwa quotas uye mabasa, zvikaita kuti pave dzakakwirira mitengo uye isingadhuri kupinzwa zvinobatsira. Nokuti chokuti quotas dzikawedzera protectionist zimbabwe tariffs kuvhiringidze rinopindirana kukura upfumi hwenyika, hazvifaniri zvakare akukurwe navo.

Zvisinei, kuita "dzaishandiswa hondo" rinoratidza mumwe, non-mutero nzira yokuderedza kupinzwa: ari bureaucratic inorambidza, mharidzo norusaruro rakanaka mitemo uye, pakupedzisira, administrative yaidzorwa kutyora hurongwa.

munyika kutengeserana maitiro

Zvichienderana paavhareji nenhanho imupota tariffs, uye quantitative kurambidzwa munyika musiyano nezvemarudzi mana wezvokutengeserana itsika.

An rakavhurika wezvokutengeserana gwara kunoratidzwa padanho dzaishandiswa kwemitero, usingatangi kupfuudza 10% pasina yakajeka zvairambidzwa nhamba kupinza zvigadzirwa. Mwero zvokutengeserana Gwaro unoenderana zvakadini chitoro tariffs, kubva 10-25%, uyewo vasiri mutero kurambidzwa kupinzwa 10-25% of guru hazvo. Zvinhu policies kunoratidzwa chinokosha asiri mutero zvokutengeserana framework uye mabasa - pachiyero 25-40%. Kana mamiriro iri chaizvoizvo rinotsvaga rambidza chairehwa chigadzirwa, muchiitiko ichi, mwero kwazvo 40%.

Generic chiratidzo kutengeswa Mutemo kwazvo dzakabudirira - kukura kwayo chaiyo uremu uye dzinovhurika neHurumende imupota uye ekisipoti mabasa.

Imhandoi dzakawanda dzaishandiswa chinoratidza muRussia?

upfumi Russia iri specialized, nezvezvaiitwawo kugadzirwa uye aina mafuta uye gasi. Izvi zviri kukonzerwa Munyika dzokuMadokero zvikurukuru kudiwa zvibereko mugodhi indasitiri. The kuitika maumbirwo ekisipoti uye youhu Russia, Chokwadi, hakusi kupera nyika, iye akamanikidzwa - mune imwe nguva yose zvoupfumi. nyika dzose ezvinhu akadaro takarinda kunatsiridza makwikwi dzavo dzakawanda.

"Trump kadhi" yeRussia Panguva iyi inongova mafuta uye gasi. Zvinofanira kuzivikanwa kuti ndizvo zvazviri uye nokuda discriminatory zvipingamupinyi, "yabuda" nyika dzokuMadokero kuti aina engineering zvigadzirwa. Saka, mumwe maumbirwo kunze kwenyika ino mhando, sezvinonzi yaiva shure nyika.

Panguva iyoyowo Russia ine nyika yakawanda, zvicherwa, miti, mamiriro ezvinhu kukura zvokurima. Military-maindasitiri kunzwisisa pave yemakwikwi mune dzakawanda kumusika zvombo uye uto michina. Parizvino, Russia anofarira kudzivirirwa mashandiro kuti Siyanisai indasitiri ayo uye kuderedza kuvimba raro rose wezvokutengeserana zvakatipoteredza. Export uye zvainoreva iri Russian Federation, saka kuti zvichaita kuchinja configuration kwayo.

On 22.08.2012, Russia akava nhengo WTO. Izvi zvinodiwa nokufamba kwenguva izvozvo zvimwe zvaungada kusarudza muchimiro kuchinja prices netsika mabasa uye mutero quotas. ReRussia yokumwe wezvokutengeserana turnover muna January-June 2013 404 600 000 000 USD (nokuti nguva chete muna 2012 - mabhiriyoni 406.8 madhora) .. Kupinzwa vakasvika bhiriyoni 150,5 emadhora, ukuwo kunze kwenyika - mabhiriyoni 253,9 emadhora.

Kana tinofunga mashoko zvegore rose 2013, wechipiri hafu yegore zvakazoonekwa kuti Russian wokumwe kutengeserana basa iri ndoda inobudirira kupfuura kutanga. Ekupedzisira chokwadi kwakaratidzwa kuderera pakuenzanisa vatorwa wezvokutengeserana turnover ne zvakawanda 10.5%.

ekisipoti Russia

The zvachose Uremu kunze kwenyika Russian peturu uye simba zvinhu pamusana anenge 74,9%. Chikonzero kuderera mune kunze kwenyika mugore rapera nokuda zvinoverengeka. Russia chikuru ekisipota nemafuta uye gasi. Zvinozivikanwa kuti 75% yemafuta ichakasangana nezvimwewo aivigirwa uye 25 chete% zvinopa zvoupfumi kunzwisisa. Mafuta gasi - zvigadzirwa, mutengo iyo pasi pamusika nokufamba. Kwete chete kuti mafuta Urals aivigirwa muna 2013, Russia shoma mutengo wayo, zvichienzaniswa gore ra2012 pa 2,39%, zvachose Vhoriyamu kunze kwenyika mafuta yakaderera nezvikamu 1,7%. Uyewo vakati eurozone matambudziko uye zvinhu WTO zvigadziriswe. mukuru kuderera muitiro vemamwe wezvokutengeserana rapera Akaperekedzwa vasanyanye nezvokukura GDP reRussia kubva 3.4% muna 2012 kusvika 1,3% muna 2013. Panzira, iri maumbirwo reRussia GDP yemafuta uye gasi nhoroondo 32-33%.

Mugove kunze kwenyika Russian michina nemidziyo ndiyo 4,5 chete% chisingazivi dzinoenderana dzingangoitika ari indasitiri, kana pachiyero nesayenzi. Panguva iyoyowo, mugove chidimbu ichi munyika kutengeserana kubudikidza dzakabudirira anenge 40%.

Import Russia

Panguva iyi munhoroondo Russia nokuda munhu akaremara zvoupfumi (rakanga rakafukidzwa pamusoro) ane kupinza kunyanya rakapera zvigadzirwa.

Mugove kupinzwa Russian michina nemidziyo ari Kishi munyika iri 36.1%. Saka zvaizopedza neboka dhefisiti oga kugadzirwa (mugove michina nemidziyo mu GDP Russia muna 2013 ndiyo 3.5%). Ratio kupinza nesimbi uye avo zvigadzirwa ndiyo 16.8%, nezvokudya uye zvokubikisa kugadzirwa kwavo - 12,5% chinotsva - 7%, Whitehead Textile uye shangu - 7.2%, kemikari indasitiri zvigadzirwa - 7.5%.

Saka, ongorora kupinzwa uye kunze kwenyika dzeRussia, tasvika mhedziso pamusoro chakagadzirwa slowdown zvayo maindasitiri nemagariro kukura. Zviri pachena kuti kunobva izvi ndiko mudenderedzwa kuzviitira zvido vamwe vanhu.

Foreign tengeserana Japan

Economy Land of Sunrise Sun - kumwe dzakabudirira uye guru munyika. Export uye youhu Japanese muronga uye yakajeka upfumi simba. mamiriro ichi zvayo maindasitiri nesimba zvino pokutanga wechitatu munyika mushure United States uye China. A chepfungwa zvekuvaka mujinga nyika zvikuru yakarongwa uye vakarongeka basa simba uye rakapotsa kusavapo munyika zvicherwa. Kwakaita nzvimbo yacho uye kwezvakatipoteredza ezvinhu kukutadzisa zvinoita kuunza munyika hwokurima kugadzira pachiyero 55% dzaro zvinodiwa.

Nyika nechemberi pokumuka robotics, zvemagetsi, motokari uye zvokuimba mapurani. Japan ane kupfuura hove rengarava munyika.

Ngatikurukurei muchidimbu aina uye youhu Japan. Kupinza, sezvo isu kare ambotaurwa, zvokudya, zvicherwa, nesimbi, rinochiwedzera, makemikari zvigadzirwa. Aivigirwa zvemagetsi, zvemagetsi engineering, motokari, motokari siyana, robotics.

China senhengo dzakawanda dzaishandiswa

Parizvino, China akaratidza imwe enviable simba. Nhasi upfumi wechipiri munyika. Maererano vanoongorora, kuti prc they munguva kubvira 2015 kusvika 2020 rikusvikirei United States, uye kusvikira 2040 kuva katatu kupfuura nemuvengi wake pedyo. Resources, paakadzinga Chinese upfumi nhasi ndiyo zhinji basa (kusanganisira nyanzvi), kuvapo zvicherwa, nyika uye nevamwe.

Export uye youhu China nhasi akatsunga mutemo wenyika, vakatakura maindasitiri hunhu. nyika ino nhasi - nemhedziso mutungamiri iri maindasitiri kugadzirwa nesimbi (simbi, zingi, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium), mhuri midziyo yemagetsi (PC, TVs, washing machine uye yokusona, microwave yamavira, sefiriji, makamera, anoona). Uyezve, kugadzirwa imotokari kuti zvevakomana, China hwasvika United States uye Japan zvabatanidzwa. akaita pachake "nesilicon Valley" ayo kunyange yakavakwa pedyo Beijing muna Haidian muruwa.

Chii China ari importing? Technology, dzidzo mabasa, vanachiremba, nechikoro nokuda dzakabudirira, zvinhu zvitsva, software, uye hwokushandura zvinhu zvipenyu. Analysis kuti kunze kwenyika China uye kupinzwa kunoratidza chinhanho uye kunzwisisa kwayo hupfumi nzira zvakadzama. Kunze kwenyika uye kupinzwa venyika idzi nhasi unogombedzera kukura simba.

Export uye youhu Australia

Export uye youhu Australia ine chaizvo ayo. map wechishanu ndiro imwe unitary mamiriro, ane nyika simba uye yekurima zviwanikwa uye anobvumira nyama, zviyo, shinda. Asi panguva mumusika venyika ino pane kuperevedza basa uye mari.

Nenguva iyo Australia pamusoro dzakawanda pamusika mabasa sezvo chinoshingaira ekisipota. Maererano nenhamba mumakore achangopfuura, anenge 25% of GDP munyika iri seurongwa aina nenhumbi uye mabasa. Australia kunze kwenyika okurima zvigadzirwa (50%) uye kuchera mishonga (25%).

Kudeuka ekisipota yeAustralia - Japan uye chikuru imupota - US.

upfumi Australia iri kuonekwa kwazvo ndezvokungotevedzera kupinzwa. Chii kuunza kupinda kondinendi wechishanu? 60% - michina nemidziyo, zvicherwa, zvokudya zvinogadzirwa.

Kare, Australia ane kunaka wezvokutengeserana pakati nepakati, zvisinei, zvishoma nezvishoma izvozvo kunoderedza. Import uye aina nyika iri kusimukira dzose uye vachikwira.

Export uye youhu India

India ane wandei enyika uye zvoupfumi kuchinja South Asia. Nyika iri kutevera chinoshingaira yokumwe kutengeswa basa mumusika nyika. GDP muna 2012 rinoumbwa 4,761 tiririyoni madhora, inova 4 th nzvimbo munyika! Bhuku muIndia wokumwe zvokutengeserana zvinoorora: mukati 90s inenge 16% kubva GDP, ikozvino - vanopfuura 40%! Kupinzwa uye kunze kwenyika kuti India varikukura nokukurumidza. Zvakanakira mamiriro iri dzakawanda weboka basa muri inokosha yevanhu pfuma, yakakura. Vanopfuura hafu rwekuita hwevanhu aidaro zvokurima, matatu muzana - muushumiri zvekutepfenyura, 14% - iri indasitiri.

Agriculture kuIndia - panobva kunze kwenyika mupunga uye gorosi tii (matani mamiriyoni 200), kofi, nezvinonhuwira (120 zviuru matani.). Zvisinei, kana tiri kuyera kurima zviyo zvose zvenyika zvokurima uye kuenzanisa naro chirimwa kweIndia, tinoona kuti mabasa ari Indian okurima nemauto iri kaviri yakaderera. Zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti zvokudya zvinogadzirwa kuunza nyika iyi mukuru ekisipoti mari.

India - kupfuura imupota nedonje, sirika, shuga nomudonzvo, nzungu.

Interesting zviri Indian kunze kwenyika dzenyama zvigadzirwa. It akanzwa matambudziko reNational pfungwa. In India - kupfuura nhamba mombe munyika, asi duku munyika kudyiwa nyama, nekuti pane mhou ari mhuka dzvene.

Textile indasitiri rinopa basa vanhu mamiriyoni 20 vari kuIndia. Kunze kwenyika India kunze Textiles, petrochemicals, mabwe anokosha, simbi uye simbi, zvokufambisa, makemikari zvigadzirwa. Kupinzwa zvamafuta ichakasangana nezvimwewo, mabwe anokosha, fetiraiza, michina.

Chirungu akabvumira vanhu vakadzidza munyika iyi kuwana yayo niche muna IT-munda uye zvirongwa. Zvino kunze kwenyika uye kupinzwa mabasa ari chikamu ichi hwenyika kuchikosha uye inopfuura 20% of India kuti GDP.

The exporters makuru India ndivo United States, United Arab Emirates, China. Kutenga chete zvinhu kubva kuIndia, United Arab Emirates, China, Saudi Arabia.

Uyezve, nyika ine chinokosha nemauto-maindasitiri kunzwisisa, vane zvombo zvenyukireya kubva muna 1974. The kukundwa kworudo rugare-India muganhu vachinetsana China muna 1962 uye Pakistan muna 1965 vakamanikidza nyika kupinza zvombo vokutanga basa, uye ipapo ita yako. Somugumisiro, muna 1971, zvakatora hunogutsa kukunda pamusoro Pakistan. Kubva pakati 90s, India anobata simba guru zvematongerwo enyika.

mhedziso

Sezvatinogona kuona kubva ino, siyana inoti vanosarudza avo pfuma uye zvibereko vanokwanisa pakati Zvinoumba kunze kwenyika uye kupinzwa.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mumazuva ano kunoiswa Keynes rinopindirana Zano akasununguka dzakawanda dzaishandiswa kazhinji akaremara anoti. Hurumende dzakasiyana-siyana panguva pamwero yawo zvoupfumi mutemo kuti zvinoshingaira kutsigira epamba kunze kwenyika. Uye kazhinji makwikwi ichi pakupfutidza uye akaoma nzira nowenyika kurwa. Ndiani anokunda izvozvo? Nyika inobereka Mavhoriyamu yakakura maindasitiri kugadzirwa. Naizvozvo, nezvoupfumi vanoti nhasi pamusoro remake kuti maindasitiri negwaro.

Mubvunzo: "? Chii nzvimbo nzira nokuda nyika nhasi" Ko inotevera chaiyo macroeconomic mamiriro ezvinhu: kuchengetedza ayo dzimwe mukutsinhana reserves, nyika anoedza maximize kunze kwenyika, vakaomerwa kupinzwa ayo mukati aina kwemari. Kuti aite izvi, iye anoedza kuderedza zvinhu mune ramangwana kutakura mukana wakaderedzwa wokumwe mari zvakaoma. Ndezvipi zvinhu? Exchange rates, rokutengesa dziine mafuta, gasi, zvikuru kwakavharwa nenyama kudiwa. Pakutanga XXI remakore avasakadza chinhu kwenyika dzakawanda dzaishandiswa. The zvachose Vhoriyamu ekisipoti-imupota kushandiswa, chinokosha mugove (pamusoro 30%) vari mubasa vagotengeseranamo mabasa.